Walking-Dead-art - 9/4/96 ਀ഊ"The Walking Dead: Draugr and Aptrgangr in Old Norse literature" by Mistress Gunnora Hallakarva. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Norse-msg, burials-msg, p-births-msg, punishments-msg, religion-msg, bog-bodies-lnks, Berserkergang-art, Norse-lit-bib. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀 渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous ਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊFrom: gunnora at bga.com (Gunnora Hallakarva) ਀䌀䌀㨀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀 愀琀 攀搀攀渀⸀挀漀洀ഊDate: Fri, 30 Aug 1996 16:54:05 -0500 ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 吀栀攀 圀愀氀欀椀渀最 䐀攀愀搀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 圀愀氀欀椀渀最 䐀攀愀搀㨀  䐀爀愀甀最爀 愀渀搀 䄀瀀琀爀最愀渀最爀 椀渀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 䰀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀ഊ ਀倀愀爀琀 䤀㨀 䤀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 䐀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀愀氀欀椀渀最 䐀攀愀搀ഊ ਀        䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀昀琀攀爀氀椀昀攀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀爀攀ഊimmediate than glorious skaldic tales of Valholl or the Christian's Heaven: ਀漀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 戀漀搀礀 眀愀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 最爀愀瘀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀挀漀洀攀ഊ"animated with a strange life and power" (Hilda Ellis-Davidson. The Road to ਀䠀攀氀⸀ 圀攀猀琀瀀漀爀琀 䌀吀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀渀眀漀漀搀 倀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㐀㌀⸀ 瀀⸀ 㤀㘀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 愀ഊsort of pseudo-life within the grave, not as a spirit or ghost, but as an ਀愀挀琀甀愀氀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 挀漀爀瀀猀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ∀渀漀猀昀攀爀愀琀甀∀ 漀爀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀ഊEuropean vampire (Ellis-Davidspn, Road to Hel, p. 92). ਀ഊ The undead were known by various names. The "haugbui" (from "haugr" ਀洀攀愀渀椀渀最 ∀栀漀眀攀∀ 漀爀 ∀戀愀爀爀漀眀∀⤀ 眀愀猀 愀 洀漀甀渀搀ⴀ搀眀攀氀氀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 戀漀搀礀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 漀渀ഊwithin its tomb. The haugbui was rarely found far from its burial place, ਀愀渀搀 椀猀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 猀愀最愀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀⸀  吀栀攀ഊ"draugr" was "the animated corpse that comes forth from its grave mound, or ਀猀栀漀眀猀 爀攀猀琀氀攀猀猀渀攀猀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀漀愀搀 琀漀 戀甀爀椀愀氀∀ ⠀䔀氀氀椀猀ⴀ䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀Ⰰ 刀漀愀搀 琀漀 䠀攀氀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ഊ80). Also known as "aptrgangr" (lit. "after-goer," or "one who walks after ਀搀攀愀琀栀∀⤀ 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀漀愀洀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀愀搀 洀漀猀琀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 攀渀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊIcelandic sagas. Whichever name is used, the undead of Scandinavia was a ਀瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 戀漀搀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 挀漀爀瀀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀攀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀ഊ"ghost" may be used to describe it, modern connotations of a phantom or ਀椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀攀愀氀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀 搀漀 渀漀琀 愀瀀瀀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀        吀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 爀攀椀渀昀漀爀挀攀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀ഊof a walking corpse. The undead is said to be "hel-blar" ("black as death" ਀漀爀 ∀戀氀甀攀 愀猀 搀攀愀琀栀∀⤀ 漀爀 ∀渀愀ⴀ昀漀氀爀∀ ⠀∀挀漀爀瀀猀攀ⴀ瀀愀氀攀⤀⸀  䤀渀 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 愀ഊshepherd who is killed by a draugr and who is destined himself to become ਀甀渀搀攀愀搀 椀猀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 戀攀 ∀挀漀愀氀ⴀ戀氀愀挀欀Ⰰ∀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 琀栀愀琀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 栀椀洀 椀猀ഊ"hel-blar" when disinterred (Hermann Palsson and Paul Edwards, trans. ਀䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀⸀  䈀甀昀昀愀氀漀Ⰰ 唀 漀昀 吀漀爀漀渀琀漀 倀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㌀⸀ 瀀瀀 ㄀㄀㔀 ☀ ㄀㠀㜀⤀⸀  䜀氀愀洀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊundead shepherd of Grettirs Saga, was reported to be dark blue in color ਀⠀䐀攀渀琀漀渀 䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 䠀攀爀洀愀渀渀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 匀愀最愀⸀  吀漀爀漀渀琀漀Ⰰ 唀 漀昀ഊToronto P, 1974. p. 72), and in Laxdaela Saga the bones of a dead sorceress ਀眀栀漀 栀愀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 搀爀攀愀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀甀最 甀瀀 愀渀搀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 戀攀 ∀戀氀甀攀 愀渀搀 攀瘀椀氀ഊlooking" (Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson, trans., Laxdaela Saga. NY, ਀倀攀渀最甀椀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㤀⸀ 瀀⸀ ㈀㌀㔀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        吀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 挀漀爀瀀猀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀 礀攀琀 洀漀爀攀 琀攀爀爀椀昀礀椀渀最 戀礀 椀琀猀 瀀爀漀瀀攀渀猀椀琀礀ഊto swell to enormous size. This property of the undead was apparently not ਀搀甀攀 琀漀 最愀猀猀攀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 搀攀挀愀礀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 昀漀甀渀搀ഊto be enormously heavy, and was often described as being uncorrupted, even ਀洀愀渀礀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 搀攀愀琀栀⸀  吀栀漀爀漀氀昀 漀昀 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀 眀愀猀 ∀甀渀挀漀爀爀甀瀀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊwith an ugly look about him... swollen to the size of an ox," and his body ਀挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 爀愀椀猀攀搀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 氀攀瘀攀爀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 猀漀 栀攀愀瘀礀 ⠀倀愀氀猀猀漀渀 ☀ 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀ⰀഊEyrbyggja Saga, p. 187. See also Grettirs