med-law-art - 1/16/96
਀ഊ"Medieval Legal Terms and Concepts for the SCA" by Ioseph of Locksley.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: p-police-msg, punishments-msg, p-lawyers-msg, commerce-msg, prostitution-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 ഊof files, called Stefan's Florilegium. 
਀ഊThese files are available on the Internet at:
਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 ഊreprinted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first
਀漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀                               吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ                                    Mark S. Harris
਀                                    䄀䬀䄀㨀  匀琀攀昀愀渀 氀椀 刀漀甀猀ഊ                                         stefan at florilegium.org
਀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀ഊ
਀             䴀䔀䐀䤀䔀嘀䄀䰀 䰀䔀䜀䄀䰀 吀䔀刀䴀匀 䄀一䐀 䌀伀一䌀䔀倀吀匀 䘀伀刀 吀䠀䔀 匀䌀䄀 ഊ                                      -Ioseph of Locksley 
਀ഊ       The following is a list of generalized definitions of some medieval 
਀氀攀最愀氀 琀攀爀洀猀⸀ 一漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀琀 愀氀氀 愀爀攀 攀砀愀挀琀 氀攀最愀氀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 栀愀瘀攀 ഊbeen somewhat simplified and paraphrased. 
਀ഊ       For the most part, they relate to England and France. Where they have  
਀愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 漀爀椀最椀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 猀漀 洀愀爀欀攀搀⸀ഊ 
਀       䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀猀漀 愀渀渀漀琀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀攀搀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 栀愀猀 愀渀 ഊmmediate application in the SCA, for better understanding of "why we do it  
਀栀愀琀 眀愀礀⸀∀ ഊ
਀䄀䰀䰀伀䐀䤀唀䴀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 氀愀渀搀 栀攀氀搀 昀爀漀洀 渀漀 䰀伀刀䐀㬀 昀爀攀攀 漀眀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀⸀ 匀攀攀 䘀䔀伀䐀唀䴀 匀伀䰀䤀匀⸀ ഊ
਀䄀倀䄀一䄀䜀䔀㨀 伀⸀ 䘀爀⸀㬀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 甀猀愀最攀 漀昀 最椀瘀椀渀最 氀愀渀搀猀 琀漀 渀漀渀ⴀ䠀攀椀爀猀 刀漀礀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀爀漀眀渀 ഊ                of France. These lands could not be sold, mortgaged, or used 
਀                愀猀 愀 搀漀眀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀 ഊ                of the line. 
਀ഊASSIZES: O. Fr.; the LAWS imposed by the King with the consent of His NOBLES; 
਀                琀栀攀 挀漀搀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䰀䄀圀匀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 䰀䄀圀 挀漀甀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 爀甀氀攀搀 ഊ                on customary LAW. 
਀ഊAUXILIUM: L., the military service owed by a VASSAL to his LORD. 
਀ഊ             Five types were recognized: 
਀ഊ               1) the defense of the LORD's castle 
਀               ㈀⤀ 琀栀攀 爀愀渀猀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀Ⰰ 椀昀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 挀愀瀀琀椀瘀攀 ഊ               3) the costs of the knighthood of his eldest son 
਀               㐀⤀ 琀栀攀 挀漀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 攀氀搀攀猀琀 搀愀甀最栀琀攀爀 ഊ               5) participation with the LORD in a Crusade 
਀ഊBENEFICE: Land given by the LORD to a vassal, for the vassal's use. It remains 
਀         琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀猀 渀漀琀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 猀攀渀猀攀  ഊ         of the word's use. This changed after 875 CE, when BENEFICES became  
਀         椀渀栀攀爀椀琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ ∀爀攀愀氀∀ 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀伀刀伀唀䜀䠀㨀 愀 ∀昀爀攀攀∀ 挀椀琀礀⸀ ⠀䈀甀爀最Ⰰ 䈀甀爀最甀猀Ⰰ 䈀甀爀栀Ⰰ 䈀漀甀爀最⤀ ഊ
਀䈀刀䔀䠀伀一 䰀䄀圀㨀 琀栀攀 䌀伀䴀䴀伀一 䰀䄀圀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀唀刀䜀䠀䔀刀㨀 愀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀 漀昀 愀 䈀伀刀伀唀䜀䠀Ⰰ 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 漀眀渀椀渀最 愀 栀漀甀猀攀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀礀  ഊ        limits, and prosperous enough to hire others to work for them. 
