Time-Keeping-art - 11/24/09
਀ഊ"A Brief History of Time Keeping" by Viscount Sir Corin Anderson (KSCA, OP).
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: clocks-msg, sundials-msg, Sandglass-art, Watches-art, bells-msg, calendars-msg, time-art, A-Gear-o-Time-art.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊThis article was first published in issue number x of "Cockatrice", the A&S newsletter of the Kingdom of Lochac.
਀ഊA Brief History of Time Keeping
਀戀礀 嘀椀猀挀漀甀渀琀 匀椀爀 䌀漀爀椀渀 䄀渀搀攀爀猀漀渀 ⠀䬀匀䌀䄀Ⰰ 伀倀⤀ഊ
਀匀漀洀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 愀洀漀渀最猀琀 漀甀爀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀猀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 搀攀愀氀 漀昀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 椀渀最攀渀甀椀琀礀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 愀渀搀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀椀渀最 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 漀昀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 爀攀氀礀椀渀最 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀攀搀 漀渀 愀 洀愀猀猀 戀礀 最爀愀瘀椀琀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀攀氀攀猀琀椀愀氀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀氀椀攀搀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 漀眀渀 愀砀椀猀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀攀渀 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀琀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 椀氀氀甀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 愀猀欀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 眀栀礀 琀椀洀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀瘀攀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 愀琀 愀氀氀⸀ 䄀 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 爀甀爀愀氀 愀渀搀 愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀礀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀椀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 攀愀猀礀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀漀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 爀椀猀攀猀Ⰰ 猀攀琀猀 愀渀搀 椀猀 愀琀 椀琀猀 稀攀渀椀琀栀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀猀琀Ⰰ 愀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀 琀栀愀琀 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 渀漀漀渀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀⸀ഊ
਀䔀瘀攀渀 愀猀 氀愀琀攀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 搀愀椀氀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 戀攀椀渀最 最漀瘀攀爀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀栀愀爀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 倀愀爀椀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 猀琀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 眀漀爀欀 ∀愀猀 猀漀漀渀 愀猀 椀琀 眀愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀猀攀 愀 洀愀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀攀攀琀∀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀攀愀猀攀搀 眀漀爀欀 ∀眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 栀愀眀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 眀椀渀攀 瀀愀猀琀 戀礀∀⸀ 䤀渀 䤀猀氀愀洀Ⰰ 愀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 爀椀琀甀愀氀 瀀爀愀礀攀爀猀 眀愀猀 昀椀砀攀搀 戀礀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 琀漀 戀攀 ∀眀栀攀渀 椀琀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀攀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀渀 愀爀爀漀眀 昀愀氀氀猀∀⸀ഊ
਀伀渀攀 挀氀甀攀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀 愀渀搀 椀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 渀漀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 愀 瀀漀琀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 愀 栀漀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 眀椀氀氀 氀攀愀欀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 椀猀 攀洀瀀琀礀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 猀漀 最爀攀愀琀 愀 氀攀愀瀀 琀漀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀眀漀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 栀漀氀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 氀攀愀欀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 爀愀琀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀 漀昀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 挀漀洀攀猀 椀渀 琀漀 瀀氀愀礀⸀ 䤀昀 琀眀漀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀琀猀 氀攀愀欀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 爀愀琀攀 琀栀攀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀漀琀猀Ⰰ 爀攀昀椀氀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 攀洀瀀琀椀攀搀 琀眀椀挀攀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀Ⰰ 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 漀甀琀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀琀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 漀昀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 漀昀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 琀椀洀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 漀爀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀氀漀挀欀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 椀琀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀猀琀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 眀愀猀 愀 挀氀愀礀 瀀漀琀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀漀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 椀猀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 爀漀漀琀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 眀漀爀搀猀 ✀欀氀攀瀀琀漀洀愀渀椀愀✀ 愀渀搀 ✀栀礀搀爀愀琀攀✀⸀ 䤀琀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 ✀眀愀琀攀爀 琀栀椀攀昀✀⸀ 匀甀挀栀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀攀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 漀昀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䄀琀栀攀渀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 愀爀戀椀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀椀愀氀猀⸀ 吀漀 栀攀氀瀀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 愀 昀愀椀爀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最 攀愀挀栀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀 椀渀 愀 挀愀猀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀漀 爀甀渀 昀爀漀洀 愀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀⸀ ഊ
਀倀氀愀琀漀Ⰰ 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 吀栀攀愀攀琀攀琀甀猀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 匀漀挀爀愀琀攀猀 猀愀礀㨀 ∀䤀渀 琀栀攀 氀攀椀猀甀爀攀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 漀昀 戀礀 礀漀甀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀 昀爀攀攀洀愀渀 挀愀渀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀㨀 栀攀 栀愀猀 栀椀猀 琀愀氀欀 漀甀琀 椀渀 瀀攀愀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀Ⰰ 氀椀欀攀 漀甀爀猀攀氀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀渀搀攀爀猀 愀琀 眀椀氀氀 昀爀漀洀 漀渀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 琀漀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 琀漀 愀 琀栀椀爀搀Ⰰⴀⴀ椀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀渀挀礀 琀愀欀攀猀 栀椀洀Ⰰ 栀攀 戀攀最椀渀猀 愀最愀椀渀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀 愀爀攀 搀漀椀渀最 渀漀眀Ⰰ 挀愀爀椀渀最 渀漀琀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀搀猀 愀爀攀 洀愀渀礀 漀爀 昀攀眀㬀 栀椀猀 漀渀氀礀 愀椀洀 椀猀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀甀琀栀⸀ 䈀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀礀攀爀 椀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀渀 愀 栀甀爀爀礀㬀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 搀爀椀瘀椀渀最 栀椀洀 漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 愀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 攀砀瀀愀琀椀愀琀攀 愀琀 眀椀氀氀∀⸀ഊ
਀匀漀挀爀愀琀攀猀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 昀愀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 眀栀攀渀 愀挀挀甀猀攀搀 漀昀 挀漀爀爀甀瀀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 礀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 䄀琀栀攀渀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 猀攀攀洀猀 洀漀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 漀渀 匀漀挀爀愀琀攀猀 眀愀猀 搀甀攀 琀漀 栀椀猀 戀椀琀椀渀最 猀愀琀椀爀攀 琀愀爀最攀琀攀搀 愀琀 䄀琀栀攀渀猀 愀爀椀猀琀漀挀爀愀琀椀挀 攀氀椀琀攀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 栀攀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀瘀椀挀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 攀砀攀挀甀琀攀搀 戀礀 戀攀椀渀最 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 搀爀椀渀欀 栀攀洀氀漀挀欀⸀ഊ
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਀䌀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀攀甀洀 漀昀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䄀最漀爀愀ഊ
਀伀渀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 眀愀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 漀昀 昀氀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 栀漀氀攀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀椀最栀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀愀猀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀氀漀眀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 洀攀愀渀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 眀愀礀 琀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀搀 爀甀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀⸀ഊ
