Male-Co-Rulrs-art - 5/19/12 "Male Co-Rulers In History" by Lady Rose de la Rose. NOTE: See also the files: Charlemagne-art, Black-Prince-art, Elanor-o-Aqu-lnks, Isabella-art, Otto-T-Great-art, SCA-coro-oths-msg, SCA-royalty-msg, SCA-gays-msg, SCA-The-Dream-msg, royal-deaths-msg. ************************************************************************ NOTICE - This article was submitted to me by the author for inclusion in this set of files, called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org Copyright to the contents of this file remains with the author or translator. While the author will likely give permission for this work to be reprinted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first or check for any permissions granted at the end of this file. Thank you, Mark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous stefan at florilegium.org ************************************************************************ Male Co-Rulers In History by Lady Rose de la Rose I have listed over forty separate instances of male co-rulers, in chronological order. I have omitted any references to female co-rulers, although there are many, because the focus of the concern seems to be on male-male reigns. Most of these examples are not unique occurrences in period, but a common tradition - and sometimes required by law - found in many cultures. In cases where co-rulers were the law, and not simply tradition, I simply listed the family name and the span of years that this persisted, and the number is marked with an asterisk. Had I marked each generation, the number of instances would be significantly higher. Notable co-rulers include Marcus Aurelius, Charlemange, and King Baldwin of Jerusalem. This list is evidence that co-rulership is, in fact, period. # When? Where? Who? 1 971 - 931 BC Judah & Israel David & Solomon Notes: The coronation of King Solomon occurred before the death of his father David. According to 1 Kings 1: 43-48, David ordered the crowning of Solomon, and after the coronation said “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even seeing it.”. David continued to reign for some time, and counseled Solomon prior to his death, which is recorded in 1 Kings 2: 1-10 # When? Where? Who? 2* 700 BC – 221 AD Sparta Agiad Family & Eurypontid Family Notes: Sparta was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontids families whom were both supposedly descendants of Heracles and thus equal in authority, so that one could not act against the veto of his colleague. # When? Where? Who? 3 161 - 169 AD Roman Empire Lucius Verus & Marcus Aurelius Notes: Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius were co-emperors until Lucius Verus’ death in 169 AD. # When? Where? Who? 4 177 - 180 AD Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius & Commodus Notes: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus were co-emperors until Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180 AD. # When? Where? Who? 5 198 - 217 AD Roman Empire Septimus, Caracalla, & Geta Notes: Septimus Severus and his son Caracalla were co-emperors from 198 - 217 AD. Septimus’ other son, Geta, was also a co-emperor from 209 - 211 AD. # When? Where? Who? 6 217 - 218 AD Roman Empire Macrinus & Diadumenian Notes: Macrinus and his son, Diadumenian, were senior and junior emperors. \ # When? Where? Who? 7 238-238 AD Roman Empire Gordian I & Gordian II Notes: Gordian II was proclaimed emperor by an act of the Senate, alongside his father, Gordian I. # When? Where? Who? 8 244 - 249 AD Roman Empire Philip I & Philip II Notes: Philip I proclaimed his son, Philip II, co-emperor in 247 AD. # When? Where? Who? 9 249 - 251 AD Roman Empire Trajan Decius & Herennius Etruscus Notes: Trajan Decius proclaimed his son, Herennius Etruscus, his co-emperor. They reigned until their co-death in battle. # When? Where? Who? 10 251 - 253 AD Roman Empire Trebonianus Gallus & Volusianus Notes: Trebonianus was proclaimed emperor by the army. He then proclaimed his son, Volusianus, co-emperor. # When? Where? Who? 11 253 - 260 AD Roman Empire Valerian & Gallienus Notes: Valerian was proclaimed emperor by the army. His son, Gallienus, was made co-emperor in 253 AD. # When? Where? Who? 12 253 - 268 AD Roman Empire Gallienus & Saloninus Notes: Gallienus made Saloninus his co-emperor. They ruled jointly for a short time before Saloninus’ death. # When? Where? Who? 13 283 - 284 AD Roman Empire Numerian & Carinus Notes: They jointly succeeded their father. # When? Where? Who? 14 284 - 305 AD Roman Empire Diocletian & Maximian Notes: Diocletian was proclaimed emperor by the army. He adopted Maximian as senior co-emperor in 286 AD. # When? Where? Who? 15 345 - 361 AD Iberia Mirian III & Rev II Notes: King Mirian III