਀ഊCHARTER OF FRANCHISE: A document freeing a SERF; a document freeing a town. 
਀ഊCHARTER OF LIBERTIES: the formal statement by the Crown of the privleges of 
਀                     琀栀攀 一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀䤀吀夀㨀 愀 琀漀眀渀 眀栀攀爀攀椀渀 愀 䈀椀猀栀漀瀀 栀愀猀 栀椀猀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 ∀猀攀愀琀⸀∀ ഊ
਀䌀伀䴀䤀吀䄀吀唀匀㨀 䰀Ⰰ㬀 愀渀 愀爀洀攀搀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 洀攀渀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 愀 氀攀愀搀攀爀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀䴀䴀伀一䔀刀㨀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ渀漀戀氀攀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀䴀䴀伀一 䰀䄀圀㨀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䰀䄀圀 漀昀 愀渀 愀爀攀愀 漀爀 爀攀最椀漀渀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀䴀䴀唀一䤀伀 䨀唀刀䄀吀䄀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 愀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 漀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀氀攀搀最攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 䘀䔀䄀䰀吀夀 琀漀 ഊ                    themselves and their community. 
਀ഊCOMMUNITAS REGNI: L.; the community of the Realm; the general representation 
਀                     漀昀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 倀愀爀氀椀愀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 䌀唀刀䤀䄀 刀攀最椀猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀䴀倀唀刀䜀䄀吀䤀伀一㨀 愀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 漀昀 最漀漀搀 戀椀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 爀攀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀爀椀渀最 琀眀漀 眀椀琀渀攀猀猀攀猀 ഊ             of good standing, to swear he was telling the truth.  Should the 
਀             愀挀挀甀猀攀爀 戀爀椀渀最 挀漀ⴀ愀挀挀甀猀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 栀愀搀 琀漀 戀爀椀渀最 愀渀 攀焀甀愀氀 ഊ             number of compurgators. 
਀ഊCONSILIUM: L.; to advise the LORD at his Court. The decisions made were  
਀              戀椀渀搀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀匀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀一匀唀䔀吀唀䐀䤀一䔀匀㨀 䰀㬀 挀甀猀琀漀洀愀爀礀 琀愀砀攀猀⸀ ഊ
਀䌀伀唀刀吀 伀䘀 吀䠀䔀 䬀䤀一䜀✀匀 䈀䔀一䌀䠀㨀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀攀氀氀愀琀攀 挀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 栀攀愀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀爀 䠀椀猀 ഊ                          personal representative. 
਀ഊCURIA: L.; "Court" in the sense of an assembly of advisors to make LAW and  
਀          爀攀渀搀攀爀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 愀 昀攀甀搀愀氀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀㬀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 䌀漀甀爀琀 ഊ
਀               䌀唀刀䤀䄀 刀攀最椀猀㨀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀椀猀漀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 ഊ                            (also called "Plenary CURIA," "High CURIA," or 
਀                             ∀䠀愀甀琀攀 䌀唀刀䤀䄀⸀∀ ഊ               CURIA Princeps: the advisors of a Prince 
਀               䌀唀刀䤀䄀 䈀愀爀漀渀椀猀㨀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀椀猀漀爀猀 漀昀 愀 䈀愀爀漀渀 ഊ
਀䌀唀匀吀伀䴀匀㨀 吀愀砀攀猀 瀀愀椀搀 戀礀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 爀漀愀搀猀Ⰰ 戀爀椀搀最攀猀Ⰰ ഊ        or the gates of BOROUGHS; the COMMON LAW. 
਀ഊECHEVINAGE: O. Fr.; a tax in France to maintain the offices of local officers. 