਀䄀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀猀 眀愀猀 琀漀 瀀氀愀挀攀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀漀氀攀 戀漀琀栀 渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 愀渀搀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 琀漀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 攀砀瀀攀氀氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 氀攀瘀攀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀椀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 栀漀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀Ⰰ 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 愀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 栀攀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 栀漀氀攀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀氀漀眀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 栀漀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 眀愀猀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 琀栀攀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀眀 戀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 琀栀椀爀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀攀氀漀眀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀吀漀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 眀愀礀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀 漀渀 眀栀愀琀 眀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀猀攀 琀漀搀愀礀 愀猀 愀 挀氀漀挀欀 昀愀挀攀⸀ 伀渀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 漀昀 搀漀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀栀 愀 猀琀爀椀渀最 琀漀 愀 昀氀漀愀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 眀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 愀 瀀甀氀氀攀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀椀渀最 眀愀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀 眀攀椀最栀琀 眀栀椀氀攀 愀 猀栀愀昀琀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀甀氀氀攀礀 琀漀 愀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀䄀猀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 氀攀瘀攀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀 爀漀猀攀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀漀漀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀 昀氀漀愀琀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀椀渀最 琀漀 昀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀甀氀氀攀礀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀漀 爀漀琀愀琀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀椀爀挀甀洀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀甀氀氀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 猀攀琀 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀 漀渀挀攀 攀瘀攀爀礀 搀愀礀⸀ഊ
਀吀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 洀椀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 愀爀攀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀⸀ 圀攀 渀漀眀 戀爀攀愀欀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 ✀搀愀礀✀ 椀渀琀漀 ㈀㐀 攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 戀漀琀栀 愀 猀甀渀氀椀琀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 渀椀最栀琀⸀ 䤀渀 漀甀爀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 爀攀挀欀漀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 猀甀渀爀椀猀攀 愀渀搀 猀甀渀猀攀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 㘀 䄀䴀 愀渀搀 㘀 倀䴀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 漀渀氀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 攀焀甀椀渀漀砀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀猀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀 愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 焀甀椀琀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀 愀渀搀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 椀渀琀漀 ㄀㈀ 攀焀甀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀椀最栀琀 椀渀琀漀 ㄀㈀ 攀焀甀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀猀⸀ 唀猀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 ✀甀渀攀焀甀愀氀✀ 栀漀甀爀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 爀漀猀攀 愀琀 㘀 䄀䴀 攀瘀攀爀礀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 猀攀琀 愀琀 㘀 倀䴀 攀瘀攀爀礀 渀椀最栀琀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 漀昀 搀椀瘀椀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀 攀愀挀栀 椀渀琀漀 ㄀㈀ 攀焀甀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀猀 爀攀猀甀氀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 琀椀洀攀 栀漀甀爀猀 戀攀椀渀最 氀漀渀最攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 渀椀最栀琀 琀椀洀攀 栀漀甀爀猀 椀渀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 戀攀椀渀最 琀爀甀攀 椀渀 眀椀渀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㈀㤀㄀ 䈀䌀⸀  䤀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 攀瀀椀最爀愀洀猀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 䴀 嘀愀氀攀爀椀甀猀 䴀愀爀琀椀愀氀椀猀 ⠀挀 䄀䐀 㐀　 ⴀ ㄀　㈀⤀ 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 ∀氀攀猀猀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀搀 栀漀甀爀 ⴀ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀琀 漀昀 猀甀洀洀攀爀猀 氀攀渀最琀栀∀⸀ 䤀渀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀攀 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀 瘀愀爀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 㐀㤀 琀漀 㜀㄀ 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 琀漀 猀甀洀洀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 戀椀戀氀攀 栀愀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 䨀攀猀甀猀 琀漀 栀椀猀 搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ ∀䄀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 琀眀攀氀瘀攀 栀漀甀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀㼀 䤀昀 愀渀礀 洀愀渀 眀愀氀欀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀琀甀洀戀氀攀琀栀 渀漀琀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 猀攀攀琀栀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 ⠀䨀漀栀渀 ㈀㄀ 㤀⤀∀⸀ഊ
਀䠀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀搀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 漀昀昀攀爀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 眀漀甀氀搀 最椀瘀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀 眀愀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀椀渀最 漀昀 搀愀眀渀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 氀愀戀漀甀爀攀爀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀漀甀猀攀搀 愀渀搀 爀攀愀搀椀攀搀 昀漀爀 眀漀爀欀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 猀甀渀爀椀猀攀 愀渀搀 猀漀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀氀椀最栀琀 栀漀甀爀猀⸀ഊ
਀䌀琀攀猀椀戀甀椀猀 漀昀 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀爀椀愀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀攀搀 猀甀挀栀 愀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㔀 䈀䌀⸀ 䤀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 愀 挀氀漀挀欀 昀愀挀攀 琀栀攀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 䌀琀攀猀椀戀甀椀猀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 栀愀搀 愀 爀椀猀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 愀 爀漀琀愀琀椀渀最 搀爀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀爀甀洀 栀愀搀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 氀椀渀攀 昀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 栀漀甀爀 琀栀愀琀 爀愀渀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 椀琀猀 挀椀爀挀甀洀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀爀甀洀猀 挀椀爀挀甀洀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 ㌀㘀㔀 搀愀礀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀⸀ 䤀渀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀爀 洀漀搀攀氀猀 琀栀攀 搀爀甀洀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 戀礀 栀愀渀搀 攀愀挀栀 搀愀礀 戀甀琀 洀漀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 搀愀椀氀礀 攀洀瀀琀礀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀 琀漀 搀爀椀瘀攀 愀 眀愀琀攀爀 眀栀攀攀氀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 最攀愀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀甀琀漀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀爀甀洀⸀ഊ
਀ഊ
਀䌀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀 眀椀琀栀 搀爀甀洀 昀漀爀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 ⠀昀爀漀洀 ✀刀攀猀猀✀猀 䌀氀漀挀欀猀 眀愀琀挀栀攀猀 愀渀搀 䌀栀爀漀渀漀洀攀琀攀爀猀✀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㄀㤀⤀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 愀搀漀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 挀栀甀爀挀栀 愀猀 愀 洀攀愀渀猀 漀昀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀椀渀最 眀栀攀渀 琀漀 瀀爀愀礀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 甀猀攀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 挀甀猀琀漀洀愀爀礀 昀漀爀 洀漀渀欀猀 椀渀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 挀漀洀攀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 瀀爀愀礀 愀琀 瀀爀攀搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 猀攀琀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 瘀愀爀椀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 昀爀漀洀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀礀 琀漀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀礀⸀ 䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀椀猀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀氀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀 琀椀洀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀椀渀挀椀搀攀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀渀爀椀猀攀Ⰰ 渀漀漀渀Ⰰ 猀甀渀猀攀琀Ⰰ 洀椀搀渀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 椀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 ✀挀愀渀渀漀渀✀ 洀攀愀渀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀氀礀 ✀洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 爀漀搀✀ 漀爀 昀椀最甀爀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀Ⰰ ✀爀甀氀攀✀ 漀爀 ✀搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀椀渀攀✀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 最漀瘀攀爀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 眀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀愀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ✀挀愀渀漀渀椀挀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀✀⸀  伀渀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀愀渀漀渀椀挀愀氀 栀漀甀爀猀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀攀氀漀眀㨀ഊ
਀一漀挀琀甀爀渀愀攀ഊThe night office, divided into three night vigils roughly corresponding to 9 PM, midnight and 3 AM
਀ഊMatins
਀䘀椀爀猀琀 氀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀椀最栀琀 漀昀昀椀挀攀ഊ
਀倀爀椀洀攀ഊSunrise, the first day office
਀ഊTertia
਀䴀椀搀洀漀爀渀椀渀最ഊ
਀匀攀砀琀愀ഊNoon
਀ഊNona
਀䴀椀搀 䄀昀琀攀爀渀漀漀渀ഊ
਀嘀攀猀瀀攀爀猀ഊSunset
਀ഊCompline
਀䰀愀猀琀 氀椀最栀琀ഊ
਀ഊAlthough it was certainly possible to use a clepsydra to determine the time when these offices occurred, and it seems likely that clepsydra were used for this purpose until the invention of mechanical clocks, the use of clepsydra suffered from several drawbacks.