Saga, p. 115). ਀ഊ The size attributed to the draugr was a way of expressing the vast ਀猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀⸀  吀栀攀 猀愀最愀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀最最氀攀猀 漀昀 欀椀渀猀洀攀渀 琀漀ഊstraighten the body for burial (Hermann Palsson and Paul Edwards, trans., ਀䔀最椀氀猀 匀愀最愀⸀ 一夀Ⰰ 倀攀渀最甀椀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㘀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㔀　⸀  匀攀攀 愀氀猀漀 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㐀⤀⸀ഊThe aptrgangr often demonstrated its power by literraly crushing its victim ਀琀漀 搀攀愀琀栀⸀  䜀氀愀洀爀✀猀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀 愀 猀栀攀瀀栀攀爀搀 ∀眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 渀攀挀欀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀ഊbone in his body crushed" (Fox and Palsson, Grettirs Saga, p. 74. See also ਀䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㔀⤀⸀  䘀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀椀渀最 戀愀琀琀氀攀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 愀 猀愀最愀ഊhero and a draugr where the hero is a man acknowledged to have enormous ਀猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀椀最栀琀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 愀渀 甀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀戀愀琀愀渀琀猀ഊstruggling back and forth, evenly matched in the deadly contest (Nora ਀䬀攀爀猀栀愀眀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀Ⰰ ∀䠀爀漀洀甀渀搀愀爀 猀愀最愀 䜀爀攀椀瀀猀猀漀渀愀爀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 匀琀漀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 䈀愀氀氀愀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊFar Past. Cambridge, University P., 1921, p. 68. See also Grettirs Saga, ਀瀀⸀ ㌀㜀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        吀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀攀搀 瀀漀眀攀爀猀 漀昀 愀 洀愀最椀挀愀氀 渀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰഊpossessing knowledge of the future (Peter G. Foote and David M. Wilson, The ਀嘀椀欀椀渀最 䄀挀栀椀攀瘀攀洀攀渀琀⸀  䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ 匀椀搀最眀椀挀欀 ☀ 䨀愀挀欀猀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀　⸀ 瀀⸀ 㐀　㔀⤀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀椀渀最ഊthe weather (Ellis-Davidson, Road to Hel, p. 163), and shape-shifting. The ਀搀攀愀搀 挀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 昀漀爀洀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 愀 猀攀愀氀 ⠀倀愀氀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀ⰀഊEybyggja Saga, p. 165. See also Laxdaela Saga, p. 80), a great flayed bull, ਀愀 最爀攀礀 栀漀爀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 渀漀 攀愀爀猀 漀爀 琀愀椀氀 愀渀搀 愀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 戀愀挀欀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀 挀愀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀椀琀ഊupon a sleeper's chest and grow steadily heavier until the victim suffocated ਀⠀䨀愀挀焀甀攀氀椀渀攀 匀椀洀瀀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀 䘀漀氀欀琀愀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 䰀攀最攀渀搀猀⸀  䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀Ⰰ 唀 漀昀ഊCalifornia P, 1972. p. 166. Also personal experience... my Norwegian Forest ਀䌀愀琀 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀漀甀最栀 䤀✀洀 瀀爀攀琀琀礀 猀甀爀攀 栀攀✀猀 渀漀琀 愀 搀爀愀甀最爀℀⤀⸀ഊThe draugr Thrain shape-shifted into a "cat-like creature" (kattakyn) in ਀䠀爀漀洀甀渀搀愀爀 猀愀最愀 䜀爀攀椀瀀猀猀漀渀愀爀㨀ഊ ਀   吀栀攀渀 吀栀爀愀椀渀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 椀渀琀漀 愀 琀爀漀氀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 眀愀猀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 ഊ with a horrible stench; and he stuck his claws into the back of ਀   䠀爀漀洀甀渀搀✀猀 渀愀挀欀Ⰰ 琀攀愀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀氀攀猀栀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀猀 戀漀渀攀猀⸀⸀⸀ ⠀䬀攀爀猀栀愀眀Ⰰ 倀⸀ 㘀㠀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 挀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 洀漀瘀攀 洀愀最椀挀愀氀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀Ⰰ 猀眀椀洀洀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀ഊsolid stone as does Killer-Hrapp: ਀ഊ Then Olaf tried to rush Hrapp, but Hrapp sank into the ground ਀   眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀ഊ encounter (Magnussen and Palsson, Laxdaela Saga, p. 103). ਀ഊThis certainly would have been a useful talent, alowing the undead to enter ਀漀爀 氀攀愀瘀攀 椀琀猀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀挀攀 愀琀 眀椀氀氀⸀ഊ ਀ഊPart II: The Dwelling Place of the Draugr ਀ഊ The dwellingt-place of the draugr was the burial mound. Although ਀匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 猀栀椀瀀ⴀ戀甀爀椀愀氀猀Ⰰ 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀爀攀洀愀琀椀漀渀ഊpractices, cairn burials and Christian gravesites all testified to by ਀氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 愀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀愀最愀猀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 椀渀 愀 栀漀眀攀 漀爀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 愀猀ഊthe most prevalent means of disposal of the dead (Ellis-Davidson, Road to ਀䠀攀氀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㄀　 愀渀搀 ㌀㐀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 眀愀猀 愀 猀琀漀渀攀ⴀ戀甀椀氀琀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀 爀漀漀昀攀搀ഊwith wood and covered with a great mound of earth (Nora K. Chadwick, "Norse ਀䜀栀漀猀琀猀㨀 䄀 匀琀甀搀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀爀愀甀最爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䠀愀甀最戀甀椀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 䘀漀氀欀氀漀爀攀 㔀㜀⠀㄀㤀㐀㠀⤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ഊ50). The burial mound of Kar the Old in Grettirs saga was a large chamber ਀爀漀漀昀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 爀愀昀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 愀 搀椀爀琀 洀漀甀渀搀  ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀ഊSaga, p. 36). Haralds saga Harfagra tells of a mound "constructed of ਀猀琀漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 洀漀爀琀愀爀 愀渀搀 琀椀洀戀攀爀∀ ⠀匀渀漀爀爀椀 匀琀甀爀氀甀猀漀渀Ⰰ ∀䠀愀爀愀氀搀猀 猀愀最愀 䠀愀爀昀愀最爀愀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀ഊHeimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trans. Lee M. Hollander. ਀䄀甀猀琀椀渀Ⰰ 唀 漀昀 吀攀砀愀猀 