਀ഊ
਀䔀匀吀䄀吀䔀匀㨀 琀栀攀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀㨀 ഊ
਀               ㄀⤀ 䌀氀攀爀最礀 ഊ               2) NOBILITY 
਀               ㌀⤀ 倀攀愀猀愀渀琀猀 ⠀椀渀 愀挀琀甀愀氀椀琀礀 䈀唀刀䜀䠀䔀刀匀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 ഊ                            more passive participants.) 
਀ഊEXPEDITIO: Med. L; A military campaign, a duty owed by a VASSAL to his LORD, 
਀           氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 㐀　 搀愀礀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀✀猀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀 ഊ           had to pay expenses. 
਀ ഊFEALTY (TYPES OF): see HOMAGE 
਀ ഊ        Liege FEALTY: the FEALTY sworn by a Knight; the VASSAL swears 
਀                      愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 猀眀漀爀渀 戀礀 ഊ                      all SCA Knights, Barons and Princes. See FIEF MILITUM. 
਀        匀椀洀瀀氀攀 䘀䔀䄀䰀吀夀㨀 愀 瀀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 氀漀礀愀氀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀⸀ ഊ        Service FEALTY: a pledge of service to the LORD. 
਀ ഊ        All of the above fall under HOMAGE, being two-way contracts, but 
਀        ∀匀椀洀瀀氀攀∀ 䘀䔀䄀䰀吀夀 愀渀搀 ∀匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀∀ 䘀䔀䄀䰀吀夀 搀漀 渀漀琀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 ഊ        obedience, but place limits on the obligations required of the 
਀        嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀⸀ ഊ 
਀䘀䔀䰀伀一夀㨀 䄀 戀爀攀愀挀栀 漀昀 䠀伀䴀䄀䜀䔀Ⰰ 愀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䰀伀刀䐀 愀渀搀  ഊ        VASSAL, a violation of feudal CUSTOMS. 
਀ ഊ        The legitimate breaches of the contract included: 
਀ ഊ        1) failure to protect the VASSAL 
਀        ㈀⤀ 爀攀昀甀猀愀氀 漀昀 樀甀猀琀椀挀攀 戀礀 搀攀渀椀愀氀 漀昀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀✀猀 挀漀甀爀琀 ഊ        3) dishonourable conduct towards the vassal 
਀ ഊFEUDALISIM: The relations and interdependence between LORD and VASSAL, based  
਀ ഊ            on the FIEF, or ownership of land. 
਀ ഊFIDELITAS: L; faithfulness to Christianity; a VASSAL's loyalty to his LORD. 
਀ ഊFIEF (TYPES OF): 
਀ ഊ        Feh or Feo: O. Ger., "cattle." (root word) 
਀        嘀愀猀猀椀 挀愀猀愀琀椀㨀 䰀⸀Ⰰ 䌀愀爀漀氀椀渀最椀愀渀 ∀瘀愀猀猀愀氀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀椀攀昀∀ ഊ        Feodum: Med.L., fief; Med. Latin variants were "feo, feos, fedum, 
਀                        昀攀甀洀Ⰰ 昀攀甀猀Ⰰ 昀攀甀稀Ⰰ 昀攀瘀甀洀Ⰰ 昀攀甀搀甀洀∀ ഊ        Fief de bursa: a fee paid by Kings for military service to their  
਀                       瘀愀猀猀愀氀猀⸀ ഊ        Fief de camera: the revenues of the Royal chamber. 
਀        䘀椀攀昀 搀攀 搀椀最渀椀琀攀㨀 愀 䈀䔀一䔀䘀䤀䌀䔀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀 ഊ        Fief francum: a free fief; exempted from some or all service to the  
਀                      䬀椀渀最⸀ 䄀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 䄀爀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀  ഊ                      form. 
਀        䘀椀攀昀 氀椀最椀甀洀㨀 氀愀渀搀 栀攀氀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ∀瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 䰀伀刀䐀Ⰰ∀ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀 眀栀漀 挀愀洀攀 ഊ                     first in any obligations; land held of the King. A Baron 
਀                     漀爀 倀爀椀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 椀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 昀漀爀洀⸀ ഊ        Fief militum: land held by a knight. Knights in the SCA fall here. 