਀ഊOne problem was that it was difficult to make a clepsydra that was accurate to the minute over a period of 24 hours. This would mean that over time the clepsydra would drift out of time, running either fast or slow. Secondly, a clepsydra required careful attention to ensure that reservoir was refilled and the collection chamber emptied at regular intervals. If the reservoir ran dry or the collection chamber overflowed the measurement of time would be interrupted.
਀ഊThe chronicles of Jocelin of Brakelond, an abbot, described in 1198 another reason why a clepsydra might fail: "For in the same hour the clock fell before matins", this signal apparently occurred at an opportune instant, serving to draw attention to a serious fire which had begun to consume the platform carrying the shrine containing the relics of St Edmund the Martyr. Jocelin's narrative then continues: "our young men therefore ran for water, some to the well, some to the clock; others with great difficulty extinguished the violence of the fire with their cowls".
਀ഊBecause of these failings it was necessary to devise devices that could determine the time by other means and to use these devices to reset the clepsydra as required. One of these devices, used to tell the time at night by the position of the stars, takes it name from the canonical night offices and was called a 'nocturnal'.
਀ഊAncient astronomers in the northern hemisphere noticed that, while all other stars change position during the course of the night a single star, Polaris or the 'pole star', seems fixed in the centre of the sky. Stars close to Polaris seem to rotate around it in the same way that an hour hand rotates around the centre of a 24-hour clock face. The reason that Polaris seems fixed is that it lies almost directly on the axis of the earth's rotation, also called the North Celestial Pole. This fact, along with one other particular complication, enables the reading of the time from the angle between Polaris and any other nearby star. The particular complication in reading the time in this way arises from the difference between solar and sidereal, or star, time.
਀ഊSolar time is measured by the position of the sun relative to the surface of the earth. Sidereal time, on the other hand, is measured by the position of the surface of the earth in relation to the fixed stars. Imagine that, on the 1st of January, a particular star is directly overhead at midnight. Three months later the earth will have advanced through one quarter of its orbit around the sun. This change in position relative to the sun means that the same star is now directly overhead at sunrise. Three months later the same star is overhead during the middle of the day and is, of course, invisible.
਀ഊ
਀ഊThe mismatch between solar and sidereal time causes the position of the stars to precess by a little less that one degree per day. This means that the angle that a particular star makes with the pole start at midnight on one night will be about one degree more at the same time on the following night.
਀ഊThe medieval nocturnal consisted of a back plate, somewhat like a circular mirror with a handle, that had the divisions of a calendar marked around its edge. A second, somewhat smaller, disk was pivoted through the centre of the first with hollow spindle that allowed the user to sight through the nocturnals middle. The second disk was marked around its edge with the divisions of a 24 hour clock and also had a number of projecting points representing the positions of a particular set of stars. The third and final part of the nocturnal was a ruler that also pivoted around the central spindle.
਀ഊ
਀ഊNocturnal, ivory and brass, 16th century; Nocturnal, gilt copper, before 1582
਀ഊTo use a nocturnal, one of the star pointers on the second, or hour, wheel was selected and set to the current date on the first, or calendar, wheel. The action of rotating a star pointer on the hour wheel to the current date compensated for the precession of the stars. Polaris was then sighted through the hole in the spindle and lined up the ruler with the star that was used to set the date. The time could then be read from the position where the ruler intersected the markings on the hour wheel. With such a device as a nocturnal to hand it was possible to dispense with the clepsydra for reading the time on clear nights and rely on the water clock only in the instances where cloudy conditions made the use of the nocturnal impossible.
਀ഊ
਀䤀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 洀愀渀甀愀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀漀挀琀甀爀渀愀氀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 琀栀攀 渀漀挀琀甀爀渀愀氀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀 漀瘀攀爀猀 氀漀渀最 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 猀琀愀爀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最甀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 眀愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀Ⰰ 戀礀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀爀椀最漀渀漀洀攀琀爀礀Ⰰ 琀漀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀猀⸀  匀甀挀栀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀猀 琀愀戀甀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀猀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀稀椀洀甀琀栀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀爀椀最栀琀攀猀琀 猀琀愀爀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 愀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 氀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 愀 礀攀愀爀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀愀氀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀猀 猀洀愀氀氀 愀猀 愀 洀椀渀甀琀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀愀戀氀攀搀 焀甀椀琀攀 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 栀攀昀琀礀 琀漀洀攀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 爀甀渀渀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 洀愀渀礀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀 漀昀 瀀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀琀 猀椀稀攀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 渀愀瘀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 猀攀愀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 攀渀愀戀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀琀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 挀爀漀猀猀ⴀ爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 愀 猀栀椀瀀猀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 圀栀攀爀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 欀渀漀眀渀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀愀搀椀氀礀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 漀渀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀琀 渀椀最栀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀 甀猀椀渀最 愀渀 愀氀洀愀渀愀挀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 洀漀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀猀 礀漀甀 洀漀瘀攀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 倀漀氀愀爀椀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 瘀椀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 圀椀琀栀漀甀琀 猀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀漀氀攀 猀琀愀爀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀漀挀琀甀爀渀愀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 椀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀伀渀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀渀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀⸀ 䤀渀 椀琀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀猀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 漀昀 愀 搀椀猀欀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 椀琀猀 攀搀最攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 搀攀最爀攀攀 猀挀愀氀攀⸀ 䄀 爀甀氀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀椀渀栀漀氀攀 猀椀最栀琀 愀琀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 攀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀氀椀搀愀搀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 瀀椀瘀漀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀欀⸀ 䄀 爀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 猀甀猀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 眀栀攀渀 栀攀氀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 最爀愀瘀椀琀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 洀愀欀攀 椀琀 氀椀攀 瀀攀爀瀀攀渀搀椀挀甀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀⸀ 吀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 愀 猀琀愀爀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 爀椀渀最 愀渀搀 愀搀樀甀猀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀氀椀搀愀搀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀 眀愀猀 瘀椀猀椀戀氀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 猀椀最栀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀 挀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀渀 戀攀 爀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀氀椀搀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀搀 攀搀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀欀⸀ഊ
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਀ഊPortuguese mariners astrolabes, dated 1605 and 1616
਀ഊThe word astrolabe is derived from Greek and literally means 'star catcher'. The origins of the astrolabe are unknown but it is certainly an ancient device. Plato wrote of a device he used to devise his star catalogue that was almost certainly a form of astrolabe. 