倀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㐀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㐀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 伀氀愀昀猀 猀愀最愀 吀爀礀最最瘀愀猀漀渀愀爀Ⰰ 䨀愀爀氀 䠀愀欀漀渀ഊof Hlathir is interred in a mound-like construction to hide from Olaf: ਀ഊ Then the thrall dug a deep pit, carrying the dirt away and then covering ਀   琀栀攀 攀砀挀愀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀椀洀戀攀爀猀⸀  吀栀漀爀愀 琀漀氀搀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 伀氀愀昀 ഊ Tryggvason had entered the fjord and slain his son Erlend.Thereupon ਀   琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀 愀渀搀 䬀愀爀欀 眀攀渀琀 搀漀眀渀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀椀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 吀栀漀爀愀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 椀琀 眀椀琀栀 ഊ timbers and swept dirt and dung over it and drove the swine over it. ਀   吀栀愀琀 瀀椀最猀琀礀 眀愀猀 戀攀渀攀愀琀栀 愀 戀椀最 戀漀甀氀搀攀爀∀ ⠀䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ ∀伀氀愀昀猀 猀愀最愀 吀爀礀最最瘀愀猀漀渀愀爀Ⰰ∀ ഊ p. 191). ਀ഊWhile this is not a grave-mound, per se, it is indicated to the reader to be ਀愀 瀀氀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀甀氀搀攀爀Ⰰ 漀爀 最爀攀礀 猀琀漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀琀㨀ഊthe undead and dwarves alike are said to live beneath such stones. ਀ഊ Often a barrow's presence was made clear by a great light that ਀猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 最氀漀眀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀渀搀 氀椀欀攀 昀漀砀ⴀ昀椀爀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 昀椀爀攀 ∀猀甀爀爀漀甀渀搀猀 琀栀攀 栀漀眀攀猀ഊand forms a barrier between the worlds of the living and the dead" ਀⠀䔀氀氀椀猀ⴀ䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀Ⰰ 刀漀愀搀 琀漀 䠀攀氀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㄀⤀⸀  䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀 瘀椀攀眀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀 昀氀愀洀攀 戀甀爀渀椀渀最ഊupon the barrow of Kar the Old: ਀ഊ ... it happened late one evening, when he was getting ready to go home, ਀   琀栀愀琀 栀攀 猀愀眀 愀 栀甀最攀 昀椀爀攀 戀甀爀猀琀 昀漀爀琀栀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀氀愀渀搀 戀攀氀漀眀 䄀甀搀甀渀✀猀 昀愀爀洀⸀⸀⸀⸀ ഊ "If such a thing were seen in my country," said Grettir, "it would be said ਀   琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀攀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 愀 戀甀爀椀攀搀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀⸀∀  吀栀攀 昀愀爀洀攀爀 猀愀椀搀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 ഊ of this fire, I think, is one whom it is better not to enquire about" ਀   ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀㘀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        䈀甀爀椀愀氀 洀漀甀渀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 昀漀甀渀搀 渀攀愀爀 愀 昀愀洀椀氀礀✀猀 搀眀攀氀氀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊAnglo-Saxon boundary charters list many instances of barrows as landmarks on ਀琀栀攀 攀搀最攀 漀昀 愀渀 攀猀琀愀琀攀 ⠀ 䠀椀氀搀愀 䔀氀氀椀猀ⴀ䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䠀椀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀爀愀最漀渀㨀ഊAnglo-Saxon Burial Mounds in Literature and Archaeology," in Folklore ਀㘀㐀⠀㄀㤀㔀　⤀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㄀㜀㌀ⴀ㄀㜀㐀⤀⸀  吀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 愀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀椀渀最 氀愀渀搀 栀愀搀 琀漀 戀攀ഊable to name his ancestors who held the land before him, and point out the ਀戀愀爀爀漀眀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀 眀愀猀 氀愀椀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 戀攀 攀氀椀最椀戀氀攀 琀漀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀⸀ഊThis may also have been the reason for the careful recording of the location ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀眀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 猀攀琀琀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀 椀渀 䰀愀渀搀渀愀洀愀戀漀欀 ⠀䔀氀氀椀猀ⴀ䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀ⰀഊRoad to Hel, p. 36). Scandinavian draugar are further associated with ਀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀猀挀愀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 渀漀琀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 ∀栀瘀愀洀洀爀Ⰰ∀ ∀愀 猀栀漀爀琀 瘀愀氀氀攀礀 漀爀 搀攀氀氀Ⰰഊsurrounded by mountains, but open on one side in one direction" (reidar T, ਀䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀猀攀渀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䐀攀愀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䰀椀瘀椀渀最Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 匀琀甀搀椀愀 一漀爀瘀攀最椀挀愀 ㈀  ⠀伀猀氀漀Ⰰഊ1946), pp. 88-89). Certain traditions record a tradition of the dead "dying ਀椀渀琀漀 愀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀Ⰰ∀ 攀焀甀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 洀漀甀渀搀ഊ(Palsson and Edwards, Eyrbyggja Saga, pp. 41 and 51). The hvammr ਀爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 愀 戀漀甀渀搀愀爀礀 愀爀攀愀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 瘀愀氀氀攀礀 愀渀搀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀Ⰰ 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 昀愀爀洀 愀渀搀ഊburial mound, between the living and the dead. The hvammr, surrounded by ਀琀愀氀氀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 猀甀渀氀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀渀攀 愀琀 愀氀氀 昀漀爀ഊseveral weeks in midwinter. Forsaeludale (literally, "Shadow Valley"), the ਀猀椀琀攀 漀昀 䜀氀愀洀爀✀猀 栀愀甀渀琀椀渀最猀 椀渀 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 猀愀最愀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀 瀀氀愀挀攀 ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀ഊPalsson, Grettirs Saga, p. 69). It is interesting to note that "the dead ਀眀攀爀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 愀琀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀洀愀猀 漀爀 琀栀攀 一攀眀 夀攀愀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 猀攀愀猀漀渀 漀昀 夀甀氀攀ഊwhich marked midwinter" (Ellis-Davidson, "The Restless Dead," p. 162; see ਀愀氀猀漀 䴀愀最渀甀猀 䴀愀最渀甀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䠀攀爀洀愀渀渀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 嘀椀渀氀愀渀搀 匀愀最愀猀⸀ 一夀ⰀഊPenguin, 1965, p. 88; Eyrbyggja Saga, p. 115; and Grettirs Saga, pp. 73-75), ਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 戀攀最愀渀 氀愀琀攀 椀渀 