਀        䘀椀攀昀 氀漀爀椀挀愀攀㨀 猀攀攀 䘀䤀䔀䘀 䴀䤀䰀䤀吀唀䴀⸀ ഊ        Feodum solis: absolute ownership of land not under a feudal LORD. A 
਀                      䴀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 䄀爀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀渀礀 倀攀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 ഊ                      swear "Liege" FEALTY, is under this form. 
਀        䘀攀漀搀甀洀 瘀愀瘀愀猀猀漀爀椀猀㨀 椀洀瀀氀礀猀 ∀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 椀琀∀ ഊ        Fio: (It.) payment for honourable service; a "fee." 
਀ ഊFIRMA BURGI: L.; the right to collect taxes within a city by it's municipal 
਀                 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀⸀ ഊ 
਀䘀䤀匀䌀唀匀㨀 䰀㬀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最✀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀⸀ ഊ 
਀䘀伀刀䘀䔀䤀吀唀刀䔀㨀 䄀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀Ⰰ 琀漀 栀椀猀 䰀伀刀䐀Ⰰ ഊ            after conviction in the LORD's court. 
਀ ഊFUERO: Sp.; charters of liberties and PRIVLEGES. 
਀ ഊFYRD: Ang. Sax.; the military service of free-men, the popular militia. 
਀ ഊGABELLE: O. Fr.; any form of indirect tax; the tax on salt, in France, 
਀                 昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀氀攀爀最礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 倀刀䤀嘀䰀䔀䜀䔀䐀 ഊ                 persons were exempted. 
਀ ഊGOMBETTE: Fr.; Customary LAW of Burgundy. 
਀ ഊHOMAGE: (L. "Hominum") The oath taken by a VASSAL to signify his  
਀                       爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀栀椀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 愀 ∀挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀Ⰰ∀ ഊ                       and binds both parties to certain acts. If a LORD 
਀                       瘀椀漀氀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀 挀愀渀 搀攀昀礀 ⠀ 搀攀ⴀ䘀䤀䔀䘀 ⤀ ഊ                       the LORD with no FELONY. 
਀ ഊHUNDRED: Eng.; a sub-division of a Shire, in England. 
਀ ഊHYDE: Ang. Sax.; a unit of land corresponding to a peasant's family estate. 
਀ ഊIMMUNITY: an area or group of men exempted from a feudal obligation, or tax. 
਀ ഊINQUEST: an investigation by Royal officials, usually into tax matters. 
਀ ഊIQTA'A: Ar.; Islamic form of Feudalisim, based on landed income to military  
਀             挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀猀 椀渀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀漀爀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀䤀吀䤀一䔀刀䄀一吀 䨀唀匀吀䤀䌀䔀匀㨀 刀漀礀愀氀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀 猀攀渀琀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀攀猀 琀漀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀攀爀 ഊ                    justice, check up on affairs, etc. 
਀ ഊJURY TRIAL: free-men met in a body, in England, to decide guilt or innocence.  
਀ ഊ            Their decisions made up the COMMON LAW. 
਀ ഊJUNKER: Ger.; see KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE. 
਀ ഊKNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE: a separate class of knights which was employed in the 
਀                      愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀甀渀琀礀猀 愀渀搀 猀栀椀爀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ ഊ                      The German equivalent was known as "JUNKER." 
਀ ഊLAW:  In the Middle Ages, LAW was considered to have been dictated by Divine  
਀ ഊ      Will, and revealed to wise men. The most ancient legal precedents and  
਀      䌀唀匀吀伀䴀匀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 䰀䄀圀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 䌀漀渀琀椀渀攀渀琀愀氀 ഊ      Europe wound up modeling secular LAW after the old Roman LAW. 