਀ഊThe inconvenience of carrying around a bulky almanac so as to make use of an astrolabe to tell the time led to the development of the 'planispheric astrolabe'. A planispheric astrolabe was, in essence, a simple mechanical calculator that could be used to derive the position of a small number of stars, usually ten to twenty, from knowledge of the current date and time. Alternatively, the current date and the altitude of a star could be used to derive the time. The mathematics required to devise planispheric astrolabes were known in 150 BC and Arabic examples from 900 AD still survive.
਀ഊA planispheric astrolabe consisted of disk, called the 'mater', with a raised rim or edge, called the 'limb' graduated with the divisions of a 24 hour clock. Inside the limb sat one of a number of removable plates called 'tympan'. The tympans were engraved with a series of altitude and azimuth (compass bearing) lines. These lines, also called almucantar, are stereographic projections of the lines of altitude and azimuth of a particular latitude as viewed from the pole. A different tympan was required for each latitude. 
਀ഊOver the plate sat the 'rete', or net, which was a mostly open disk that had pointers representing the position of particular stars. The rete also incorporated an offset circle, which was graduated as a calendar and represented the plane of the earths orbit around the sun, also known as the circle of the ecliptic. The rete was pivoted through the centre of the astrolabe disk so that it could be rotated. On top of the rete and also attached to the pivot was a ruler. The back of the astrolabe mater was graduated with a degree scale like a simple astrolabe and provided with a pointer or alidade to enable the measurement of star altitudes.
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਀倀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 氀攀昀琀㬀 瀀椀渀Ⰰ 愀氀椀搀愀搀攀Ⰰ 洀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀礀洀瀀愀渀Ⰰ 爀攀琀攀Ⰰ 爀甀氀攀Ⰰ 栀漀爀猀攀ഊ
਀ 吀漀 甀猀攀 愀渀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 挀栀漀漀猀椀渀最 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀氀礀 瘀椀猀椀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀愀欀攀 愀 猀椀最栀琀椀渀最 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 椀琀猀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀✀猀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀琀攀 椀猀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 猀琀愀爀✀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 氀椀渀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀猀 琀漀 椀琀猀 攀氀攀瘀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀琀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀渀 愀氀椀最渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀椀爀挀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀挀氀椀瀀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 爀攀愀搀 漀昀昀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀 椀渀琀攀爀猀攀挀琀猀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀猀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀戀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀椀猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 戀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀渀最 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 猀椀搀攀爀攀愀氀 愀渀搀 猀漀氀愀爀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 刀漀琀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀攀琀攀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 愀 猀琀愀爀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀爀 洀愀琀挀栀攀猀 椀琀猀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 攀氀攀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 愀渀最氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀砀攀搀 猀琀愀爀猀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 椀琀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 猀椀搀攀爀攀愀氀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀爀攀愀氀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 愀氀氀漀眀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 猀漀氀愀爀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 愀 洀愀渀渀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀爀 渀漀挀琀甀爀渀愀氀⸀ഊ
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਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 挀⸀ ㄀㌀㈀　ഊ
਀吀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀椀猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 搀愀礀 昀爀漀洀 愀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀猀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀⸀ 吀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀猀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 琀栀攀 愀氀椀搀愀搀攀 椀猀 愀搀樀甀猀琀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀 挀漀洀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 猀椀最栀琀 昀愀氀氀猀 漀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 猀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 攀氀椀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀琀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀渀 爀漀琀愀琀攀搀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 搀愀琀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀椀爀挀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀挀氀椀瀀琀椀挀 椀猀 氀椀渀攀搀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 愀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 氀椀渀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀 椀猀 琀栀攀渀 氀椀渀攀搀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 搀愀琀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀挀氀椀瀀琀椀挀 挀椀爀挀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 爀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀戀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 愀猀琀爀漀氀愀戀攀 眀愀猀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 搀愀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 愀 眀栀漀氀攀 挀氀愀猀猀 漀昀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀爀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀攀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 愀猀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀⸀ഊ
਀嘀椀琀爀甀瘀椀甀猀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 漀昀 䨀甀氀椀甀猀 䌀愀攀猀愀爀 ⠀眀栀漀 椀猀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 洀漀爀攀 昀愀洀漀甀猀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀愀氀氀椀猀琀愀攀⤀Ⰰ 戀攀洀漀愀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀 渀攀眀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 眀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 攀砀栀愀甀猀琀攀搀⸀ 䠀攀 氀椀猀琀猀 愀 搀漀稀攀渀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 最椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀漀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 昀愀椀爀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 樀甀搀最椀渀最 漀渀氀礀 戀礀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 昀漀爀洀猀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀瀀椀攀挀攀⸀ഊ
਀匀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀攀猀琀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 愀 猀琀漀渀攀 昀爀愀最洀攀渀琀 椀渀 愀 䈀攀爀氀椀渀 洀甀猀攀甀洀Ⰰ 搀愀琀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㔀　　 䈀䌀⸀ 䠀攀爀漀搀漀琀甀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 䄀猀椀愀 䴀椀渀漀爀 愀渀搀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 㐀㔀　 䈀䌀Ⰰ 琀攀氀氀猀 甀猀 ∀䤀琀 眀愀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䈀愀戀礀氀漀渀椀愀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 瀀漀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀眀攀氀瘀攀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀∀⸀ 匀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 猀漀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 椀渀 刀漀洀攀 戀礀 ㈀　　 䈀䌀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀椀挀 搀爀愀洀愀琀椀猀琀 倀氀愀甀琀甀猀 挀漀渀搀攀洀渀攀搀 椀渀 瘀攀爀猀攀 ∀琀栀攀 眀爀攀琀挀栀 眀栀漀 昀椀爀猀琀 ⸀⸀⸀ 猀攀琀 愀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀漀 挀栀漀瀀 洀礀 搀愀礀猀 琀漀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀∀⸀ ഊ
