p-dental-care-art - 9/5/03 ਀ഊ"A selection of dental hygiene and mouthwash products from a variety of medieval and Renaissance sources" by Jadwiga Zajaczkowa. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: herbs-msg, herb-uses-msg, p-dental-care-msg, Mouthwash-art, p-hygiene-msg, Roman-hygiene-msg, mirrors-msg, Man-d-Mujeres-art. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ ਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous ਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀嬀一伀吀䔀 ⴀ 吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 愀渀 䄀爀琀猀 ☀ 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 䌀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀漀渀 ⴀ 匀琀攀昀愀渀崀ഊ ਀䄀 猀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ഊDental hygiene and mouthwash products ਀昀爀漀洀 愀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 愀渀搀 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀ഊ-- Jadwiga Zajaczkowa ਀ഊAbstract: ਀䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 椀搀攀愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 愀最攀猀 搀椀搀 猀瀀攀渀搀 琀椀洀攀 琀爀礀椀渀最 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀攀攀琀栀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀戀愀琀 戀愀搀 戀爀攀愀琀栀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 攀渀琀爀礀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 搀攀渀琀愀氀 栀礀最椀攀渀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 猀愀洀攀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 猀漀洀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 猀愀昀攀琀礀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀渀攀猀猀⸀ഊ• Water Rinse, Hildegard of Bingen, 12th century ਠ∀ 圀椀渀攀 爀椀渀猀攀 愀渀搀 栀攀爀戀 挀栀攀眀椀渀最Ⰰ 吀爀漀琀甀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㄀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ• Mint mouthwash, Banckes Herbal, 16th century ਠ∀ 圀椀渀攀 眀愀猀栀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀漀琀栀 爀甀戀戀椀渀最Ⰰ 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀甀猀 䄀渀最氀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ• Rosemary Charcoal Rub, Banckes Herbal, 16th century ਠ∀ 匀愀最攀 吀漀漀琀栀 匀挀爀甀戀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀瘀愀猀攀 䴀愀爀欀栀愀洀Ⰰ 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ• Breath freshening powder, Gilbertus Anglicus, 15th century ਠ∀ 匀瀀椀挀攀 戀愀氀氀猀Ⰰ 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀甀猀 䄀渀最氀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ• Women's Breath treatment, Trotula, 11th century ਠ∀ 吀漀漀琀栀 圀栀椀琀攀渀椀渀最 圀愀猀栀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀瘀愀猀攀 䴀愀爀欀栀愀洀Ⰰ 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ• Comfits, Rumpolt/Plat, 16th century ਀ഊTo emphasize that many medieval health care prescriptions are not harmful, the selection has been limited to largely non-toxic products. Also, only one mild abrasive has been included, and only one caustic, the alum combination, is included. ਀ഊThe dentifrices and mouthwashes come from all over Europe and from a variety of periods. Dental care prescriptions seem to center around rinsing the mouth, often with an acidic substance (wine or vinegar), though sometimes with a caustic. Teeth were rubbed with a cloth, and/or with mixtures of herbs and/or abrasives. Some products, such as the bay leaf/musk combination and the pills of spices, provide a good smell; though spices also were used to heal infection. ਀ഊThe common and repeated ingredients include wine, salt and mint; alum and abrasive materials are included frequently in other recipes. I would say that for SCA use, the sage/salt tooth powder and the mint-vinegar rinse, along with rinsing with clear cold water, would be the best and easiest to use. ਀ഊDental Hygiene Recipes and Suggestions ਀ഊWater Rinse ਀䠀椀氀搀攀最愀爀搀攀 漀昀 䈀椀渀最攀渀Ⰰ 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀Ⰰ ㄀㄀㔀㠀 ⠀䜀攀爀洀愀渀⤀ഊ"One who wishes to have hard, healthy teeth should take pure, cold water into his mouth in the morning, when he gets out of bed. He should hold it for a little while in his mouth so that the mucus around his teeth become soft, and so this water might wash his teeth. If he does this often, the mucus around his teeth will not increase, and his teeth will remain healthy. Since the mucus adheres to the teeth during sleep, when the person rises from sleep he should clean them with cold water, which cleans teeth better than warm water. Warm water makes them more fragile." (Book 2, Section 2] ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊProvided is a goblet and pitcher of cold water. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀䤀 琀漀漀欀 愀 洀漀甀琀栀昀甀氀氀 漀昀 挀漀氀搀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 甀瀀漀渀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 甀瀀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀眀椀猀栀攀搀 椀琀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 眀愀爀洀攀搀 甀瀀 愀 戀椀琀 ⠀㄀ⴀ㈀ 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 猀瀀愀琀 椀琀 漀甀琀⸀ 䴀礀 洀漀甀琀栀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 昀攀氀琀 氀攀猀猀 最甀渀欀礀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀ⴀ洀漀爀渀椀渀最 戀甀椀氀搀甀瀀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 最漀渀攀⸀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀ഊBearing in mind that people in the middle ages and Renaissance seldom if ever drank plain cold water, a quick morning rinse might well remove some of the tartar and bacteria that attack the teeth. Holding cold water in the mouth for a few minutes, swishing it around and spitting it out, certainly leaves the mouth feeling cleaner, especially when done first thing upon awakening. It would certainly loosen stuck particles of food adhering to the teeth. ਀ഊWine Rinse and Herb chewing ਀吀爀漀琀甀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㄀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 伀渀 圀漀洀攀渀✀猀 䌀漀猀洀攀琀椀挀猀 ⠀戀漀漀欀 ㌀⤀ഊ"The woman should wash her mouth after dinner with very good wine. Then she ought to dry [her teeth] very well and wipe [them] with a new white cloth. Finally, let her chew each day fennel or lovage or parsley, which is better to chew because it gives off a good smell and cleans good gums and makes the teeth very white." ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊProvided is a [empty] goblet of which would hold white wine, a white cloth for polishing the teeth, and green herbs to chew. ਀ഊWhite wine was my choice because in the few instances where type is specified in other tooth care items I've looked at, it has been white. Fennel and Parsley are included because that is what is available fresh at this time of year. Lovage, a slightly soapy tasting relative of celery, is not commercially available. All of these have seeds, but I choose to go with the fresh plant material since parsley is generally the herb, and I generalized from there that lovage and fennel would also be the herbs rather than seed. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀刀椀渀猀椀渀最 漀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 眀椀渀攀 氀漀漀猀攀渀攀搀 猀漀洀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 氀攀昀琀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 昀攀攀氀椀渀最 氀攀猀猀 最甀渀欀礀ⴀⴀ 戀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 洀椀最栀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 愀 眀栀椀琀攀 眀椀渀攀⸀ 䤀 猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 挀氀攀愀渀椀渀最 攀昀昀攀挀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀猀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀椀渀最 漀渀 栀漀眀 搀爀礀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀攀 椀猀⸀ 刀甀戀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀琀栀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 琀愀爀琀愀爀 愀渀搀 昀漀漀搀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ 䌀栀攀眀椀渀最 攀椀琀栀攀爀 昀攀渀渀攀氀 漀爀 瀀愀爀猀氀攀礀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 猀洀攀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 栀攀爀戀猀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀搀 昀漀漀搀⸀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀ഊEssentially, you are washing the mouth out with an alcohol (though slightly sweet alcohol) and chewing green herbs that are high in chlorophyll. It has been established for years that chlorophyll is what allows parsley to kill bad breath and fishy or garlic breath. Fennel and lovage would also add a spicy scent to the breath. So the wine might kill some bacteria and loosen stuck food, and the chlorophyll would help with any bad breath. ਀ഊMint mouthwash ਀䈀愀渀欀攀猀✀ 䠀攀爀戀愀氀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㈀㔀ഊ"For the stinking of the mouth and filth of the gums and of the teeth, wash thy mouth and gums with vinegar that mints have been sodden in; after that, rub them with the powder of mints or with dry mints." ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊ1 pint jar filled with mint sprigs (Mentha Citrata, orange bergamot mint) ਀㄀ 瀀椀渀琀 爀攀搀 眀椀渀攀 瘀椀渀攀最愀爀ഊVinegar was poured over the mint and left to steep all winter; for use, the vinegar is poured off and used to rinse the mouth. ਀ഊFinely cut dried mint is provided to rub the teeth with. ਀ഊI used Mentha citrata because that was what I happened to have a lot of. Mentha citrata is not the North American Bergamot, but a variety of plain European mint that is carries a whiff of the bergamot citrus fruit. While I can't document that this particular variety existed in Europe before 1601, its existence as a cultivar is quite possible. Walafrid of Strabo (9th century) points out how vigorously mint hybridizes: "Mint. . . in all its varieties. How many there are I might as well try to count the sparks from Vulcan's furnace beneath Etna." ਀ഊMint's action against halitosis and indigestion was well known to period herbalists and appears again and again. It's also associated with eating, as in Ovid where someone rubs the table with the herb before setting the table for dinner. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀伀栀Ⰰ 洀礀 洀漀甀琀栀 昀攀氀琀 挀氀攀愀渀 愀氀氀 爀椀最栀琀℀ 䤀 栀愀搀 琀漀 爀椀渀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀昀琀攀爀 眀愀爀搀 琀漀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 琀愀爀琀 琀愀猀琀攀⸀ 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 爀攀搀甀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀愀爀琀愀爀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 昀攀氀琀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀搀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 最攀爀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀愀搀 戀爀攀愀琀栀⸀ 䤀 猀洀攀氀氀攀搀 猀琀爀漀渀最氀礀 漀昀 洀椀渀琀 瘀椀渀攀最愀爀 昀漀爀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 愀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀⸀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀ഊThe acidic nature of the vinegar might discourage some bacteria as well as eating into tartar a bit, and the minty flavor would refresh; the gums might also help in cases of gum sores and gum disease. Rubbing the teeth with anything would also help remove accumulated sugars and gunk. ਀ഊWine washes and tooth rubbing ਀ 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀甀猀 䄀渀最氀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ 嬀䔀渀最氀愀渀搀崀Ⰰ ㄀㄀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ". . . let the mouth be washed with wine that birch or mint has simmered in. And let the gums be well rubbed with a sharp linen cloth until they bleed. And let him eat marjoram, mint, and pellitory, til they are well chewed. And let him rub well his teeth with the chewed herbs and also his gums. . . . ਀䄀渀搀 氀攀琀 栀椀洀 搀爀椀渀欀 攀瘀攀爀礀 攀瘀攀渀椀渀最 眀椀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀礀猀猀漀瀀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 猀瀀椀欀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 焀甀椀戀椀戀椀猀 ⠀昀爀甀椀琀 漀昀 倀椀瀀攀爀愀挀攀愀攀Ⰰ 倀椀瀀攀爀 挀甀戀攀戀愀⤀ 栀愀猀 猀椀洀洀攀爀攀搀 椀渀⸀⸀ ⸀ 䄀渀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 攀瘀攀爀礀 洀攀愀氀Ⰰ 氀攀琀 栀椀洀 眀愀猀栀 眀攀氀氀 栀椀猀 洀漀甀琀栀 愀渀搀 爀甀戀 眀攀氀氀 栀椀猀 最甀洀猀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 琀攀攀琀栀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀 挀漀爀爀甀瀀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 愀戀椀搀攀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀⸀∀ഊRedactions: ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀 ⌀㄀㨀 䴀椀渀琀 眀椀渀攀 嬀椀渀 搀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 猀椀琀攀 