愀甀琀甀洀渀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀攀渀猀椀昀椀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀ഊwinter deepened, precisely the time of year in which the hours of darkness ਀愀爀攀 氀漀渀最攀猀琀⸀  吀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 洀椀最栀琀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 挀爀攀愀琀攀 愀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀ഊdarkness in daylight hours to mask its approach, or to call up a mist to ਀栀椀搀攀 椀琀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 ⠀䌀栀愀搀眀椀挀欀Ⰰ ∀一漀爀猀攀 䜀栀漀猀琀猀Ⰰ∀ 瀀⸀ 㔀㐀⤀⸀  䄀琀 渀椀最栀琀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀ഊmoved in a shifting landscape of moonlight and darkness such as Grettir ਀攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 昀椀最栀琀 眀椀琀栀 䜀氀愀洀爀㨀ഊ ਀   伀甀琀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀 眀愀猀 戀爀椀最栀琀 戀甀琀 椀渀琀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀渀琀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀ഊ dark clouds which passed before the moon and then went ਀   愀眀愀礀 ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 㜀㠀⸀  一攀愀爀氀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀ഊ descriptions are to be found in Magnbus Magnusson and ਀   䠀攀爀洀愀渀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀Ⰰ 一樀愀氀猀 匀愀最愀⸀  一夀Ⰰ 瀀攀渀最甀椀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㤀Ⰰ ഊ p. 173; and in Incelandic Folktales and Legends, pp. 133-136). ਀ഊThese half-lit conditions often reveal a flash of light upon bare bone or ਀琀栀攀 最氀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀漀渀 猀栀椀洀洀攀爀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀✀猀 攀礀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀渀猀椀昀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀ഊhorror of the episode. ਀ഊ The sagas depicted a "conception of the dead man dwelling in his ਀栀漀眀攀 愀猀 椀渀 愀渀 攀愀爀琀栀氀礀 栀漀甀猀攀 眀愀琀挀栀椀渀最 樀攀愀氀漀甀猀氀礀 漀瘀攀爀 栀椀猀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀∀ഊ(Ellis-Davidson, Road to Hel, p. 90). The mound was the hall of the dead, ਀愀猀 椀渀 吀栀漀爀猀琀攀椀渀猀 琀栀愀琀琀爀 甀砀愀昀漀琀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 吀栀漀爀猀琀攀椀渀 椀猀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊ"homestead" of a haugbui which is furnished with mead-benches and warbands ਀⠀䨀愀挀焀甀攀氀椀渀攀 匀椀洀瀀猀漀渀Ⰰ ∀吀栀漀爀猀琀攀椀渀猀 琀栀愀琀琀爀 甀砀愀昀漀琀猀Ⰰ ∀ 椀渀 吀栀攀 一漀爀琀栀洀攀渀 吀愀氀欀⸀ഊMadison, U of Wisconsin P, 1965, pp. 218-220), or Helga Fell the "Holy ਀䴀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 吀栀漀爀漀氀昀 䴀漀猀琀甀爀戀攀愀爀搀 搀椀攀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀ഊ"great fires burning inside it, and the noise of feasting and clamor over ਀琀栀攀 愀氀攀ⴀ栀漀爀渀猀∀ ⠀倀愀氀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 㐀㄀ 愀渀搀 㔀㄀⤀⸀  䤀渀 伀氀搀ഊEnglish poetry, the essence of a hal lwas the treasure and gifts which were ਀搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 椀琀 ⠀䬀愀琀栀爀礀渀 䠀甀洀攀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䌀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀愀氀氀 椀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊPoetry," in Anglo-Saxon England 3, ed. Peter Clemoes. Cambridge, University ਀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㐀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㐀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 眀愀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 瀀氀愀挀攀 漀昀 挀漀猀琀氀礀ഊtreasures: "A great treasure of gold and silver was gathered there, and ਀甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀✀猀 昀攀攀琀 眀愀猀 愀 挀栀攀猀琀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 猀椀氀瘀攀爀∀ ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀ഊSaga, p. 37. Great treasures are also described in Thorsteins thattr ਀戀愀樀愀爀洀愀最渀猀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 戀礀 䠀攀爀洀愀渀渀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 倀愀甀氀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀 椀渀 䜀愀甀琀爀攀欀✀猀 匀愀最愀 愀渀搀ഊOther Medieval Tales. NY, Penguin, 1970, p. 139; also in Thorsteins thattr ਀甀砀愀昀漀琀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㄀㤀⤀⸀  吀栀甀猀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 眀愀礀猀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊScandinavian dwarves, who possessed such treasures as Freyja's necklace ਀䈀爀椀猀椀渀最愀洀攀渀 愀渀搀 眀栀漀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 爀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 猀琀漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 戀漀甀氀搀攀爀猀ഊ(There are too many references to dwarves in the literature to list all See ਀∀匀漀爀氀愀 琀栀愀琀琀爀∀ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 戀礀 䜀⸀一⸀ 䜀愀爀洀漀渀猀眀愀礀 愀渀搀 䨀愀挀焀甀攀氀椀渀攀 匀椀洀瀀猀漀渀 椀渀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀ഊand Its Analogues. NY, E.P. Dutton, 1968, p. 298; or "Alvissmal" trans. by ਀䰀攀攀 䴀⸀ 䠀漀氀氀愀渀搀攀爀 椀渀 吀栀攀 倀漀攀琀椀挀 䔀搀搀愀Ⰰ 䄀甀猀琀椀渀Ⰰ 唀 漀昀 吀攀砀愀猀 倀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㈀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㄀Ⰰ 漀爀ഊin "Thorsteins thattr bajarmagns," p. 126). The names of the "deep-dwelling ਀搀眀愀爀昀猀∀ 漀昀 䐀瘀攀爀最愀琀愀氀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䌀愀琀愀氀漀最 漀昀 䐀眀愀爀瘀攀猀Ⰰ∀ ∀猀攀攀洀 琀漀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀攀琀栀攀爀ഊworld of death, cold, dissolution" (Lee M. Hollander, trans., "Dvergatal," ਀椀渀 吀栀攀 倀漀攀琀椀挀 䔀搀搀愀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㈀㈀ⴀ㌀㈀㌀⤀ഊ ਀        吀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 最爀攀愀琀 眀攀愀氀琀栀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 戀甀爀椀愀氀 洀漀甀渀搀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀ഊattention of grave-robbers, both historically and in the literary record, ਀栀攀渀挀攀 琀愀氀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 猀愀最愀 眀攀爀攀 氀攀渀琀 愀甀琀栀攀渀琀椀挀椀琀礀 戀礀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀昀ഊactual grave breakings: ਀ഊ Grettir began to break open the mound, and worked hard without ਀    猀琀漀瀀瀀椀渀最 甀渀琀椀氀 栀攀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀愀昀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 氀愀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀昀琀攀爀渀漀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀渀 栀攀 琀漀爀攀 ഊ them up. Audun did his best to discourage him from entering the mound. ਀    䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀 琀漀氀搀 栀椀洀 琀漀 眀愀琀挀栀 琀栀攀 爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ ∀昀漀爀 䤀 愀洀 最漀椀渀最 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 漀甀琀 眀栀愀琀 ഊ inhabits the barrow." Then Grettir went inside the mound. Inside it was ਀    搀愀爀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀椀爀 渀漀琀 瘀攀爀礀 猀眀攀攀琀 ⠀䘀漀砀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ ഊ pp. 36-37). ਀ഊHowever, the would-be grave-robber had to be wary, for the haugbui was a ਀樀攀愀氀漀甀猀 最甀愀爀搀椀愀渀 漀昀 椀琀猀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀漀甀氀搀 瘀椀挀椀漀甀猀氀礀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀ഊdisturbed him in his house: ਀ഊ Grettir took all the treasure and carried it towards the rope, but as he ਀   眀愀猀 洀愀欀椀渀最 栀椀猀 眀愀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 栀攀 眀愀猀 猀攀椀稀攀搀 昀愀猀琀 戀礀 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀⸀ ഊ He let go of the treasure and turned to attack, and they set on each other ਀   洀攀爀挀椀氀攀猀猀氀礀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀爀漀眀渀 漀甀琀 漀昀 瀀氀愀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 ഊ mound-dweller attacked vigorously, and for a while Grettir had to give ਀   眀愀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 栀攀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 愀 最漀漀搀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 猀瀀愀爀攀 ഊ himself. Then they both fought desperately, and moved towards the ਀   栀漀爀猀攀 戀漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 愀 昀椀攀爀挀攀 猀琀爀甀最最氀攀 昀漀爀 愀 氀漀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀  一漀眀 琀栀攀 ഊ one and now the other was forced to his knees, but in the end the ਀   洀漀甀渀搀ⴀ搀眀攀氀氀攀爀 昀攀氀氀 戀愀挀欀眀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 挀爀愀猀栀⸀ 吀栀攀渀 䄀甀搀甀渀 ഊ ran away from the rope, thinking that Grettir must be dead (Ibid., p. 37). ਀ഊIn addition to teeth, claws and main strength, the haugbui might also use ਀∀琀爀漀氀氀猀欀愀瀀Ⰰ∀ 攀瘀椀氀 洀愀最椀挀Ⰰ 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 椀琀猀 栀漀洀攀 愀猀 搀漀攀猀 䄀最渀愀爀爀 椀渀 䜀甀氀氀ⴀ琀栀漀爀椀猀ഊsaga (Chadwick, "Norse Ghosts," p. 55), or the evil haugbui Mithothyn, whose ਀挀漀爀瀀猀攀 ∀攀洀椀琀琀攀搀 猀甀挀栀 昀漀甀氀 瀀氀愀最甀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 氀攀愀瘀攀 洀漀爀攀ഊloathsome reminders of himslef dead than when alive" (Saxo Grammaticus, The ਀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀愀渀攀猀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 倀攀琀攀爀 䘀椀猀栀攀爀⸀ 吀漀琀漀眀愀Ⰰ 刀漀眀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 䰀椀琀琀氀攀昀椀攀氀搀Ⰰഊ1979, Vol. I, p. 26). Further, the haugbui was not always the only fearful ਀椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀⸀  匀漀洀攀 猀愀最愀猀 爀攀昀攀爀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀ഊman, "who has long claws and is in consequence described as a "ketta" ਀⠀猀栀攀ⴀ挀愀琀⤀Ⰰ 愀洀搀 椀猀 攀瘀攀渀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀爀洀椀搀愀戀氀攀 琀栀愀渀 栀攀爀 洀漀渀猀琀爀漀甀猀 猀漀渀∀ ⠀一漀爀愀 䬀⸀ഊChadwick, "The Monsters and Beowulf," in The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in Some ਀䄀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 䌀甀氀琀甀爀攀 倀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 䈀爀甀挀攀 䐀椀挀欀攀渀猀Ⰰ 攀搀⸀ 倀攀琀攀爀ഊClemoes. London, Bowes and Bowes, 1959, p. 178). ਀ഊ ਀倀愀爀琀 䤀䤀䤀㨀  倀爀攀挀愀甀琀椀漀渀猀 䄀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 圀愀氀欀椀渀最 䐀攀愀搀ഊ ਀        圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 栀愀甀最戀甀椀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀 琀漀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 椀琀猀 最爀愀瘀攀Ⰰഊharming only those who trespassed upon its domain, the draugr was known to ਀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 最爀攀愀琀 栀愀爀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最⸀  䘀攀愀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊmalevolent actions of the dead was very real in Scandinavia. Precautions ਀琀愀欀攀渀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 爀椀猀椀渀最 愀最愀椀渀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最ഊAge to the present century: ਀ഊ "...in old-fashioned homes [certain antique practices] were ਀   瘀攀爀礀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀㬀  愀 瀀愀椀搀 漀昀 漀瀀攀渀 猀挀椀猀猀漀爀猀 氀愀椀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ഊ dead person's chest, small pieces of straw laid crosswise ਀   甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀栀爀漀甀搀⸀  吀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 琀漀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀椀攀搀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 ഊ the legs could not be seperated. Needles were run into the ਀   猀漀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀攀攀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀昀昀椀渀 眀愀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ഊ bearers, just within the threshold of the door, raised and ਀   氀漀眀攀爀攀搀 椀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 琀椀洀攀猀 椀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 ഊ cross. When the coffin had left the house, all chairs and ਀   猀琀漀漀氀猀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 栀愀搀 爀攀猀琀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 甀瀀猀攀琀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 樀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 猀愀甀挀攀ⴀഊ pans turned upside down, and when the parson in the church- ਀   礀愀爀搀 瀀爀愀礀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 椀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 戀椀渀搀 琀栀攀 ഊ dead to the grave with magic words, to keep him fast" ਀   ⠀䠀⸀䘀⸀ 䘀攀椀氀戀攀爀最Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䌀漀爀瀀猀攀ⴀ䐀漀漀爀㨀 䄀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 匀甀爀瘀椀瘀愀氀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 ഊ Folklore 18 (1907), p. 366). ਀ഊFurther, special "corpse-doors" were to be found in homes, bricked-up ਀漀瀀攀渀椀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀漀爀渀 漀瀀攀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀昀昀椀渀Ⰰ 昀攀攀琀ⴀ昀椀爀猀琀Ⰰഊand then closed firmly again to deny the dead access to the home, since it ਀眀愀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 甀渀焀甀椀攀琀 搀攀愀搀 挀漀甀氀搀 漀渀氀礀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 挀漀洀攀Ⰰഊand by carrying the body out feet-foremost, the living further protected ਀琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 戀礀 搀攀渀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 