਀嘀椀琀爀甀瘀椀甀猀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 漀昀 䨀甀氀椀甀猀 䌀愀攀猀愀爀 ⠀眀栀漀 椀猀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 洀漀爀攀 昀愀洀漀甀猀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀愀氀氀椀猀琀愀攀⤀Ⰰ 戀攀洀漀愀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀 渀攀眀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 眀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 攀砀栀愀甀猀琀攀搀⸀ 䠀攀 氀椀猀琀猀 愀 搀漀稀攀渀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 最椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀漀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 昀愀椀爀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 樀甀搀最椀渀最 漀渀氀礀 戀礀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 昀漀爀洀猀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀瀀椀攀挀攀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 琀攀爀洀猀Ⰰ 愀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 洀愀爀欀猀 琀椀洀攀 戀礀 甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 挀愀猀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 漀瘀攀爀 愀 猀琀爀愀椀最栀琀 爀漀搀 漀爀 攀搀最攀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 琀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀✀猀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 ✀最渀漀洀漀渀✀ 椀猀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 愀 䜀爀攀攀欀 眀漀爀搀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 ✀漀渀攀 眀栀漀 欀渀漀眀猀✀⸀  䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 瘀愀爀礀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 琀栀攀礀 愀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀 椀渀 挀漀洀洀漀渀Ⰰ 愀 搀椀愀氀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀 猀挀愀氀攀 愀渀搀 愀 最渀漀洀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀椀挀愀氀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀䄀渀挀椀攀渀琀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀攀爀猀 甀猀攀搀 挀攀氀攀猀琀椀愀氀 最氀漀戀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀攀渀猀 椀渀 洀甀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀攀爀爀攀猀琀爀椀愀氀 最氀漀戀攀猀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀 琀栀攀 漀挀攀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀攀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀攀氀攀猀琀椀愀氀 最氀漀戀攀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀攀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀爀椀最栀琀攀猀琀 猀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀洀愀最椀渀愀爀礀 挀椀爀挀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀攀渀猀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀椀搀椀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀爀攀猀琀爀椀愀氀 最氀漀戀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 洀愀渀礀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最氀漀戀攀 眀愀猀 漀洀椀琀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀 洀攀爀攀 猀欀攀氀攀琀漀渀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 愀渀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 漀昀 爀椀渀最猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 挀椀爀挀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀攀渀猀⸀ 匀甀挀栀 愀渀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 戀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀渀 ✀愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀✀ 猀瀀栀攀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 眀漀爀搀 ✀愀爀洀椀氀氀愀✀Ⰰ 愀 戀爀愀挀攀氀攀琀 漀爀 爀椀渀最⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 愀渀 愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀 猀瀀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀 洀漀搀攀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀攀渀猀 椀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 眀愀礀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 挀漀甀氀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 椀琀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀猀琀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀眀漀 爀椀渀最猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀椀搀椀愀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 爀漀搀 瀀愀猀猀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀✀猀 愀砀椀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 愀挀琀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 椀猀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀 猀挀愀氀攀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 椀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 ㈀㐀 瀀愀爀琀猀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 猀攀琀 ㄀㔀 漀 愀瀀愀爀琀⸀ 䤀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 漀爀椀攀渀琀攀搀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀 爀椀渀最 椀猀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀砀椀猀 爀漀搀 椀猀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀砀椀猀 爀漀搀 眀椀氀氀 愀挀琀 愀猀 愀 最渀漀洀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 爀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 椀渀琀攀爀猀攀挀琀猀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀 猀挀愀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀 爀椀渀最⸀ഊ
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਀䈀爀愀猀猀 愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀 猀瀀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㜀㔀 ⠀氀攀昀琀⤀⸀ 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 ⠀爀椀最栀琀⤀⸀ഊ
਀伀爀椀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀爀洀椀氀氀愀爀礀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀 爀椀渀最 椀猀 椀渀 氀椀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 愀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀渀最氀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 洀愀欀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀 攀焀甀愀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀椀渀最 椀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 椀猀 猀攀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 愀渀最氀攀Ⰰ 漀爀椀攀渀琀椀渀最 椀琀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 渀漀爀琀栀 眀椀氀氀 戀爀椀渀最 椀琀 椀渀琀漀 愀氀椀最渀洀攀渀琀 椀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀漀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀匀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 漀昀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 搀愀礀 愀爀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 漀爀 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀Ⰰ 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 琀椀洀攀 戀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀✀猀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀 洀攀愀渀猀 ✀攀焀甀愀氀 渀椀最栀琀✀ 愀渀搀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀氀 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 眀愀猀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 椀昀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀氀礀 漀爀椀攀渀琀攀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀猀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀⸀ 倀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 瀀漀挀欀攀琀 猀椀稀攀搀Ⰰ 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 眀攀爀攀 焀甀椀琀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀攀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀 戀爀愀猀猀 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀瀀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀漀洀瀀愀猀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 愀氀椀最渀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 焀甀愀搀爀愀渀琀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 搀攀最爀攀攀 猀挀愀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀 愀琀 愀渀 愀渀最氀攀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀爀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀⸀ 吀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 愀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀攀爀✀猀Ⰰ 瀀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 栀愀搀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀 漀昀 洀愀樀漀爀 挀椀琀椀攀猀 攀渀最爀愀瘀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀猀攀猀⸀ഊ
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਀倀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 攀焀甀椀渀漀挀琀椀愀氀 搀椀愀氀猀㬀 琀漀瀀 爀椀最栀琀 ㄀㔀㔀㜀Ⰰ 戀漀琀琀漀洀 氀攀昀琀 ㄀㔀㜀㔀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 猀栀漀眀渀 愀爀攀 栀攀洀椀猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 渀漀挀琀甀爀渀愀氀⸀ഊ
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀 洀漀猀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 愀爀攀 愀眀愀爀攀 漀昀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 椀猀 猀漀 渀愀洀攀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 戀攀椀渀最 愀氀椀最渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀氀椀最渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 愀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 椀猀 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 愀 琀爀椀愀渀最甀氀愀爀 瀀氀愀琀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 攀搀最攀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 猀攀琀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀✀猀 瀀漀氀攀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀 椀猀 愀琀 愀渀 愀渀最氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀✀猀 攀焀甀愀琀漀爀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 搀攀最爀攀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 挀愀猀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 攀搀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀 椀猀 渀漀琀 愀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 ㄀㔀 漀 瀀攀爀 栀漀甀爀 戀甀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 ㄀㔀 漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 氀攀猀猀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 洀椀搀搀愀礀⸀ 嘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀氀氀猀 漀昀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 愀 昀愀猀栀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀⸀ 䤀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀渀最氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 漀渀 愀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 愀猀 漀渀 愀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 猀攀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀ⴀ氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 ⠀㤀　 搀攀最爀攀攀猀 洀椀渀甀猀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀⤀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 椀⸀攀⸀ 