਀      䤀渀 䈀礀稀愀渀琀椀甀洀Ⰰ 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 愀渀搀 猀愀挀爀攀搀 䰀䄀圀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 椀渀琀攀爀洀椀渀最氀攀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 ഊ      secular LAW taking precedence. 
਀      䤀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䰀䄀圀 眀攀爀攀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀  ഊ      bodies. Church LAW was known as Canon Law, and applied to the clergy,  
਀      愀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 眀漀爀氀搀 椀渀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀  ഊ      Sacraments, such as marriage, and to the immunity of the clergy from 
਀      猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䰀䄀圀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀昀氀椀挀琀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 愀渀搀 匀琀愀琀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀      匀琀⸀ 䄀甀最甀猀琀椀渀攀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀搀 䰀䄀圀 琀栀爀甀 琀栀爀攀攀 氀攀瘀攀氀猀㨀 ഊ 
਀                ㄀⤀ 䐀椀瘀椀渀攀 䰀䄀圀Ⰰ 愀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀栀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀爀甀 昀愀椀琀栀 愀渀搀 ഊ                   reason, 
਀                ㈀⤀ 一愀琀甀爀愀氀 䰀䄀圀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀漀漀搀 戀礀 愀氀氀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ ഊ                   lacked the perfection of faith, and could be improved by 
਀                   瀀栀椀氀漀猀漀瀀栀礀Ⰰ ഊ                3) Temporal (secular) LAW, obedience to which was enjoined 
਀                   漀渀 愀氀氀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 猀愀瘀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 挀漀渀昀氀椀挀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䐀椀瘀椀渀攀 ഊ                   or Canon LAW. 
਀ ഊLIEGE: O. Fr.; the LORD to whom a VASSAL swears "Liege" FEALTY, usually the  
਀               䬀椀渀最⸀ ഊ 
਀䰀䤀䈀䔀刀吀䄀匀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀眀漀 猀攀渀猀攀猀㨀 ഊ 
਀                ㄀⤀ 吀栀攀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 椀渀琀攀爀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ ഊ                   "Libertas ecclesiae." 
਀                ㈀⤀ ∀昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 甀渀搀攀爀 䐀椀瘀椀渀攀 䰀䄀圀Ⰰ∀ 漀渀氀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 ഊ                    Church and according to its' precepts. 
਀ ഊLORD: (L,: "Dominus" or "Senior," Ang. Sax.: "Hlaord," Sp.: "Senor," 
਀       伀⸀ 䘀爀⸀㨀 ∀匀椀攀最渀攀甀爀Ⰰ∀ 攀琀挀⸀⤀ ഊ      A LORD was anyone who held VASSALS, and land cultivated by dependent 
਀      瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀猀⸀ ഊ 
਀䴀䄀䤀一䴀伀刀吀䔀㨀 伀⸀ 䘀爀⸀㬀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀伀刀䐀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ഊ                   death of the VASSAL or SERF holding it. SCA honours fall 
਀                   甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀琀攀最漀爀礀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 一伀吀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀愀戀氀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀䴀䄀一匀唀匀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 猀攀攀 䠀夀䐀䔀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 䴀䄀一匀䤀䤀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 ഊ            into three categories: 
਀ ഊ                1) Mansus servilus: SERFs 
਀                ㈀⤀ 䴀愀渀猀甀猀 氀椀戀攀爀椀猀㨀 昀爀攀攀ⴀ洀攀渀 ഊ                3) Mansus lidilus: freed SERFs 
਀ ഊMORTEMAIN: see MAINMORTE. 