愀 挀氀攀愀爀 瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀琀栀 琀愀欀攀渀 琀漀ഊburial (Ibid, pp. 364-369). The very same precautions are recorded in ਀䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀㨀ഊ ਀   䄀爀渀欀攀氀 眀攀渀琀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 爀漀漀洀 愀渀搀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀 琀漀 最攀琀ഊ behind Thorolf. He warned everyone to be careful not to go ਀   椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀瀀猀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 攀礀攀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 挀氀漀猀攀搀⸀  吀栀攀渀 ഊ he took Thorolf by the shoulders and had to use all his strength ਀   戀攀昀漀爀攀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 昀漀爀挀攀 栀椀洀 搀漀眀渀⸀  䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 眀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 猀漀洀攀 ഊ clothes around Thorolf's head and got him ready for burial ਀   愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀甀猀琀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀⸀  䠀攀 栀愀搀 愀 栀漀氀攀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 ഊ through the wall behind Thorolf and the corpse was dragged ਀   漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 ⠀倀愀氀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㐀⤀⸀ഊ ਀ഊ Part IV: Draugr Attacks and Slaying the Undead ਀ഊ The dead budy was a vehicle of plague and illness, such as that ਀漀昀琀栀攀 猀漀爀挀攀爀漀爀 䴀椀琀栀漀琀栀礀渀 漀昀 匀愀砀漀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀 愀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 愀最攀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀ഊgerm theory was unknown, the causative agent was perceived to be the evil ਀椀渀琀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀⸀  吀栀甀猀 椀琀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 洀椀最栀琀 愀氀猀漀 洀愀欀攀ഊphysical attacks against the living. The draugr was believed to feel a ਀氀漀渀最椀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 漀昀 氀椀昀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 攀渀瘀礀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 礀攀琀 愀氀椀瘀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀ഊnotion is poignantly described in Fridthjofs saga, when a dying king declared: ਀ഊ My howe shall stand beside the firth. And there shall be but a short ਀   搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 洀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 吀栀漀爀猀琀攀椀渀渀✀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀琀 椀猀 眀攀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀ഊ call to one another (Ellis-Davidson, Road to Hel, p. 91). ਀ഊThe idea of dead friends calling greetings from grave to grave is a peaceful ਀漀渀攀Ⰰ 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀椀渀最 愀 眀椀猀琀昀甀氀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀栀椀瀀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 礀攀琀ഊliving. However, this desire for the things of life often took on more ਀搀愀渀最攀爀漀甀猀 漀瘀攀爀琀漀渀攀猀 愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䬀椀氀氀攀爀ⴀ䠀爀愀瀀瀀Ⰰ 愀 戀爀甀琀愀氀 洀愀渀 眀栀漀ഊdeclared to his wife on his deathbed, ਀ഊ I want my grave to be dug under the living-room door, and I am to be ਀   瀀氀愀挀攀搀 甀瀀爀椀最栀琀 椀渀 椀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀猀栀漀氀搀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 欀攀攀瀀 愀渀 攀瘀攀渀ഊ better watch over my house. ਀ഊThe saga goes on to say that ਀ഊ Hrapp soon died and all his instructions were carried out, for Vigdis ਀   嬀栀椀猀 眀椀昀攀崀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 搀愀爀攀 搀漀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀⸀  䄀渀搀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 愀猀 栀攀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 琀漀 ഊ deal with during his life, he was now very much worse after death, for ਀   栀椀猀 挀漀爀瀀猀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 爀攀猀琀 椀渀 椀琀猀 最爀愀瘀攀⸀⸀⸀ ⠀䴀愀最渀甀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀猀猀漀渀Ⰰഊ Laxdaela Saga, pp. 77-78). ਀ഊThe draugar who most dramatically demonstrate the desire for their past life ਀愀爀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 椀渀 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 猀愀最愀⸀  吀栀攀 最栀漀猀琀猀 漀昀 搀爀眀漀渀攀搀 吀栀漀爀漀搀搀 愀渀搀ഊhis crew, dripping wet, and the mud-covered band of draugar led by Thorir ਀圀漀漀搀ⴀ䰀攀最 椀渀瘀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最ⴀ爀漀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀 愀琀 䘀爀漀搀爀椀瘀攀爀㨀ഊ ਀   吀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 戀漀氀琀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀洀Ⰰ 愀猀 礀漀甀✀搀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 攀瘀攀渀椀渀最ഊ they had to do without light, heating-stones, and everything else the ਀   昀椀爀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 最椀瘀攀 ⠀倀愀氀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㘀ⴀ㄀㘀㜀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 搀攀瀀爀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 䘀爀漀搀爀椀瘀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀猀ഊof thei hall at night, while they are present the wage mud-fights, no doubt ਀搀愀洀愀最椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 椀琀 甀渀椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀戀氀攀 戀礀 搀愀礀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ഊ ਀        䤀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀最愀猀Ⰰ ∀琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 搀椀攀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀 最漀渀攀 琀漀 愀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 瀀氀愀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀ഊare on the contrary driven away from the comfort of their homes and the ਀挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 欀椀渀⸀  吀栀攀礀 昀攀攀氀 挀漀氀搀 愀渀搀 栀甀渀最爀礀∀ ⠀䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀猀攀渀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䐀攀愀搀ഊand the Living," p. 10). It is no wonder then that the draugr should come ਀琀漀 爀攀猀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 眀愀氀欀 愀最愀椀渀 琀漀 爀攀挀氀愀椀洀 愀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀栀攀礀 昀攀攀氀ഊis rightfully theirs. This envy of the living is related to the motive ਀搀爀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 愀渀搀 搀愀渀最攀爀漀甀猀 漀昀 