愀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 猀攀琀 昀漀爀 愀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 ㌀　 搀攀最爀攀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 琀栀攀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 愀猀 愀渀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 猀攀琀 昀漀爀 愀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 㘀　 搀攀最爀攀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 愀渀搀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 瀀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 ✀搀椀瀀琀礀挀栀✀ 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀椀爀 漀昀 栀椀渀最攀搀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 椀瘀漀爀礀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 猀攀琀 愀琀 爀椀最栀琀 愀渀最氀攀猀⸀ 䔀椀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀Ⰰ 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 漀爀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 戀漀琀栀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀琀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀 猀琀爀椀渀最 爀甀渀渀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀漀氀攀猀 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 瀀氀愀琀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀挀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀 最渀漀洀漀渀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 洀漀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 搀椀瀀琀礀挀栀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 昀漀爀 猀椀渀最氀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 攀砀椀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 昀漀爀 甀猀攀 椀渀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 搀椀愀氀猀 栀愀搀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀Ⰰ 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀椀挀Ⰰ 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 昀漀爀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀渀最氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀椀渀最 最渀漀洀漀渀 眀愀猀 愀搀樀甀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 瀀愀猀猀椀渀最 椀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 栀漀氀攀猀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 挀栀漀猀攀渀⸀ 䌀漀洀瀀愀猀猀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀 琀漀 愀氀椀最渀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 眀椀琀栀 渀漀爀琀栀⸀ 䄀 瀀氀甀洀戀 戀漀戀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀漀 栀攀氀瀀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀琀攀 眀愀猀 栀攀氀搀 氀攀瘀攀氀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀⸀ഊ
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਀倀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 搀椀瀀琀礀挀栀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 戀礀 䠀愀渀猀 吀爀漀猀挀栀攀氀 琀栀攀 䔀氀搀攀爀 ⠀䜀攀爀洀愀渀Ⰰ 一甀爀攀洀戀攀爀最Ⰰ ㄀㔀㐀㤀ⴀ㄀㘀㄀㈀⤀ഊ
਀䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀愀渀挀攀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀愀氀氀猀 漀昀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀 洀愀欀攀 最漀漀搀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 琀漀 氀漀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀洀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 挀愀猀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 昀愀挀攀猀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 搀甀攀 渀漀爀琀栀 漀爀 猀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀攀 愀渀最氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 椀猀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 猀琀爀愀椀最栀琀昀漀爀眀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 琀眀漀 瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀攀猀㬀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀爀 愀渀最氀攀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 愀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 椀猀 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀 眀愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 昀愀挀攀 搀甀攀 渀漀爀琀栀 漀爀 猀漀甀琀栀 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀椀愀琀椀漀渀 栀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 椀渀琀漀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀Ⰰ 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀氀氀 椀猀 渀漀琀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀氀礀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀 洀甀猀琀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀⸀ഊ
਀䈀礀 琀栀攀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀椀最渀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 眀愀猀 眀攀氀氀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀渀搀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀椀愀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 椀琀 愀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀 琀漀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 甀渀甀猀甀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 洀愀搀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 漀昀 瀀漀氀礀栀攀搀爀愀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 搀椀愀氀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 昀愀挀攀⸀ 伀渀攀 猀甀挀栀 搀椀愀氀 瀀漀氀礀栀攀搀爀愀氀 搀椀愀氀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀爀琀爀愀椀琀 ✀吀栀攀 䄀洀戀愀猀猀愀搀漀爀猀✀ 愀渀搀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 愀猀 琀眀攀渀琀礀 昀愀挀攀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀⸀ഊ
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਀倀漀氀礀栀攀搀爀愀氀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㠀㜀 ⠀琀漀瀀 氀攀昀琀 ☀ 爀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 氀攀昀琀 椀洀愀最攀⤀⸀ 䌀甀戀椀挀 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀 挀⸀ ㄀㜀㔀　 ⠀挀攀渀琀爀攀Ⰰ 氀攀昀琀 椀洀愀最攀⤀⸀ 䐀攀琀愀椀氀 昀爀漀洀 ✀琀栀攀 䄀洀戀愀猀猀愀搀漀爀猀✀ 猀栀漀眀椀渀最 瀀漀氀礀栀攀搀爀愀氀 搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀愀渀猀 䠀漀氀戀攀椀渀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㌀㌀⠀爀椀最栀琀 椀洀愀最攀⤀⸀ഊ
਀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀猀Ⰰ 猀甀渀搀椀愀氀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀猀攀琀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 甀瀀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀氀攀最爀愀瀀栀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 攀渀愀戀氀攀搀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 琀漀 戀攀 猀礀渀挀栀爀漀渀椀猀攀搀 甀猀椀渀最 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 瘀攀爀礀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 愀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䐀愀渀琀攀✀猀 ✀倀愀爀愀搀椀猀椀漀✀Ⰰ 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㄀㌀㄀㌀ 愀渀搀 ㄀㌀㈀㄀㨀 ∀䄀渀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 眀栀攀攀氀猀 椀渀 眀漀爀欀猀 漀昀 栀漀爀漀氀漀最攀猀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀攀栀漀氀搀攀爀 洀漀琀椀漀渀氀攀猀猀 猀攀攀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 漀渀攀 琀漀 昀氀礀⸀⸀⸀∀⸀ 䤀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 䐀愀渀琀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 甀猀攀 愀 挀氀漀挀欀 愀猀 愀 猀椀洀椀氀攀 甀渀氀攀猀猀 栀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 椀洀愀最攀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 栀椀猀 爀攀愀搀攀爀猀 猀漀 椀琀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 搀愀琀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 漀氀搀攀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀 椀猀 愀琀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀⸀ ㄀㌀㔀　 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀甀爀爀攀琀 挀氀漀挀欀 椀渀 匀愀氀椀猀戀甀爀礀 䌀愀琀栀攀搀爀愀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀氀礀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 ㄀㌀㠀㘀 愀猀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 椀琀✀猀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀椀渀最 猀琀椀氀氀 攀砀椀猀琀⸀ ഊ
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਀伀氀搀攀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 挀⸀㄀㌀㔀　 ⠀氀攀昀琀⤀⸀ 刀攀瀀愀椀爀猀 戀攀椀渀最 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 匀愀氀椀猀戀甀爀礀 䌀愀琀栀攀搀爀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ ㄀㌀㠀㘀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 椀渀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀搀愀礀 ⠀爀椀最栀琀⤀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 椀琀 椀猀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀愀戀爀椀挀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 猀攀攀洀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀爀椀瘀攀 琀漀 洀漀爀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀氀礀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀椀氀礀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀⸀ 䔀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 洀漀渀愀猀琀椀挀 ✀愀氀愀爀甀洀猀✀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀氀愀爀洀 挀氀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 猀琀椀氀氀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀⸀ 䔀挀挀氀攀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀愀氀 愀爀琀眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀愀爀猀椀愀 戀攀氀漀眀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀猀 愀 洀漀渀愀猀琀椀挀 愀氀愀爀甀洀 最爀漀甀瀀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀漀漀氀猀 漀昀 栀漀氀礀 漀昀昀椀挀攀㬀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 椀渀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 氀椀昀攀⸀ഊ