਀ ഊNOBILITY: the upper social class in feudal Europe. They were characterized 
਀          戀礀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最㨀 ഊ 
਀                ㄀⤀ 伀眀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀 琀漀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 䰀伀刀䐀⸀ ഊ                2) A military obligation to the King 
਀                ㌀⤀ 䄀渀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 漀戀氀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 ഊ                4) Possession of heraldry 
਀ ഊ          The NOBILITY was divided, roughly, into two classes: 
਀ ഊ                1) Noblesse de epee: "of the Sword," Knights 
਀                ㈀⤀ 一漀戀氀攀猀猀攀 搀攀 爀漀戀攀㨀 ∀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀戀攀Ⰰ∀ 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀漀爀猀 ഊ 
਀一伀䈀䰀䔀㨀 猀攀攀 一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀⸀ ഊ 
਀一伀吀䄀刀夀㨀 䄀 氀攀最愀氀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀 眀栀漀猀攀 搀甀琀礀 眀愀猀 琀漀 眀爀椀琀攀Ⰰ 眀椀琀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 挀愀爀攀 昀漀爀Ⰰ ഊ        and otherwise take care of documents. He was a legal officer, 
਀        愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 栀攀 眀爀漀琀攀⼀眀椀琀渀攀猀猀攀搀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 氀攀最愀氀 ഊ        evidence. They were certified by the King or the Pope. 
਀ ഊORDEAL: a COMMON LAW practice, discouraged by the Church, which submitted 
਀        琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀猀攀搀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀猀攀爀Ⰰ 漀爀 戀漀琀栀Ⰰ 琀漀 琀栀攀 䨀甀搀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䜀漀搀Ⰰ ഊ        usually with fire or water. Whoever died, or whose wounds festered, 
਀        眀愀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 最甀椀氀琀礀⸀ ഊ 
਀倀刀䤀嘀䰀䔀䜀䤀唀䴀 䘀伀刀䤀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 琀栀攀 攀砀攀洀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀氀攀爀最礀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䰀䄀圀㬀 ∀挀氀攀爀椀挀愀氀 ഊ                     immunity." 
਀ ഊPROVISIONS OF OXFORD: a confirmation of Magna Carta by Henry III of England, 
਀                      眀栀椀挀栀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 倀愀爀氀椀愀洀攀渀琀⸀ ഊ 
਀倀䄀一䐀䔀䌀吀匀㨀 洀愀渀甀愀氀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀琀攀爀瀀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 刀漀洀愀渀 䰀䄀圀⸀ ഊ 
਀倀䔀䔀刀匀㨀 琀栀攀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀匀 漀昀 愀 䰀伀刀䐀 眀栀漀 愀爀攀 攀焀甀愀氀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀Ⰰ ഊ       these are: 
਀ ഊ                1) The Order of Knighthood 
਀                ㈀⤀ 吀栀攀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 䄀爀洀猀 ഊ                3) The Order of the Laurel 
਀                㐀⤀ 吀栀攀 伀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀攀氀椀挀愀渀 ഊ                5) in some Kingdoms, the Ladies of the Rose 
਀ ഊPRIMUS INTER PARES: L.; "first among equals," the ideal condition of a LORD 
਀                        琀漀 栀椀猀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀匀⸀ ഊ 
਀倀刀䤀嘀䰀䔀䜀䔀㨀 愀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 䰀䄀圀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 漀渀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀猀Ⰰ ഊ          or a social body. 
਀ ഊPURVEYANCE: the feudal right of the LORD to stay at a VASSAL's home for a 
਀            猀琀椀瀀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 挀漀洀洀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀 ഊ            regular monetary payment by the VASSAL to the LORD. 
਀ ഊREGALIA: L.; the Crown, Sceptre, Robe &c worn by the King as a mark of his 
਀             䬀椀渀最猀栀椀瀀㬀 椀琀 愀氀猀漀 洀攀愀渀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀昀攀漀昀昀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 刀漀礀愀氀 䄀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 琀漀 ഊ             a VASSAL, usually the rights to make LAW, to tax, to raise 
਀             愀爀洀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀 爀攀渀搀攀爀 樀甀猀琀椀挀攀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 琀漀 ഊ             Landed Barons, and Princes. 
਀ ഊSACHENSPIEGEL: Ger.; the COMMON LAW of Saxony. 
਀ ഊSALIC LAW: the COMMON LAW of France. 