and his son, Prince Rev II, functioned as co-kings. # When? Where? Who? 16 688 - 988 AD Cyprus Byzantine Emporor & Arab Caliph Notes: The Byzantine Emperor Justinian II and the Arab Caliph Abd al-Malik reached an unprecedented agreement to establish a condominium over Cyprus, with the ownership of and collected taxes from the island being equally divided between the two parties. This practice persisted until 988 AD. # When? Where? Who? 17 787 AD Mercia Offa & Ecgfritch Notes: Offa and his son, Ecgfritch, were co-kings for a short period before Ecgfritch’s death. # When? Where? Who? 18 812 - 814 AD Denmark Harald Reginfrid & Hemming I Notes: Hemming I and Harald Reginfrid were a co-kings until the death of Hemming I. # When? Where? Who? 19 813 - 814 AD Acquitaine Charlemagne & Louis the Pious Notes: Charlemagne crowned his son, Louis the Pious, as co-emperor of Francia. # When? Where? Who? 20 891 AD France Sigifrid & Godafrif Notes: An entry of the Annales Fuldenses mentions Sigifrid killed along with his co-ruler Godafrid. Their deaths are also mentioned in the ‘Gesta quorundam regum Francorum’. The name of the co-ruler suggests he was also a member of the family line. # When? Where? Who? 21 930 - 933 AD Norway Harald Fairhair & Eirik Bloodaxe Notes: Harald Fairhair reigned with his son, Eirik Bloodaxe. # When? Where? Who? 22 1010 - 1012 AD Norway Eiríkr & Sveinn Hákonarson Notes: Eiríkr Hákonarson was the co-regent with his half-brother. # When? Where? Who? 23 1012 - 1015 AD Norway Sveinn Hákonarson & Håkon Eiriksson Notes: Håkon Eiriksson was the co-regent with his grandfather. # When? Where? Who? 24 1017 - 1025 AD France Robert II & Hugues le Grand Notes: Hugues le Grand was co-king under his father, Robert II, from 1017 until his death. # When? Where? Who? 25 1045 - 1047 AD Norway Harald III Hardrada & Magnus the Good Notes: They were co-monarchs. # When? Where? Who? 26 1066 - 1069 AD Norway Magnus Haraldsson & Olaf the Peaceful 27 1067 - 1093 AD Norway Olaf III the Quiet & Magnus II 28 1093 - 1103 AD Norway Håkon Magnusson & Magnus Barefoot 29 1103 - 1130 AD Norway Olaf IV, Eystein I, & Sigurd I 30 1130 - 1135 AD Norway Magnus the Blind & Harald Gille 31 1135 - 1157 AD Norway Eystein II, Sigurd II, & Inge I 32 1157 - 1162 AD Norway Haakon II the Broadshouldered, Inge I, & Magnus V 33 1161 - 1184 AD Norway Haakon II & Magnus V Erlingsson 34 1217 - 1299 AD Norway Haakon IV the Old, Haakon the Young, Magnus VI the Law-Mender, Eric II Notes: From 1066 -1299, Norway had a long series of co-monarchs, investing new as the older ones died, with very few exceptions. # When? Where? Who? 35 1183 AD Jerusalem Baldwin & Baldwin Notes: The King and his nephew became co-regents, until the King’s death. # When? Where? Who? 36 1151 - 1155 AD Italy Hugh & William Notes: At Easter 1151, Hugh crowned William the co-king at Palermo. # When? Where? Who? 37 1147 Germany Conrad & Henry Notes: Conrad named Henry as co-king in March 1147 in Aachen. # When? Where? Who? 38* 1200 - 1499 AD City of Maastricht Bishops of Liège & Dukes of Brabant Notes: The Bishops of Liège and the Dukes of Brabant held joint sovereignty over this city. # When? Where? Who? 39 1218 - 1231 AD Denmark Valdemar & Valdemar Notes: Valdemar had a son, Valdemar, whom he elevated as co-king at Schleswig in 1218. # When? Where? Who? 40* 1278 - Present Andorra Bishops of Urgell & Counts of Foix Notes: The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French–Spanish border, was established in 1278 by the Treaty of Joint Suzerainty between the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Occitan Counts of Foix, whose descendants inherited Navarre in 1479 and then the French monarchy in 1589. These Princely rights and the duumvirate have been continued under the executive heads of the various monarchies in France, most recently under the French Republics. Hence even today, France's elected head of state also becomes the Co-Prince of Andorra, the other Co-Prince still being the Bishop of Urgell. # When? Where? Who? 41* 1243 - Present San Marino Captains Regent Notes: San Marino, which is an enclave surrounded by Italy, elects two Captain Regents every six months. The pair serves as heads of state and government. # When? Where? Who? 42 1326 - 1330 AD Germany Frederick I the Fair of Austria & Louis the Bavarian Notes: These men held a co-regency over the Kingdom of Germany. ------ Copyright 2011 by Rose Welch. . Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited. Addresses change, but a reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that the author is notified of the publication and if possible receives a copy. If this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan. Edited by Mark S. Harris Male-Co-Rulrs-art 6 of 6