搀爀愀甀最愀爀㨀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀猀愀琀椀愀戀氀攀 栀甀渀最攀爀⸀ഊThis hunger is seen in the encounter of Aran and Asmund, sword brothers, who ਀洀愀搀攀 愀渀 漀愀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 漀渀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 搀椀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀椀琀 瘀椀最椀氀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀 昀漀爀ഊthree days inside the burial mound. This when Aran died, Asmund equipped ਀栀椀猀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀✀猀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 戀愀渀渀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 愀爀洀漀爀Ⰰ 栀愀眀欀Ⰰഊhound, and horse. Then Asmund set himself to wait the three days: ਀ഊ During the first night, Aran got up from his chair and killed the hawk and ਀   栀漀甀渀搀 愀渀搀 愀琀攀 琀栀攀洀⸀  伀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀 栀攀 最漀琀 甀瀀 愀最愀椀渀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀猀 挀栀愀椀爀Ⰰഊ and killed the horse and tore it into pieces; then he took great bites at the ਀   栀漀爀猀攀ⴀ昀氀攀猀栀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 琀攀攀琀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀氀漀漀搀 猀琀爀攀愀洀椀渀最 搀漀眀渀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀猀 洀漀甀琀栀 愀氀氀ഊ the while he was eating.... The third night Asmund became very drowsy, ਀   愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀栀椀渀最 栀攀 欀渀攀眀Ⰰ 䄀爀愀洀 栀愀搀 最漀琀 栀椀洀 戀礀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀爀渀 琀栀攀洀 ഊ off (Palsson and Edwards, "Egils saga einhenda ok Asmundar saga ਀   戀攀爀猀攀爀欀樀愀戀愀渀愀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 䜀愀甀琀爀攀欀✀猀 匀愀最愀 愀渀搀 伀琀栀攀爀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 吀愀氀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 㤀㤀ⴀ㄀　㄀⤀⸀ഊ ਀匀愀砀漀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 爀攀挀漀甀渀琀猀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 戀愀猀椀挀 猀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 愀搀搀猀Ⰰ ∀⸀⸀⸀ 戀甀琀 栀漀爀猀攀ഊnor dog sated its hunger; swiftly it turned its lightning talons to slash my ਀挀栀攀攀欀 愀渀搀 琀愀欀攀 漀昀昀 洀礀 攀愀爀∀ ⠀匀愀砀漀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀甀猀Ⰰ 嘀漀氀 䤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㔀㄀㬀  伀琀栀攀爀 栀甀渀最爀礀ഊghosts include Glamr of Grettirs saga and Thrain of Hromundar saga ਀䜀爀攀椀瀀猀猀漀渀愀爀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㜀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 椀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀氀攀愀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最ഊdevoured the animals interred with him in the mound, had determined to make ਀䄀猀洀甀渀搀 栀椀猀 渀攀砀琀 最爀椀猀氀礀 洀攀愀氀⸀  吀栀攀 甀渀渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 栀甀渀最攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 眀愀猀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀ഊa physical manifestation of its desire for life. It is for this reason that ਀洀漀搀攀爀渀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀琀漀爀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 氀椀渀欀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瘀愀洀瀀椀爀攀⸀  ∀䤀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀愀氀攀猀ഊthe corpse within the grave is always represented with vampre-like ਀瀀爀漀瀀攀渀猀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀瀀攀爀栀甀洀愀渀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 昀椀攀爀挀攀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 琀漀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀 愀渀礀 氀椀瘀椀渀最ഊcreature which ventures to enter the mound" (Ellis-Davidson, Road to Hel, p. ਀㤀㈀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        吀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀✀猀 瘀椀挀琀椀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀爀攀猀瀀愀猀猀攀爀猀 椀渀 椀琀猀ഊmound. The roaming ghosts decimated livestock by running the animals to ਀搀攀愀琀栀 眀栀椀氀攀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 爀椀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 漀爀 瀀甀爀猀甀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 栀椀搀攀漀甀猀Ⰰ 栀愀氀昀ⴀ昀氀愀礀攀搀ഊform. Shepherd, whose duties to their flocks left them out of doors at ਀渀椀最栀琀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 琀愀爀最攀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 栀甀渀最攀爀 愀渀搀 栀愀琀爀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊundead: ਀ഊ ... the oxen which had been used to haul Thorolf's body were ridden to ਀   搀攀愀琀栀 戀礀 搀攀洀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀 猀椀渀最氀攀 戀攀愀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀洀攀 渀攀愀爀 栀椀猀 最爀愀瘀攀 眀攀渀琀 ഊ raving mad and howled itself to death. The shepherd at Hvamm often ਀   挀愀洀攀 爀愀挀椀渀最 栀漀洀攀 眀椀琀栀 吀栀漀爀漀氀昀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀椀洀⸀  伀渀攀 搀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀甀琀甀洀渀 渀攀椀琀栀攀爀 ഊ sheep nor shepherd came back to the farm" (Palsson and Edwards, ਀   䔀礀爀戀礀最最樀愀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㔀⤀⸀ഊ ਀匀琀愀戀氀攀搀 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 甀渀眀愀爀礀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀氀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀爀甀猀栀攀搀 愀渀搀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀Ⰰഊand those unwary enough to open hall doors after nightfall for a knocking ਀瘀椀猀椀琀漀爀 洀椀最栀琀 渀攀瘀攀爀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀 愀最愀椀渀㨀ഊ ਀   䄀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀 洀攀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 挀愀洀攀 愀 氀漀甀搀 猀栀愀爀瀀 戀氀漀眀 愀琀 琀栀攀 搀漀漀爀⸀ ഊ Then one of them said, "Good tidings must be near now." He ran out, ਀   愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 眀愀猀 氀漀渀最 挀漀洀椀渀最 戀愀挀欀⸀  吀栀攀 䤀漀猀琀愀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 洀攀渀 ഊ went out, and saw him that had gone out stark mad, and in the morning ਀   栀攀 搀椀攀搀 ⠀䜀甀搀戀爀愀渀搀爀 嘀椀最昀甀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䘀⸀ 夀漀爀欀 倀漀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ ∀䘀氀漀愀洀愀渀渀愀 猀愀最愀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 ഊ Origines Islandicae. Oxford, Clarendon, 1905, Vol II, p. 646). ਀ഊThe Icelandic custom was to tap three times at the windows after dark, and ਀∀愀 欀渀漀挀欀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀昀 椀琀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 