Male-Co-Rulrs-art

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Male-Co-Rulrs-art - 5/19/12

"Male Co-Rulers In History" by Lady Rose de la Rose.

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NOTICE -

This article was submitted to me by the author for inclusion in this set of files, called Stefan's Florilegium.

These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org

While the author will likely give permission for this work to be reprinted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first or check for any permissions granted at the end of this file.

Thank you,

Mark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous

stefan at florilegium.org

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Male Co-Rulers In History

by Lady Rose de la Rose

I have listed over forty separate instances of male co-rulers, in chronological order. I have omitted any references to female co-rulers, although there are many, because the focus of the concern seems to be on male-male reigns. Most of these examples are not unique occurrences in period, but a common tradition - and sometimes required by law - found in many cultures. In cases where co-rulers were the law, and not simply tradition, I simply listed the family name and the span of years that this persisted, and the number is marked with an asterisk. Had I marked each generation, the number of instances would be significantly higher.

Notable co-rulers include Marcus Aurelius, Charlemange, and King Baldwin of Jerusalem. This list is evidence that co-rulership is, in fact, period.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
1	971 - 931 BC	Judah & Israel	David & Solomon
Notes:	The coronation of King Solomon occurred before the death of his father David. According to 1 Kings 1: 43-48, David ordered the crowning of Solomon, and after the coronation said “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even seeing it.”. David continued to reign for some time, and counseled Solomon prior to his death, which is recorded in 1 Kings 2: 1-10