瀀漀氀椀挀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 眀椀渀攀 椀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䈀爀攀眀椀渀最 攀渀琀爀椀攀猀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀攀攀琀崀ഊ6 sprigs of fresh spearmint/garden mint about 3-4" long, with about 40 leaves between them. ਀㈀⸀㔀 挀甀瀀猀 眀栀椀琀攀 眀椀渀攀ഊSimmered until all the mint is light brown in color, then poured into a container and allowed to steep. ਀ഊRedaction #2: Mint wine [in deference to site policies, this wine is with the Brewing entries across the street] ਀㈀ 琀愀戀氀攀猀瀀漀漀渀猀 漀昀 搀爀椀攀搀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀洀椀渀琀ഊ1 cup white wine ਀匀椀洀洀攀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 栀愀氀昀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀 愀渀搀 猀攀琀 愀猀椀搀攀 琀漀 挀漀漀氀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 搀爀椀攀搀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 挀愀洀攀 漀甀琀 洀漀爀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀 昀爀攀猀栀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀⸀ഊ ਀䠀攀爀戀 䌀栀攀眀⼀刀甀戀㨀ഊFresh marjoram and mint, equal parts ਀ഊJust to make the instructions complete, I include here a paste made of marjoram and mint. Unfortunately, you cannot obtain pellitory commercially, and my pellitory-of-the-wall plant has not come back this spring. Rather than leaving the judges to masticate their own, I've combined equal parts of the fresh leaves in a mortar and pestle. ਀ഊGerard says, "Sweet marjerome is a remedy against cold diseases of the braine and head, being taken any way to your best liking,.. the leaves are excellent good to be put into all odoriferous ointments, waters, pouders, broths and meates" and combined with the mint (whose digestive properties are covered above) ਀ഊRedaction: After-dinner wine [in deference to site policies, this wine is with the Brewing entries across the street] ਀㄀ 琀愀戀氀攀猀瀀漀漀渀猀 漀昀 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀 ⠀挀愀猀猀椀愀⤀ 挀栀椀瀀猀 漀爀 漀渀攀 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀 猀琀椀挀欀ഊ1.5 cups of red wine ਀匀椀洀洀攀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 ㈀　 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀ഊ ਀䤀 甀猀攀搀 爀攀搀 眀椀渀攀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 愀猀 愀渀 愀氀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 眀栀椀琀攀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 愀氀猀漀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 愀渀 愀昀琀攀爀ⴀ搀椀渀渀攀爀 搀爀椀渀欀⸀ 伀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀甀爀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀瘀攀猀 ⠀栀礀猀猀漀瀀Ⰰ 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀Ⰰ 猀瀀椀欀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀甀戀攀戀猀⤀ 䤀 挀栀漀猀攀 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀⼀挀愀猀猀椀愀 愀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 氀椀欀攀 愀 栀礀瀀漀挀爀愀猀 ⠀愀昀琀攀爀ⴀ搀椀渀渀攀爀 洀甀氀氀攀搀 眀椀渀攀⤀ 猀瀀椀挀攀 戀礀 椀琀猀攀氀昀⸀ 䄀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 栀攀爀戀猀⼀猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 栀攀愀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 愀猀琀爀椀渀最攀渀琀⸀ഊI used cassia (the type of 'cinnamon' sold in American stores) instead of true cinnamon because that was what I had available; I probably would have used a larger quantity of cinnamon had I used that instead of cassia. ਀ഊThis left a harsh tasting wine, but the quality of the wine seems to be more indicative of the product than the presence of cinnamon. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀ഊRinsing with the mint wine and rubbing with a cloth made my teeth feel cleaner and less gummy. The faint odor of the mint lingered for a few minutes. Chewing the herbs made my breath sweeter. Rubbing them on my teeth caused some of the green to stain the teeth, though, but it eased some of the soreness of the rubbed gums. The After-dinner wine didn't seem to do much, but rinsing the teeth and rubbing them felt significantly like modern tooth brushing. ਀ഊWould this work? ਀刀椀渀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 栀攀爀戀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 挀漀洀戀愀琀 搀椀最攀猀琀椀瘀攀 椀氀氀渀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 栀愀氀椀琀漀猀椀猀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 昀椀爀猀琀 猀琀攀瀀 椀渀 挀氀攀愀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀⸀ 刀甀戀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀椀最栀 挀栀氀漀爀漀瀀栀礀氀氀Ⰰ 氀漀眀 猀甀最愀爀 瀀愀猀琀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 猀琀甀挀欀 昀漀漀搀 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀搀甀瀀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀氀瀀 眀椀琀栀 戀愀搀 戀爀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 挀氀攀愀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 愀渀搀 琀漀 昀椀渀椀猀栀 洀攀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 眀椀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 洀椀最栀琀 眀攀氀氀 挀甀琀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 戀甀椀氀搀甀瀀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀爀甀瀀琀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 戀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀刀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 䌀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀 刀甀戀 ഊ Bankes' Herbal, 1525 [English] ਀∀䄀氀猀漀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀戀攀爀 琀栀攀爀攀漀昀 嬀爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀崀 愀渀搀 戀甀爀渀 椀琀 琀漀 挀漀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 瀀漀眀搀攀爀 琀栀攀爀攀漀昀 愀渀搀 瀀甀琀 椀琀 椀渀琀漀 愀 氀椀渀攀渀 挀氀漀琀栀 愀渀搀 爀甀戀 琀栀礀 琀攀攀琀栀 琀栀攀爀攀眀椀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀昀 琀栀攀爀攀 戀攀 愀渀礀 眀漀爀洀猀 琀栀攀爀攀椀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 猀栀愀氀氀 猀氀愀礀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 欀攀攀瀀 琀栀礀 琀攀攀琀栀 昀爀漀洀 愀氀氀 攀瘀椀氀猀⸀∀ഊRedaction: ਀䤀 戀甀爀渀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 瀀氀愀渀琀✀猀 眀漀爀琀栀 漀昀 搀爀椀攀搀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 椀渀 愀 瀀椀攀挀攀 漀昀 氀椀渀攀渀⸀ 䘀漀爀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䤀✀瘀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 琀栀椀猀 瀀愀挀欀愀最攀 琀椀最栀琀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀椀攀挀攀 漀昀 猀琀爀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 