਀ ഊSCHWABENSPIEGEL: Ger.; the COMMON LAW of Bavaria. It also included Imperial 
਀                       䰀愀眀⸀ ഊ 
਀匀䌀唀吀䄀䜀䔀㨀 ⠀䰀愀琀⸀㨀 ∀猀挀甀琀甀洀Ⰰ∀ 伀⸀ 䘀爀⸀ ∀攀挀甀愀最攀∀⤀ 愀 琀愀砀 椀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀渀 䬀渀椀最栀琀猀 椀渀 氀椀攀甀 ഊ         of military service. Used by the King of England in the late Middle 
਀         䄀最攀猀 愀猀 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 爀攀瘀攀渀甀攀 琀漀 栀椀爀攀 洀攀爀挀攀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ ഊ 
਀匀䔀刀䘀㨀 䄀 匀䔀刀䘀 眀愀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀爀攀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀㨀 ഊ 
਀                ㄀⤀ 栀攀⼀猀栀攀 眀愀猀 戀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀㬀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀 ഊ                   freely. 
਀                ㈀⤀ 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 渀漀 氀攀最愀氀 爀椀最栀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ഊ                3) they could not testify in courts of LAW. 
਀ ഊSEGEANTS: the upper strata of the peasantry. Some received lands, and were 
਀          嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀匀 漀昀 一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 ∀猀甀瀀攀爀瘀椀猀漀爀礀∀ 挀氀愀猀猀 漀昀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀⸀ ഊ 
਀匀䤀䔀吀䔀 倀䄀刀吀䤀䐀䄀匀㨀 匀瀀⸀㬀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀愀氀 挀漀搀攀 漀昀 䌀愀猀琀椀氀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀匀伀䬀䔀㨀 䄀渀最⸀ 匀愀砀⸀㬀 琀栀攀 昀爀攀攀 琀攀渀甀爀攀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀 戀礀 愀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀 ഊ 
਀匀吀䄀吀唀吀䔀 伀䘀 夀伀刀䬀㨀 洀愀搀攀 愀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 栀椀猀 ഊ                 powers by his coronation Oath, and Kingship, which abstract 
਀                 椀搀攀愀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 甀渀挀漀渀猀琀爀愀椀渀攀搀 瀀漀眀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ഊ                 Magna Carta, were the roots of the concept of the  
਀                 ∀䌀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䴀漀渀愀爀挀栀礀⸀∀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀Ⰰ ∀䌀漀爀瀀漀爀愀Ⰰ∀ 愀渀搀 氀漀挀愀氀 ഊ                 Kingdom Law, establish the Constitutional Monarch, i.e. a 
਀                 䬀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 瀀漀眀攀爀猀⸀ ഊ 
਀匀唀䌀䔀倀吀唀匀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 愀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀⸀ ഊ 
਀吀䄀䤀䰀䰀䔀㨀 琀愀砀 椀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀攀渀甀攀猀 漀昀 渀漀渀ⴀ一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀⸀ ഊ 
਀吀䔀䰀伀一䤀唀䴀㨀 䰀㬀 愀渀 攀砀挀椀猀攀 琀愀砀 瀀愀椀搀 戀礀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀⸀ ഊ 
਀吀䔀一䄀一吀匀ⴀ䤀一ⴀ䌀䠀䤀䔀䘀㨀 一伀䈀䤀䰀䤀吀夀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀氀搀 氀愀渀搀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最⸀ ഊ 
਀吀䔀一唀刀䔀㨀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀 椀渀 䘀䤀䔀䘀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 䰀伀刀䐀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀攀氀搀 漀昀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ ഊ        and so on directly to the King. Simple ownership of land merely made 
਀        漀渀攀 昀爀攀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 一伀䈀䰀䔀⸀ ഊ 
਀吀䠀䤀一䜀㨀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀ⴀ洀攀渀 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 戀愀爀漀渀猀 漀昀 匀眀攀搀攀渀⸀ ഊ 
਀吀刀䤀䄀䰀㨀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 搀漀渀攀 椀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀爀攀攀 眀愀礀猀㨀 ഊ 
਀        ㄀⤀ 䌀伀䴀倀唀刀䜀䄀吀䤀伀一 ഊ        2) Trial-by-Combat 
਀        ㌀⤀ 伀刀䐀䔀䄀䰀 ഊ 
਀        䨀唀刀夀 吀刀䤀䄀䰀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀猀 愀 昀漀甀爀琀栀 愀氀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀瘀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀㨀 匀漀洀攀漀渀攀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 戀礀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 愀挀琀猀Ⰰ 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 䠀伀䴀䄀䜀䔀Ⰰ 挀漀洀洀椀琀猀  ഊ        themselves to serve another, usually receiving a FIEF in return. 