#	When?	Where?	Who?
2*	700 BC – 221 AD	Sparta	Agiad Family & Eurypontid Family
Notes:	Sparta was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontids families whom were both supposedly descendants of Heracles and thus equal in authority, so that one could not act against the veto of his colleague.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
3	161 - 169 AD	Roman Empire	Lucius Verus & Marcus Aurelius
Notes:	Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius were co-emperors until Lucius Verus’ death in 169 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
4	177 - 180 AD	Roman Empire	Marcus Aurelius & Commodus
Notes:	Marcus Aurelius and Commodus were co-emperors until Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
5	198 - 217 AD	Roman Empire	Septimus, Caracalla, & Geta
Notes:	Septimus Severus and his son Caracalla were co-emperors from 198 - 217 AD. Septimus’ other son, Geta, was also a co-emperor from 209 - 211 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
6	217 - 218 AD	Roman Empire	Macrinus & Diadumenian
Notes:	Macrinus and his son, Diadumenian, were senior and junior emperors.
\
#	When?	Where?	Who?
7	238-238 AD	Roman Empire	Gordian I & Gordian II
Notes:	Gordian II was proclaimed emperor by an act of the Senate, alongside his father, Gordian I.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
8	244 - 249 AD	Roman Empire	Philip I & Philip II
Notes:	Philip I proclaimed his son, Philip II, co-emperor in 247 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
9	249 - 251 AD	Roman Empire	Trajan Decius & Herennius Etruscus
Notes:	Trajan Decius proclaimed his son, Herennius Etruscus, his co-emperor. They reigned until their co-death in battle.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
10	251 - 253 AD	Roman Empire	Trebonianus Gallus & Volusianus
Notes:	Trebonianus was proclaimed emperor by the army. He then proclaimed his son, Volusianus, co-emperor.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
11	253 - 260 AD	Roman Empire	Valerian & Gallienus
Notes:	Valerian was proclaimed emperor by the army. His son, Gallienus, was made co-emperor in 253 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
12	253 - 268 AD	Roman Empire	Gallienus & Saloninus
Notes:	Gallienus made Saloninus his co-emperor. They ruled jointly for a short time before Saloninus’ death.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
13	283 - 284 AD	Roman Empire	Numerian & Carinus
Notes:	They jointly succeeded their father.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
14	284 - 305 AD	Roman Empire	Diocletian & Maximian
Notes:	Diocletian was proclaimed emperor by the army. He adopted Maximian as senior co-emperor in 286 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
15	345 - 361 AD	Iberia	Mirian III & Rev II
Notes:	King Mirian III and his son, Prince Rev II, functioned as co-kings.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
16	688 - 988 AD	Cyprus	Byzantine Emporor & Arab Caliph
Notes:	The Byzantine Emperor Justinian II and the Arab Caliph Abd al-Malik reached an unprecedented agreement to establish a condominium over Cyprus, with the ownership of and collected taxes from the island being equally divided between the two parties. This practice persisted until 988 AD.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
17	787 AD	Mercia	Offa & Ecgfritch
Notes:	Offa and his son, Ecgfritch, were co-kings for a short period before Ecgfritch’s death.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
18	812 - 814 AD	Denmark	Harald Reginfrid & Hemming I
Notes:	Hemming I and Harald Reginfrid were a co-kings until the death of Hemming I.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
19	813 - 814 AD	Acquitaine	Charlemagne & Louis the Pious
Notes:	Charlemagne crowned his son, Louis the Pious, as co-emperor of Francia.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
20	891 AD	France	Sigifrid & Godafrif
Notes:	An entry of the Annales Fuldenses mentions Sigifrid killed along with his co-ruler Godafrid. Their deaths are also mentioned in the ‘Gesta quorundam regum Francorum’. The name of the co-ruler suggests he was also a member of the family line.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
21	930 - 933 AD	Norway	Harald Fairhair & Eirik Bloodaxe
Notes:	Harald Fairhair reigned with his son, Eirik Bloodaxe.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
22	1010 - 1012 AD	Norway	Eiríkr & Sveinn Hákonarson
Notes:	Eiríkr Hákonarson was the co-regent with his half-brother.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
23	1012 - 1015 AD	Norway	Sveinn Hákonarson & Håkon Eiriksson
Notes:	Håkon Eiriksson was the co-regent with his grandfather.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
24	1017 - 1025 AD	France	Robert II & Hugues le Grand
Notes:	Hugues le Grand was co-king under his father, Robert II, from 1017 until his death.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
25	1045 - 1047 AD	Norway	Harald III Hardrada & Magnus the Good
Notes:	They were co-monarchs.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
26	1066 - 1069 AD	Norway	Magnus Haraldsson & Olaf the Peaceful
27	1067 - 1093 AD	Norway	Olaf III the Quiet & Magnus II
28	1093 - 1103 AD	Norway	Håkon Magnusson & Magnus Barefoot
29	1103 - 1130 AD	Norway	Olaf IV, Eystein I, & Sigurd I
30	1130 - 1135 AD	Norway	Magnus the Blind & Harald Gille
31	1135 - 1157 AD	Norway	Eystein II, Sigurd II, & Inge I
32	1157 - 1162 AD	Norway	Haakon II the Broadshouldered, Inge I, & Magnus V
33	1161 - 1184 AD	Norway	Haakon II & Magnus V Erlingsson
34	1217 - 1299 AD	Norway	Haakon IV the Old, Haakon the Young, Magnus VI the Law-Mender, Eric II
Notes:	From 1066 -1299, Norway had a long series of co-monarchs, investing new as the older ones died, with very few exceptions.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
35	1183 AD	Jerusalem	Baldwin & Baldwin
Notes:	The King and his nephew became co-regents, until the King’s death.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
36	1151 - 1155 AD	Italy	Hugh & William
Notes:	At Easter 1151, Hugh crowned William the co-king at Palermo.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
37	1147	Germany	Conrad & Henry
Notes:	Conrad named Henry as co-king in March 1147 in Aachen.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
38*	1200 - 1499 AD	City of Maastricht	Bishops of Liège & Dukes of Brabant
Notes:	The Bishops of Liège and the Dukes of Brabant held joint sovereignty over this city.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
39	1218 - 1231 AD	Denmark	Valdemar & Valdemar
Notes:	Valdemar had a son, Valdemar, whom he elevated as co-king at Schleswig in 1218.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
40*	1278 - Present	Andorra	Bishops of Urgell & Counts of Foix
Notes:	The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French–Spanish border, was established in 1278 by the Treaty of Joint Suzerainty between the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Occitan Counts of Foix, whose descendants inherited Navarre in 1479 and then the French monarchy in 1589. These Princely rights and the duumvirate have been continued under the executive heads of the various monarchies in France, most recently under the French Republics. Hence even today, France's elected head of state also becomes the Co-Prince of Andorra, the other Co-Prince still being the Bishop of Urgell.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
41*	1243 - Present	San Marino	Captains Regent
Notes:	San Marino, which is an enclave surrounded by Italy, elects two Captain Regents every six months. The pair serves as heads of state and government.

#	When?	Where?	Who?
42	1326 - 1330 AD	Germany	Frederick I the Fair of Austria & Louis the Bavarian
Notes:	These men held a co-regency over the Kingdom of Germany.

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Copyright 2011 by Rose Welch. <rose_welch at yahoo.com>. Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited. Addresses change, but a reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that the author is notified of the publication and if possible receives a copy.

If this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.