甀猀攀爀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 洀愀搀攀 愀 琀眀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀愀戀爀椀挀⸀ 䤀琀 搀椀搀渀✀琀 猀攀攀洀 爀攀愀猀漀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀眀 琀栀椀猀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 漀爀 洀愀欀攀 愀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀 爀甀戀戀攀爀 椀渀 愀渀礀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 搀愀洀瀀 愀猀栀⼀挀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀 眀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 戀攀 搀椀猀挀愀爀搀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀䈀甀爀渀椀渀最 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 椀猀 愀 氀漀渀最 愀渀搀 愀爀搀甀漀甀猀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀㨀 䤀 昀椀渀椀猀栀攀搀 椀琀 戀礀 戀爀漀眀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 猀琀椀挀欀猀 椀渀 愀渀 椀爀漀渀 瀀愀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀瘀攀琀漀瀀℀ 䤀 猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 眀漀漀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀爀甀渀欀 漀昀 愀 洀漀爀攀 洀愀琀甀爀攀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 戀甀猀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 戀攀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀刀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 挀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 愀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 挀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀 愀渀搀 ✀戀甀爀渀琀 愀氀甀洀✀ 琀漀 戀攀 爀甀戀戀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 倀氀愀琀✀猀 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 䰀愀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 ㄀㘀　㈀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀昀 䈀愀渀挀欀攀猀✀ 䠀攀爀戀愀氀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀攀爀戀愀氀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 最爀攀愀琀 昀愀椀琀栀 椀渀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀✀猀 ∀眀漀爀琀栀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 愀氀氀 攀瘀椀氀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀⸀∀ഊ ਀圀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 椀琀㼀ഊAs when the teeth are rubbed with a regular cloth, some of the gunk came off on the teeth. The charcoal inside did add to the abrasiveness. The ashy taste was not exceedingly pleasant, but the wet bundle of ash did make a decent rubber and tasted better than regular wood ash. ਀ഊWould it work? ਀吀栀攀 愀猀栀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 栀攀氀瀀 挀栀愀渀最攀 琀栀攀 瀀䠀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀椀氀礀㬀 愀氀猀漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 椀猀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 戀甀爀渀琀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 氀漀猀琀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 漀椀氀⸀ 䄀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 爀甀戀戀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀琀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 愀戀爀愀猀椀瘀攀 挀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀⸀ ഊ ਀匀愀最攀 琀漀漀琀栀 眀栀椀琀攀渀椀渀最 猀挀爀甀戀ഊGervase Markham, The English Housewife. 1615 ਀ഊ"For teeth that are yellow: ਀吀愀欀攀 猀愀最攀 愀渀搀 猀愀氀琀Ⰰ 漀昀 攀愀挀栀 愀氀椀欀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀琀愀洀瀀 琀栀攀洀 眀攀氀氀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 戀愀欀攀 琀椀氀氀 椀琀 戀攀 栀愀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 愀 昀椀渀攀 瀀漀眀搀攀爀 琀栀攀爀攀漀昀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀眀椀琀栀 爀甀戀 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 攀瘀攀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 琀愀欀攀 愀眀愀礀 愀氀氀 礀攀氀氀漀眀渀攀猀猀⸀∀ഊRedactions ਀䤀 眀愀猀渀✀琀 猀甀爀攀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀愀最攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 昀爀攀猀栀 漀爀 搀爀椀攀搀Ⰰ 猀漀 䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 椀琀 戀漀琀栀 眀愀礀猀⸀ 䤀 愀氀猀漀 眀愀猀渀✀琀 猀甀爀攀 椀昀 ✀漀昀 攀愀挀栀 愀氀椀欀攀✀ 洀攀愀渀琀 攀焀甀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 漀爀 攀焀甀愀氀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀⸀ഊ ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀 䴀椀砀琀甀爀攀 ⌀㄀ഊ1 quarter cup of dried sage leaves, firmly packed. ਀㄀ 焀甀愀爀琀攀爀 挀甀瀀 漀昀 猀攀愀氀 猀愀氀琀ഊGround together in a mortar until combined into a sort of green salt mixture, spread on a baking sheet and heated at 300 degrees Fahrenheit for 45 minutes, and 350 for 30 minutes ਀ഊThe mixture never showed any sign of hardening. The mixture did make a strong, bitter/astringent tooth powder though, when I tried it. ਀ഊRedaction: Mixture #2 ਀㘀　 昀爀攀猀栀 ⠀猀洀愀氀氀⤀ 猀愀最攀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀ഊ2 tablespoons sea salt ਀䤀 戀攀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀最攀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀愀氀琀 椀渀 最爀漀甀瀀猀 漀昀 ㄀　ⴀ㈀　 氀攀愀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀搀搀椀渀最 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 搀爀礀 瀀愀猀琀攀⸀ 䴀漀爀攀 猀愀最攀 愀渀搀 氀攀猀猀 猀愀氀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 愀 琀栀椀挀欀攀爀 瀀愀猀琀攀㬀 䤀 洀愀礀 琀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 渀攀砀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 漀渀 愀 戀愀欀椀渀最 猀栀攀攀琀 戀愀欀攀搀 昀漀爀 ㈀　 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀 椀渀 愀 ㌀　　 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀瘀攀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 搀椀搀 昀漀爀洀 愀 栀愀爀搀 挀爀甀猀琀⸀ 䤀 氀攀昀琀 椀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀渀 漀瘀攀爀渀椀最栀琀 琀漀 搀爀礀Ⰰ 挀爀甀洀戀氀攀搀 椀琀 甀瀀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀琀漀爀攀搀 椀琀 椀渀 愀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀Ⰰ 䤀 猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 攀焀甀愀氀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 猀愀氀琀 愀渀搀 猀愀最攀 愀爀攀 洀攀愀渀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀爀攀猀栀 猀愀最攀 椀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀氀椀攀昀 椀渀 猀愀最攀✀猀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 栀攀愀氀椀渀最 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 椀猀 挀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 䈀愀渀挀欀攀猀✀ 䠀攀爀戀愀氀㨀  ∀䤀琀 眀椀氀氀 洀愀欀攀 愀 洀愀渀✀猀 戀漀搀礀 挀氀攀愀渀㬀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 眀栀漀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀琀栀 琀漀 攀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 栀攀爀戀 漀爀 