਀        吀栀攀 漀戀氀椀最愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀 眀攀爀攀 䄀唀堀䤀䰀䤀唀䴀 愀渀搀 䌀伀一匀䤀䰀䤀唀䴀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 猀攀攀⸀ ഊ 
਀嘀䄀匀匀䄀吀䤀䌀唀䴀㬀 䰀㬀 ㄀⤀ 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀䄀䜀䔀 ഊ               2) the services of the VASSAL 
਀               ㌀⤀ 琀栀攀 嘀䄀匀匀䄀䰀匀 漀昀 愀 䰀伀刀䐀 愀猀 愀 戀漀搀礀 ഊ 
਀嘀䤀䌀䄀刀㨀 䰀㬀 漀渀攀 眀栀漀 愀挀琀猀 愀猀 愀 瀀爀漀砀礀 椀渀 愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀⸀ ഊ 
਀嘀䤀䰀䰀䔀 䘀刀䄀一䌀䠀䔀㨀 ⠀ 䰀⸀㨀 ∀嘀椀氀氀愀 昀爀愀渀挀愀∀⤀ 愀 琀漀眀渀 挀栀愀爀琀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 最椀瘀攀渀 ഊ               certain privleges, but not self-governing. 
਀ ഊVILLEIN: Fr.; in France: 1) a rural or urban non-noble 
਀                         ㈀⤀ 愀 爀甀爀愀氀 昀爀攀攀ⴀ洀愀渀 ഊ 
਀              椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀㨀 愀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 攀渀漀甀最栀 氀愀渀搀 琀漀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 栀椀猀 昀愀洀椀氀礀⸀ ഊ 
਀嘀䤀匀䤀吀䄀吀䤀伀一㨀 愀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 瘀椀猀椀琀 戀礀 漀渀攀 椀渀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 攀渀昀漀爀挀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䰀䄀圀⸀ ഊ 
਀圀䄀刀刀䄀一吀䤀䄀㨀 䰀⸀㬀 琀栀攀 漀戀氀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 眀愀爀爀愀渀琀漀爀猀 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 䌀伀䴀倀唀刀䜀䄀吀伀刀匀⸀ ഊ               Failure or inability to do so could result in outlawry. 
਀ ഊWERGILD: Ger; monetary compensation paid by a murderer to the relatives of the 
਀              瘀椀挀琀椀洀⸀ ഊ 
਀夀䔀伀䴀䄀一㨀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀 昀爀攀攀ⴀ洀愀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 漀眀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 氀愀渀搀⸀  ഊ 
਀                                      ⨀ ഊ                              *  BIBLIOGRAPHY  * 
਀ ഊ             THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION 
਀             䄀爀礀攀栀 䜀爀愀戀漀椀猀㬀 䴀愀礀昀氀漀眀攀爀⼀伀挀琀漀瀀甀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀　 ഊ 
਀                        挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀 圀⸀䨀⸀䈀攀琀栀愀渀挀漀甀爀琀 䤀䤀䤀 ഊ 
਀倀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 䤀渀挀 ഊand related groups. Send a copy of the publication to Joe Bethancourt, PO 
਀䈀漀砀 ㌀㔀㄀㤀　Ⰰ 倀栀漀攀渀椀砀Ⰰ 䄀娀 㠀㔀　㘀㤀⸀ ഊ
਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀ഊthe publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also
਀愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最ഊreprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.
਀ഊ<the end>
਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ洀攀搀ⴀ氀愀眀ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 㠀 漀昀 㠀ഊ
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