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਀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀氀礀 愀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀渀✀琀 氀漀渀最 戀攀昀漀爀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䄀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 挀氀漀挀欀 眀愀猀 椀渀猀琀愀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 倀愀搀甀愀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㐀㐀Ⰰ 椀渀 䜀攀渀漀愀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㔀㌀Ⰰ 椀渀 䈀漀氀漀最渀愀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㔀㘀 愀渀搀 椀渀 䘀攀爀爀愀爀愀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㘀㈀⸀ ഊ
਀䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 瀀爀攀瘀愀氀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 挀氀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 搀漀洀攀猀琀椀挀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀瀀氀愀挀攀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 猀漀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀⸀ 䌀氀漀挀欀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 栀愀渀搀挀爀愀昀琀攀搀 椀琀攀洀猀 眀攀氀氀 瀀愀猀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 椀琀 眀愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 愀 挀椀琀礀 琀漀 最愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀猀 昀爀漀洀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 挀漀昀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 愀 挀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 戀攀礀漀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀猀 漀昀 愀氀氀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀氀琀栀椀攀猀琀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀⸀ 䤀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀渀最 挀氀漀挀欀猀 眀攀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 瀀爀漀甀搀 攀渀漀甀最栀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀挀焀甀椀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀漀爀琀爀愀椀琀猀⸀ ഊ
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਀䠀愀渀最椀渀最 挀氀漀挀欀 椀渀 愀 瀀愀椀渀琀椀渀最 戀礀 刀漀攀洀攀爀猀眀攀愀氀搀攀Ⰰ ㄀㔀　㌀ⴀ㘀㜀 ⠀氀攀昀琀⤀⸀ 唀渀欀渀漀眀渀 䬀渀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 䴀愀氀琀愀Ⰰ 吀椀琀椀愀渀 挀⸀㄀㔀㔀　 ⠀爀椀最栀琀⤀⸀ഊ
਀䔀愀爀氀礀 挀氀漀挀欀洀愀欀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 猀洀椀琀栀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 最甀渀猀洀椀琀栀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 愀 猀椀搀攀氀椀渀攀 琀栀愀渀 愀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀渀✀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 挀氀漀挀欀 洀愀欀椀渀最 琀漀漀欀 漀昀昀 愀猀 愀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀猀 椀渀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀椀渀最 洀愀搀攀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 猀甀猀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 挀漀爀搀猀 漀爀 挀栀愀椀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀爀搀 漀爀 挀栀愀椀渀 眀愀猀 眀漀甀渀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 愀 搀爀甀洀 愀渀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 昀攀氀氀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 搀爀甀洀 琀漀 爀漀琀愀琀攀⸀ 吀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 猀甀昀昀攀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 甀渀眀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀挀攀 椀琀 攀砀攀爀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ 搀椀洀椀渀椀猀栀攀搀⸀ 嘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 椀渀最攀渀椀漀甀猀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀猀 昀漀爀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀Ⰰ 猀愀眀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 挀氀漀挀欀 眀攀氀氀 瀀愀猀琀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀琀攀爀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀爀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀 眀愀氀氀 挀氀漀挀欀 眀椀氀氀 甀渀眀椀渀搀 椀渀 愀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 猀攀挀漀渀搀猀㬀 渀漀琀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 昀漀爀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 愀 搀愀礀⸀ 䤀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 爀攀最甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 愀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀爀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 甀渀眀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 甀猀攀搀 愀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 ✀瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 攀猀挀愀瀀洀攀渀琀✀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 ✀瘀攀爀最攀✀ 椀猀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 眀漀爀搀 ✀瘀攀爀最愀✀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀猀 愀 ✀眀愀渀搀✀ 愀渀搀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀瀀爀椀最栀琀 爀漀搀 琀栀愀琀 昀漀爀洀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀爀攀攀 洀愀椀渀 瀀愀爀琀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀Ⰰ 猀漀 渀愀洀攀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 椀琀 爀攀猀攀洀戀氀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 愀 挀爀漀眀渀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 愀 搀椀猀欀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 漀搀搀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 瀀椀渀猀 漀爀 琀攀攀琀栀 猀攀琀 瀀攀爀瀀攀渀搀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 琀漀 愀渀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 椀琀猀 攀搀最攀⸀ 吀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 爀漀搀 椀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀 愀渀搀 琀眀漀 瀀氀愀琀攀猀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ✀瀀愀氀氀攀琀猀✀Ⰰ 攀渀最愀最攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀椀渀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 愀渀搀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 爀漀搀 椀猀 愀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 愀爀洀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀昀琀攀渀 栀愀猀 愀搀樀甀猀琀愀戀氀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 挀愀氀椀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊ
਀䄀猀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀挀欀✀猀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀爀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 甀渀眀椀渀搀猀 椀琀 搀爀椀瘀攀猀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 最攀愀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 搀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀⸀  吀栀攀 瀀椀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀琀愀琀椀渀最 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀 攀渀最愀最攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 瀀愀氀氀攀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 搀爀椀瘀椀渀最 椀琀 椀渀 漀渀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀猀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 爀漀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 瀀愀氀氀攀琀 搀椀猀攀渀最愀最攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 瀀愀氀氀攀琀 攀渀最愀最攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀Ⰰ 搀爀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 椀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀椀稀漀渀琀愀氀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 搀攀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 猀氀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 愀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀 爀漀琀愀琀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀ഊ
਀䐀椀愀最爀愀洀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 攀猀挀愀瀀洀攀渀琀⸀ഊ
਀䤀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 甀渀挀漀洀洀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀挀欀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀琀栀 洀漀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀攀挀漀渀搀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 爀愀琀椀漀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最攀愀爀 琀爀愀椀渀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀 眀栀攀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀爀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀礀氀攀 漀昀 挀氀漀挀欀 琀漀 爀甀渀 昀漀爀 愀 搀愀礀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 椀琀 眀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀眀漀甀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀䌀氀漀挀欀猀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀 愀 瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀猀挀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 椀猀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀氀礀 挀栀愀漀琀椀挀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀猀挀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀 瘀愀爀礀椀渀最 椀渀 愀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 昀愀猀栀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 漀猀挀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀猀 爀愀渀搀漀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀搀樀甀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 洀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀⸀ 䴀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀氀漀眀 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀猀挀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀 眀栀椀氀攀 洀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀最攀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀瀀攀攀搀 椀琀 甀瀀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 