搀爀椀渀欀 椀琀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 洀愀爀瘀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 愀渀礀 椀渀挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀挀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 最爀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀 椀琀⸀∀ ഊ ਀圀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 椀琀㼀ഊI rubbed some on my teeth with a finger, and also tried it with a toothbrush. The effect was similar to toothpaste, though a bit mouth-puckering. Certainly, gunk was removed from the teeth and the breath was fresher; the mouth (after rinsing) felt cleaner too! ਀ഊWould this work? ਀匀愀氀琀 椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 愀氀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀漀琀栀 戀爀甀猀栀椀渀最 瀀漀眀搀攀爀猀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀攀砀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 最爀愀渀甀氀愀爀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀攀氀瀀 瀀漀氀椀猀栀 琀栀攀 琀攀攀琀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀栀氀漀爀漀瀀栀礀氀氀 椀渀 最爀攀攀渀 栀攀爀戀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 猀愀最攀 昀爀攀猀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀爀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀愀最攀 椀猀 愀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 愀猀琀爀椀渀最攀渀琀⼀愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀Ⰰ 猀漀 椀琀 洀椀最栀琀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 最甀洀 栀攀愀氀琀栀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀挀漀甀爀愀最攀 戀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀 最爀漀眀琀栀⸀ 䤀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 昀椀渀攀 愀猀 愀 琀漀漀琀栀 瀀漀眀搀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀䈀爀攀愀琀栀 昀爀攀猀栀攀渀椀渀最 瀀漀眀搀攀爀ഊGilbertus Anglicus, about 1400, English ਀∀䄀渀搀 氀攀琀 栀椀洀 甀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀眀搀攀爀㨀 吀愀欀攀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀甀渀挀攀㬀 愀渀搀 漀昀 洀椀渀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 洀甀挀栀㬀 愀渀搀 漀昀 爀漀挀欀 猀愀氀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 洀甀挀栀⸀ 䄀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 栀椀洀 琀漀 挀栀攀眀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀眀搀攀爀 愀 最漀漀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 椀渀 栀椀猀 洀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 猀眀愀氀氀漀眀 椀琀 搀漀眀渀⸀∀ഊRedaction: ਀㄀ 漀稀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀ഊ1 oz dried peppermint leaves, ground ਀㄀ 漀稀 欀漀猀栀攀爀 猀愀氀琀ഊMixed together. ਀ഊI chose to use dried peppermint because a powder is indicated. This recipe created a lot more than could be concievably used at one sitting, so I suspect a spoonful or less, chewed and swallowed, is indicated. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀吀栀椀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀猀 愀 猀瀀椀挀礀Ⰰ 栀漀琀 琀愀猀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 愀戀爀愀猀椀瘀攀 挀栀攀眀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 洀愀欀攀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 昀攀攀氀 昀爀攀猀栀攀爀⸀ 䤀 搀椀搀渀✀琀 琀栀椀渀欀 洀礀 琀攀攀琀栀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀爀欀攀搀氀礀 挀氀攀愀渀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀⸀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀 ഊThe salt, the essential oil in the peppermint and the almost caustic oil of the pepper would combine to make the mouth at least temporarily hostile to bacteria. It would also give the patient a temporarily positive breath smell, and chewing the salt might loosen some food particles. ਀ഊSpice Balls ਀䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀甀猀 䄀渀最氀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊ"And let him use these pills that are good for all manner of stinking of the mouth: Take of cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and mace, eight drams; of red sandlewood, ten drams; of quibibis, seven drams; of cardamom, five drams. Mix them with the juice of mint and make pills of the size of a fig. And let him to have two of them under either side of his tongue at once." ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊ ਀伀渀攀 ⠀洀漀搀攀爀渀⤀ 搀爀愀洀 椀猀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 漀瘀攀爀 愀 琀攀愀猀瀀漀漀渀Ⰰ 猀漀 䤀 挀甀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 搀漀眀渀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀㨀ഊ ਀㄀ 琀猀瀀⸀ 匀愀甀渀搀攀爀猀 ⠀爀攀搀 匀愀渀搀愀氀眀漀漀搀⤀ഊ3/4 teaspoon Cinnamon ਀㌀⼀㐀 琀攀愀猀瀀漀漀渀 䴀愀挀攀ഊ3/4 teaspoon Cloves ਀㌀⼀㐀 琀攀愀猀瀀漀漀渀  一甀琀洀攀最ഊscant 3/4 teaspoon Cubebs ਀㄀⼀㈀ 琀攀愀猀瀀漀漀渀 䌀愀爀搀愀洀漀洀ഊ1-2 bunches mint ਀吀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀甀渀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀搀⸀ഊThe Mint was macerated in a food processor and the juice strained through a muslin bag to wet the spices. The resulting paste was rolled into balls about the size of a dime, which were really too big to fit two under the tongue, but smaller than figs. I'm not sure how the original author would fit two fig sized balls under the tongue-- perhaps he was thinking of raisins. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 瀀甀琀琀椀渀最 漀渀攀 瀀攀愀 猀椀稀攀搀 戀愀氀氀 甀渀搀攀爀 漀渀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 洀礀 琀漀渀最甀攀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 戀甀爀渀椀渀最 猀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 栀漀琀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 戀爀攀愀琀栀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀椀挀攀愀戀氀礀 猀眀攀攀琀℀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀 ഊThe patient would certainly have breath that smelled of spices and the essential oils of the spices could well disrupt the life cycles of bacteria that cause bad breath either in the mouth, sinuses or stomach. Both Spices and mint were believed to promote digestion, and good digestion was believed by all authors to assist with bad breath. I'm unclear on the reason for including red sandalwood-- it's a food coloring and the modern stuff has no smell of its own, but would stain the inside of teeth a bit. It doesn't produce the tartar-test red effect, because sandalwood isn't soluble in water, just in alcohol. ਀ഊWomen's Breath freshener ਀吀爀漀琀甀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㄀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 伀渀 圀漀洀攀渀✀猀 䌀漀猀洀攀琀椀挀猀 ⠀戀漀漀欀 ㌀⤀ഊ ਀∀䤀 猀愀眀 愀  挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 匀愀爀愀挀攀渀 眀漀洀愀渀 氀椀戀攀爀愀琀攀 洀愀渀礀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀⸀ 吀愀欀攀  氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀椀琀 漀昀 氀愀甀爀攀氀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀椀琀 漀昀 洀甀猀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀攀琀 栀攀爀 栀漀氀搀 椀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀漀渀最甀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 戀愀搀 戀爀攀愀欀 椀猀 瀀攀爀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 栀攀爀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 䤀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 眀栀攀渀 猀栀攀 栀愀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀砀甀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀挀漀甀爀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 猀栀攀 栀漀氀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 甀渀搀攀爀 栀攀爀 琀漀渀最甀攀⸀∀ഊ ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊ ਀倀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 愀爀攀 ㌀ 爀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀ഊ• fresh bay leaves (to try) ਠ∀ 愀 戀愀礀 氀攀愀昀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 洀甀猀欀 昀爀愀最爀愀渀挀攀 ⠀琀漀 猀洀攀氀氀⤀ഊ• some bay leaves soaked in orange-flower water (to smell or try) ਀䄀 氀愀甀爀攀氀 氀攀愀昀 椀猀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 愀 氀攀愀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀礀 氀愀甀爀攀氀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 ✀戀愀礀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀✀⸀ 䄀 瀀椀攀挀攀 漀昀 戀愀礀 氀攀愀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀ 挀洀 猀焀甀愀爀攀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 洀愀渀愀最攀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀昀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 猀椀稀攀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀昀 椀琀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 欀攀瀀琀 椀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 瘀椀最漀爀漀甀猀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀⸀ഊ ਀一愀琀甀爀愀氀 洀甀猀欀 椀猀 愀渀 愀渀椀洀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀攀砀琀甀爀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 愀渀 漀氀攀漀爀攀猀椀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 眀攀 渀漀眀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 椀琀 挀爀甀攀氀 琀漀 猀氀愀甀最栀琀攀爀 搀攀攀爀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最氀愀渀搀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀甀琀琀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 琀栀椀渀最 椀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䤀渀 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀Ⰰ 洀甀猀欀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀攀搀 䰀椀昀攀猀愀瘀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 眀愀猀 甀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 洀甀猀欀 昀漀漀搀ⴀ昀氀愀瘀漀爀椀渀最 栀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀⸀ 匀漀 䤀 栀愀搀 琀漀 猀攀琀琀氀攀 昀漀爀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ昀漀漀搀猀愀昀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀琀椀挀 洀甀猀欀 昀爀愀最爀愀渀挀攀 漀椀氀Ⰰ 䨀愀欀愀爀琀愀 䴀甀猀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀椀砀 椀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 戀愀礀 戀礀 愀渀漀椀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀攀愀昀 眀椀琀栀 椀琀⸀ഊ ਀䬀椀爀攀氀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀ⴀ䌀漀漀欀猀 氀椀猀琀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀 漀昀 洀甀猀欀 椀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 挀愀琀攀最漀爀礀 愀猀 漀爀愀渀最攀昀氀漀眀攀爀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ 匀漀 䤀✀瘀攀 愀氀猀漀 猀漀愀欀攀搀 愀 戀愀礀 氀攀愀昀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀爀愀渀最攀ⴀ昀氀漀眀攀爀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ 䴀礀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀甀猀欀 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀爀 猀挀攀渀琀 琀栀愀渀 昀漀爀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀 愀渀礀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀⸀ 伀爀愀渀最攀ⴀ昀氀漀眀攀爀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀愀渀甀愀氀 搀攀 䴀甀最攀爀攀猀Ⰰ 愀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 猀漀 眀栀椀氀攀 椀琀 洀椀最栀琀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 爀攀愀搀攀爀猀 漀昀 吀爀漀琀甀氀愀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 氀愀琀攀爀 漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 瀀攀爀昀甀洀椀渀最 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀圀栀愀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 椀琀㼀ഊWhen I tried keeping the bay leaf alone under my tongue, it didn't give off much smell. In an attempt to increase the odor, I chewed on it a bit. However, the essential oil of bay thus realized burns the mouth, so I don't recommend it. I believe that the breaking of the fresh leaf should be enough damage to the leaf to release the oils. I wouldn't recommend keeping the bay leaf under the tongue for any long period of time, though, since oil of bay in large concentrations can be toxic. ਀ഊWould this work? ਀䈀愀礀 漀椀氀 椀猀 愀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 愀渀琀椀猀攀瀀琀椀挀 戀礀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 漀椀氀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀猀 愀 瀀爀漀渀漀甀渀挀攀搀 猀挀攀渀琀⸀  䤀琀 洀椀最栀琀 猀琀漀瀀 琀栀攀 戀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀洀攀氀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀眀攀攀琀椀猀栀 猀挀攀渀琀 漀昀 洀甀猀欀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 漀瘀攀爀瀀漀眀攀爀 愀渀礀 渀愀猀琀礀 猀洀攀氀氀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀砀甀愀氀 瀀栀攀爀漀洀漀渀攀猀⸀ 嬀吀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 洀甀猀欀 椀渀 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀渀 䰀椀昀攀匀愀瘀攀爀猀 挀愀渀搀礀 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀Ⰰ 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 椀琀 愀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 戀爀攀愀琀栀 猀挀攀渀琀⸀崀ഊ ਀ഊTooth-whitening wash ਀䴀愀爀欀栀愀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䠀漀甀猀攀眀椀昀攀Ⰰ ㄀㘀㄀㔀⸀ഊ ਀∀吀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀攀攀琀栀 眀栀椀琀攀⸀ഊTake a saucer of strong vinegar, and two spoonsful of the powder of roche alume, a spoonful of white salt, and a spoonful of honey: seethe all these till it be as thin as water, then put it into a close vial and keep it, and when occasion serves wash your teeth therewith, with a rough cloth, and rub them soundly, but not to bleed." ਀ഊRedaction: ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀甀瀀 爀攀搀 眀椀渀攀 瘀椀渀攀最愀爀ഊ2 tsp. pickling alum ਀㄀ 琀猀瀀⸀ 眀栀椀琀攀 猀愀氀琀ഊ1 tsp. honey ਀ഊHeated together until incorporated, then simmered about 5 minutes longer. ਀ഊAlum or burnt alum appears with regularity in recipes for mouth- and tooth- cleaning, as well as in some 19th century household aids recipes. For instance, burnt alum is in a recipe in Plat's Delightes for Ladies. Some forms of alum, when exposed to water, are supposed to form a weak sulfuric acid, so this mixture is probably not very safe to use on mucous membranes, like the inside of the mouth. Certainly, the pickling alum bottle warns that it tastes sour when dry but in pickling solution becomes neutral-- so I tested a tiny bit on the tip of my tongue and was rewarded with a significant burning sensation. I used pickling alum since Mistress Anne Liese's dyeing website suggests that it is most likely to be the period form of alum. ਀ഊThe teaspoon measure of the alum, salt, and honey may have been too small, and perhaps the 1/2 cup of vinegar too big, though 1/2 cup fit just right into one of the modern saucers I have; as soon as the mixture was incorporated, it was 'as thin as water'. I didn't want to add too much alum to the solution, so I compromised on the teaspoon measure. ਀ഊThe vinegar I used was plain red wine vinegar, 5% acidity; period vinegar would have been rather stronger-- 7% to 15% acidity. I was unable to find a stronger vinegar in my local stores and didn't want to take a chance on adding vinegar concentrate to this particular chemical experiment. I used red wine vinegar because I was too cheap to use white wine vinegar. Since this is a British recipe and no particular vinegar is specified, cider vinegar might be substituted. (I have no references to cider vinegar, but hard cider was a well known drink in Britain; cider vinegar would have been a by-product of home production of cider.) ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 漀渀 洀礀 琀攀攀琀栀 ⠀椀琀✀猀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瀀椀挀欀氀椀渀最 戀爀椀渀攀⤀ 愀渀搀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 昀攀氀琀 瘀攀爀礀 挀氀攀愀渀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 搀愀礀猀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀渀琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀⸀ 䤀 猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀 戀愀搀 琀栀椀渀最 琀漀 甀猀攀 漀渀 愀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 戀愀猀椀猀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀氀甀洀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀㴀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀ഊWell, this acidic mixture certainly pulled gunk off my teeth and made them feel fresher. It might also kill germs (or at least seriously inconvenience them) because of the acidic nature of the mixture. It might also cause decay of the enamel of the teeth, though. ਀ഊAnise, Caraway, Fennel Comfits ਀䤀搀攀愀 昀爀漀洀 刀甀洀瀀漀氀琀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀爀漀洀 倀氀愀琀✀猀 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 䰀愀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ ㄀㘀　㈀⸀ഊ ਀刀甀洀瀀漀氀琀Ⰰ 䔀椀渀 一攀甀 䬀漀挀栀戀甀挀栀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㠀㄀⸀ഊ"Of assorted sugar comfits (as) from the apothecary. . . ਀㈀⸀ 䄀渀椀猀攀 挀漀愀琀攀搀⸀嬀眀椀琀栀 猀甀最愀爀崀 ⸀ ⸀ ⸀ഊ6. Caraway coated. ਀㜀⸀ 䘀攀渀渀攀氀 挀漀愀琀攀搀⸀∀ഊRedaction: ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀甀瀀 攀愀挀栀 挀愀爀愀眀愀礀 猀攀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀椀猀攀 猀攀攀搀Ⰰ 昀攀渀渀攀氀 猀攀攀搀ഊSyrup: 1 cup sugar, 1/3 cup water ਀圀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀甀最愀爀 愀爀攀 洀椀砀攀搀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀 栀攀愀琀攀搀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 栀愀猀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 椀猀 愀搀樀甀猀琀攀搀 甀瀀眀愀爀搀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 猀礀爀甀瀀 爀攀愀挀栀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀漀昀琀ⴀ戀愀氀氀 猀琀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀戀漀甀琀 ㈀㐀　 搀攀最爀攀攀猀 䘀愀栀爀攀渀栀攀椀琀⸀ 䤀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 爀攀愀搀礀 眀栀攀渀 愀 搀爀漀瀀 搀爀漀瀀瀀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 最氀愀猀猀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀漀爀洀猀 愀 猀漀昀琀 戀愀氀氀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 愀 猀瀀氀愀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀琀琀漀洀⸀ഊPut half of one type of seeds (do one type at a time) into the bottom of a small, round metal bowl. Ladle on one tablespoonful of syrup. Stir quickly with a fork, using a scraping motion. Add the rest of the seeds to this mixture, which will first become a sticky ball and then separate out into smaller sections. Stir and squash until seeds have separated and cooled. Add another spoonful of syrup and repeat. Continue this process until comfits are covered with the appropriate amount of sugar. As the coating gets thicker, you may need to cool the comfits between coats in the freezer or out of doors. Be sure not to let the syrup crystallize-- if it does, add water, stir it in, and bring back up to temperature. ਀ഊThese comfits would be served after dinner to clean the breath and combat indigestion and gas. Gerard's Herbal says of anise seed: "Being chewed it makes the breath sweet." Of caraway, Gerards' says "The seed confected, or made with sugar into Comfits, are very good for the stomacke, they helpe digestion, provoke urine, asswage and and dissolve all windinesse; to conclude in a word, they are answerable to Anise seed in operation and virtues." ਀ഊNote: the directions used here are more similar to those in Plat's Delightes for Ladies than to Rumpolt's. To save space, those instructions have been omitted from this documentation. ਀ഊWhat happened when I tried it? ਀吀栀攀猀攀 挀漀洀昀椀琀猀 最椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 昀攀攀氀椀渀最 漀昀 昀爀攀猀栀攀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀爀攀愀琀栀 