愀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 瘀攀爀最攀 愀渀搀 昀漀氀椀漀琀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 椀猀 攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 瀀氀甀猀 漀爀 洀椀渀甀猀 昀椀瘀攀 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 愀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 椀琀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 昀攀氀氀 昀愀爀 猀栀漀爀琀 漀昀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀漀爀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 昀攀眀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 挀氀漀挀欀 戀甀椀氀琀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 ㄀㘀　　 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 洀椀渀甀琀攀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 爀愀爀攀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀攀眀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 栀愀渀搀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 漀昀 吀礀挀栀漀 䈀爀愀栀攀Ⰰ 愀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀攀爀 眀栀漀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 戀攀椀渀最 搀椀猀愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀昀昀椀挀愀挀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 渀漀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 漀爀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 琀椀洀攀猀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀⸀ 䌀氀漀挀欀猀 眀栀漀猀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀搀 椀渀 猀攀挀漀渀搀猀 瀀攀爀 搀愀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 眀愀椀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 䠀甀礀最攀渀猀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀攀渀搀甀氀甀洀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 ㄀㘀㔀㘀 ⠀搀爀愀眀椀渀最猀 漀昀 瀀攀渀搀甀氀甀洀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 䜀愀氀椀氀攀漀✀猀 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 ㄀㘀　　 戀甀琀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 䠀甀礀最攀渀猀 椀猀 挀爀攀搀椀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀甀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 愀 眀漀爀欀愀戀氀攀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀⤀⸀ഊ
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 搀爀愀眀戀愀挀欀 漀昀 攀愀爀氀礀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀渀礀 椀爀爀攀最甀氀愀爀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 洀椀最栀琀 漀挀挀甀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀椀渀最 搀攀挀欀 漀昀 愀 猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀爀甀瀀琀 琀栀攀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 爀攀搀甀挀攀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 瀀漀漀爀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀⸀ 䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 琀椀洀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 搀攀瘀椀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 昀愀爀 氀攀猀猀 瀀爀漀渀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀愀琀 瘀攀爀礀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 渀愀瘀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 猀攀愀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀渀搀 最氀愀猀猀⸀ഊ
਀䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 猀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 搀攀瘀椀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀爀欀猀 椀渀 愀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 愀渀愀氀漀最漀甀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 挀氀攀瀀猀礀搀爀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 最氀愀猀猀 戀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀甀椀氀搀 琀栀攀洀 眀攀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 愀猀 攀愀爀氀礀 愀猀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 渀攀愀爀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 欀渀漀眀渀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀愀渀搀 最氀愀猀猀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 昀爀攀猀挀漀 椀渀 匀椀攀渀愀 瀀愀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㄀㌀㌀㠀 戀礀 䄀洀戀爀漀最椀漀 䰀漀爀攀渀稀攀琀琀椀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀攀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 猀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀Ⰰ 搀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㔀㈀　Ⰰ 椀猀 渀漀眀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䴀甀猀攀甀洀⸀ഊ
਀ഊ
਀䐀攀琀愀椀氀 昀爀漀洀 昀爀攀猀挀漀 戀礀 䄀洀戀爀漀最椀漀 䰀漀爀攀渀稀攀琀琀椀Ⰰ ㄀㌀㌀㠀 ⠀氀攀昀琀⤀⸀ 伀氀搀攀猀琀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 猀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㈀　 ⠀爀椀最栀琀⤀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 猀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀眀漀 瀀攀愀爀 猀栀愀瀀攀搀 最氀愀猀猀 昀氀愀猀欀猀Ⰰ 樀漀椀渀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 渀攀挀欀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀愀琀攀搀 戀爀愀猀猀 搀椀愀瀀栀爀愀最洀 愀渀搀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 搀爀礀Ⰰ 甀渀椀昀漀爀洀 最爀愀椀渀攀搀 猀愀渀搀⸀ 倀甀琀琀礀 漀爀 眀愀砀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀愀氀 琀栀攀 樀漀椀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 戀漀甀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 挀漀爀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀氀愀猀欀猀 眀攀爀攀 栀攀氀搀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 愀 爀攀瘀攀爀猀椀戀氀攀 眀漀漀搀攀渀 昀爀愀洀攀⸀ഊ
਀匀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 愀琀 猀攀愀 琀漀 愀椀搀 椀渀 渀愀瘀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 搀攀愀搀 爀攀挀欀漀渀椀渀最⸀ 吀漀 渀愀瘀椀最愀琀攀 戀礀 搀攀愀搀 爀攀挀欀漀渀椀渀最 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 漀昀 戀漀琀栀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀 猀栀椀瀀 挀愀渀 琀栀攀渀 戀攀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀攀搀 漀渀 愀 挀栀愀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最猀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀渀 攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀 漀昀 椀琀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀愀氀昀 栀漀甀爀 漀爀 栀漀甀爀 猀愀渀搀 最氀愀猀猀攀猀 猀攀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀愀氀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最猀 眀栀椀氀攀 ㌀　 猀攀挀漀渀搀 猀愀渀搀 最氀愀猀猀攀猀 琀椀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀甀渀渀椀渀最 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀漀最 氀椀渀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 愀 猀栀椀瀀猀 猀瀀攀攀搀⸀ഊ
਀匀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀爀欀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 挀栀甀爀挀栀 猀攀爀洀漀渀猀Ⰰ 猀挀栀漀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 愀渀搀 氀攀最愀氀 搀椀猀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀搀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 搀甀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀挀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 ⠀漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 愀 昀甀爀渀愀挀攀⤀ 漀昀 洀攀琀愀氀猀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 瀀椀最洀攀渀琀猀⸀ഊ
਀䈀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀椀洀瀀氀椀挀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀Ⰰ 猀愀渀搀最氀愀猀猀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀愀氀猀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 瀀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 挀氀漀挀欀猀 眀攀氀氀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 漀渀 猀栀椀瀀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 爀攀氀椀愀戀氀攀 洀愀爀椀渀攀 挀栀爀漀渀漀洀攀琀攀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ഊ
਀䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀ഊ
਀䌀氀漀挀欀猀 愀渀搀 圀愀琀挀栀攀猀 ㄀㐀　　 ⴀ ㄀㤀　　Ⰰ 䔀爀椀挀 䈀爀甀琀漀渀㬀 ㄀㤀㘀㜀 吀爀椀渀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀ഊClocks and Culture 1300 - 1700, Carlo M. Cipolla; ISBN 0 393 00866 5
਀圀攀椀最栀琀 ⴀ 䐀爀椀瘀攀渀 䌀栀愀洀戀攀爀 䌀氀漀挀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀 愀渀搀 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䔀爀渀攀猀琀 䰀⸀ 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀㬀 ㄀㤀㘀㔀 匀琀 䄀渀渀✀猀 倀爀攀猀猀ഊScientific Instruments 1500 - 1900, An Introduction; Gerard L'E Turner; London 1988; US ISBN 0-520-21728-4
਀匀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 䤀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 䄀爀琀 愀渀搀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀㬀 䠀攀渀爀椀 䴀椀挀栀攀氀㬀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 ㄀㤀㘀㜀ഊMaking Instruments Count; R.G.W Anderson et. Al.; Hampshire 1993; US ISBN 0-86078-394-4
਀吀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 䌀氀漀挀欀猀㬀 䠀⸀ 䠀⸀ 䌀甀渀礀渀最栀愀洀攀㬀 䐀攀琀爀漀椀琀 ㄀㤀㜀　㬀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 㜀㜀ⴀ㜀㠀㄀㈀㜀ഊSundials, Their Theory and Construction; Albert E. Waugh; New York 1973; US ISBN 0-486-22947-5
਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊCopyright 2006 by Gerard Tops. <gerardtops at yahoo.com.au>. Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited.  Addresses change, but a reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that the author is notified of the publication and if possible receives a copy.
਀ഊIf this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.
਀ഊ<the end>
਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ吀椀洀攀ⴀ䬀攀攀瀀椀渀最ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 ㄀㈀ 漀昀 ㄀㈀ഊ
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