昀漀爀 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀 漀爀 猀漀Ⰰ 甀瀀 琀漀 栀愀氀昀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀⸀ 䔀愀琀椀渀最 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 愀氀氀攀瘀椀愀琀攀 最愀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀㼀ഊWell, they certainly don't prevent tooth decay, but all three seeds (anise, caraway, and fennel) have carminative effects, widely commented on by the Renaissance herbalists. Even today, Indian restaurants serve candied seeds of this type to combat indigestion and sweeten the breath. They certainly make my breath fresher when I use them. ਀ഊ ਀䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀⼀刀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀ഊ• An Herbal [1525] Also known as Banckes' Herbal. Author unknown, published 1525. Facsimile/transcripted edition, ed. by Larkey & Pyles. (NY: Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, 1941) ਠ∀ 䜀攀渀搀攀爀猀Ⰰ 刀漀礀⸀ 倀攀爀昀甀洀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀ ⠀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ 倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㈀⤀ ഊ• Gerard, John. The Herbal, or General History of Plants. (Dover, 1975) ਠ∀ 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀甀猀 䄀渀最氀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ 䌀漀洀瀀攀渀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀Ⰰ 圀攀氀氀挀漀洀攀 䴀匀 㔀㌀㜀Ⰰ 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㐀　　 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 匀甀猀愀渀 圀愀氀氀愀挀攀⸀ 圀攀戀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀猀欀攀氀氀⸀漀爀最⼀匀䬀䔀䰀䰀⼀挀漀洀瀀椀渀琀爀漀⸀栀琀洀ഊ• Hildegarde of Bingen. Hildegard von Bingen's Physica: the complete English translation of her classic work on Health and Healing. Trans. from the Latin by Patricia Throop. (Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1998). ਠ∀ 䰀愀眀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 䨀甀氀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀 漀昀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 漀椀氀猀㨀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 最甀椀搀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 漀椀氀猀 椀渀 愀爀漀洀愀琀栀攀爀愀瀀礀 愀渀搀 栀攀爀戀愀氀椀猀洀⸀ ⠀一夀㨀 䈀愀爀渀攀猀 ☀ 一漀戀氀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㔀⤀ഊ• Manual de mugeres en el qual se contienen muchas y diversas reçeutas muy buenas, 16th century, English translation by Karen Larsdatter, Web http://www.geocities.com/karen_larsdatter/manual.htm ਠ∀ 䴀愀爀欀栀愀洀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀瘀愀猀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䠀漀甀猀攀眀椀昀攀㨀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 椀渀眀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 漀甀琀眀愀爀搀 瘀椀爀琀甀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 眀漀洀愀渀⸀⸀⸀Ⰰ 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 ㄀㘀㄀㔀⸀ 倀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 ㄀㤀㠀㘀 戀礀 䴀挀䜀椀氀氀ⴀ儀甀攀攀渀✀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 䴀漀渀琀爀攀愀氀㬀 攀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀椀挀栀愀攀氀 刀⸀ 䈀攀猀琀ഊ• Munson, Jennifer, "Mordants and Metal Dyes," Anne Liese's Fibers and Stuff. Web: http://www.geocities.com/anne_liese_w/Dyeing/dyemordants.htm ਠ∀ 伀搀礀Ⰰ 倀攀渀攀氀漀瀀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䌀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀愀氀 䠀攀爀戀愀氀⸀ ⠀一夀㨀 䐀漀爀氀椀渀最 䬀椀渀搀攀爀猀氀攀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⤀ ഊ• "p-dental-care-msg". Stefan's Florilegium [computer file]. http://www.florilegium.org/files/PERSONAL/p-dental-care-msg.html Accessed March 26, 2003. ਠ∀ 倀氀愀琀Ⰰ 䠀甀最栀⸀ 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 䰀愀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 ㄀㘀　㈀Ⰰ 攀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 嘀椀漀氀攀琀 愀渀搀 䠀愀氀氀 吀爀漀瘀椀氀氀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀㈀㜀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ ⠀䠀攀爀爀椀渀Ⰰ 䤀䰀㨀 吀爀漀瘀椀氀氀椀漀渀 倀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㤀⤀ഊ• Porta, John Baptist. Natural Magick, 1558 and onward, from the 1653 edition. Transcribed by Dr. Laura Balbiani. Web: http://members.tscnet.com/pages/omard1/jportat5.html ਠ∀ 刀甀洀瀀漀氀琀Ⰰ 䴀愀爀砀⸀ ∀ 嘀漀渀 愀氀氀攀爀氀攀礀 娀甀挀欀攀爀 䌀漀渀昀攀挀琀Ⰰ∀ 䔀椀渀 一攀甀 䬀漀挀栀戀甀挀栀⸀ ㄀㔀㠀㄀⸀ 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 䴀⸀ 䜀爀愀猀猀攀⸀ 圀攀戀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀挀氀攀洀⸀洀猀挀搀⸀攀搀甀⼀縀最爀愀猀猀攀⼀䜀䬀开稀甀挀欀攀爀㄀⸀栀琀洀ഊ• Strabo, Walafrid. Hortulus. Translated by Raef Payne. Commentary by Wilfrid Blunt. (Pittsburgh: Hunt Botanical Library, 1966) ਠ∀ 吀栀攀 吀爀漀琀甀氀愀 㨀 愀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀攀渀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀✀猀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀⸀ 吀爀愀渀猀⸀ 愀渀搀 攀搀⸀ 戀礀 䴀漀渀椀挀愀 䜀爀攀攀渀⸀ ⠀倀栀椀氀愀搀攀氀瀀栀椀愀 㨀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 倀攀渀渀猀礀氀瘀愀渀椀愀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　　㄀⤀ഊ ਀ഊOther links: ਠ∀ 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 吀漀漀琀栀瀀愀猀琀攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀攀搀漀挀⸀挀漀⸀稀愀⼀搀栀眀⼀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⼀琀漀漀琀栀瀀愀猀琀攀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• Zoech, Irene, "The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste" Daily Telegraph,1/19/03: http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F19%2Fwtooth19.xml&secureRefresh=true&_requestid=81773 ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊcopyright 2002 Jennifer Heise. For permission to reprint, email jahb at lehigh.edu . Permission is explicitly granted for limited reproduction as a printed handout for classes in schools, herb society meetings, or classes or guild meetings in the Society for Creative Anachronism (except to corporate officers and board members of the SCA, Inc.), as long as I am notified and credited and the entire handout is used. Jadwiga's Herb site: http://www.lehigh.edu/~jahb/herbs/herbs.html ਀ഊIf this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan. ਀ഊ ਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ瀀ⴀ搀攀渀琀愀氀ⴀ挀愀爀攀ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 ㄀㘀 漀昀 ㄀㘀ഊ ਊ