猀琀爀漀欀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀 猀甀爀攀 猀椀最渀 漀昀 愀ഊghost or other evil creature seeking entry" ( Simpson, Icelandic Folktales ਀愀渀搀 䰀攀最攀渀搀猀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㄀㌀㔀ⴀ㄀㌀㘀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 猀琀愀礀椀渀最 椀渀搀漀漀爀猀 愀琀 渀椀最栀琀 眀愀猀 猀愀昀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 瘀攀渀琀甀爀椀渀最 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀ഊwhen a draugr was about, the creature might attack the hall itself: ਀ഊ At night the people at Hvamm used to hear loud noises from outside, ਀   愀渀搀 椀琀 漀昀琀攀渀 猀漀甀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀 愀猀 椀昀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 猀漀洀攀戀漀搀礀 猀椀琀琀椀渀最 愀猀琀爀椀搀攀 ഊ the roof (Palsson and Edwards, Eyrbyggja Saga, p. 115). ਀ഊThis type of onslaught was known as house-riding, and the draugr used its ਀攀渀漀爀洀漀甀猀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 琀漀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀昀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 搀爀甀洀洀椀渀最 漀昀 椀琀猀 栀攀攀氀猀ഊterrified the inhabitants within: ਀ഊ Someone seemed to be climbing the house and then straddling the ਀   爀漀漀昀ⴀ琀漀瀀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀愀琀椀渀最 栀椀猀 栀攀攀氀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀昀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 ഊ every beam in the house was cracking (Fox and Palsson, Grettirs Saga, ਀   瀀⸀ 㔀㜀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀✀猀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 挀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 椀渀琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 最愀椀渀 攀渀琀爀礀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀 戀礀ഊdestroying the doors: ਀ഊ The entire frame of the outer door had been broken away, and a crude ਀   栀甀爀搀氀攀 琀椀攀搀 挀愀爀攀氀攀猀猀氀礀 椀渀 椀琀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 眀漀漀搀攀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 ഊ had seperated the hall from the entrance passage had also broken away, ਀   戀漀琀栀 戀攀氀漀眀 愀渀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀猀猀戀攀愀洀 ⠀䤀戀椀搀⸀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        伀瘀攀爀挀漀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 焀甀椀琀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀ഊScandinavians believed that even the dead could die again: ਀ഊ I can tell with truth, I say, ਀   䘀漀爀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀攀渀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀猀 ✀渀攀愀琀栀 琀栀攀 眀攀氀欀椀渀⸀ഊ Niflhel beneath nine worlds I saw, ਀   吀栀攀爀攀 洀攀渀 搀椀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 䠀攀氀⸀ഊ (Hollander, "Vafthruthnismal," The Poetic Edda, p. 50) ਀ഊAlthough iron weapons could harm the draugr, as with many supernatural ਀挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 挀漀氀搀 椀爀漀渀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 琀漀 猀琀漀瀀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 眀愀氀欀椀渀最⸀ഊFirst, the draugr must be overcome by grappling hand-to-hand with the ਀挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀爀攀猀琀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀椀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀搀甀攀搀 ⠀匀椀洀瀀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀ഊFolktales and Legends, p. 107). The hero next must decapitate the ghost, ਀漀昀琀攀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀眀漀爀搀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀✀猀 漀眀渀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 ⠀䌀栀愀搀眀椀挀欀Ⰰ ∀一漀爀猀攀ഊGhosts," p. 55). This was at times a difficult task, for in some traditions ਀琀栀攀 栀攀爀漀 眀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 氀攀愀瀀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀ഊcorpse hit the ground, or walk widdershins three times between the head and ਀戀漀搀礀 愀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 搀爀椀瘀攀 愀 眀漀漀搀攀渀 猀琀愀欀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀氀攀猀猀 戀漀搀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀ഊmanner other cultures used to dispose of vampires (Saxo Grammaticus, Vol. I, ਀瀀⸀ ㄀㔀　 愀渀搀 嘀漀氀⸀ 䤀䤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀㤀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 猀琀攀瀀 椀渀 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 眀愀猀 琀漀ഊburn the remains to cold ashes and then bury the ashes in a remote spot or ਀琀栀爀漀眀 琀栀攀洀 漀甀琀 琀漀 猀攀愀㨀  漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀渀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀 琀爀甀氀礀 搀攀愀搀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀琀椀渀攀搀 琀漀ഊrise no more (Ellis-Davidson, Road to Hel, pp. 37-38). ਀ഊ ਀倀愀爀琀 嘀㨀 倀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 䐀爀愀甀最爀 愀渀搀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀✀猀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀ഊ ਀⠀䄀氀氀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 䬀氀愀攀戀攀爀✀猀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊFight at Finnsburg. 3rd ed. Lexington MA; D.C. Heath & Co., 1950. All ਀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 愀渀礀 洀椀猀琀愀欀攀猀 琀栀攀爀椀渀 愀爀攀 洀礀 漀眀渀⸀⤀ഊ ਀        倀愀爀攀氀氀攀氀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀 愀渀搀 䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀猀 匀愀最愀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀ഊthe similarities between Beowulf's encounter with Grendel in heorot and ਀䜀爀攀琀琀椀爀✀猀 猀琀爀甀最最氀攀 眀椀琀栀 䜀氀愀洀爀 愀琀 吀栀漀爀栀愀氀氀猀猀琀愀搀椀爀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 琀眀漀 琀愀氀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 洀漀爀攀ഊin common than just their plots, however, for there are many similarities ਀戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 洀漀渀猀琀爀漀甀猀 愀搀瘀攀爀猀愀爀椀攀猀㨀  ∀吀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 琀栀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀ഊis related to the corpse demon (aptrgangr) Glamr..." (Nicholas K. Kiessling, ਀∀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀㨀 䄀 一攀眀 䄀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ∀ 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 倀栀椀氀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 㘀㔀 ⠀㄀㤀㘀㠀⤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　㄀⤀⸀  䤀渀 洀愀渀礀ഊrespects, Grendel himself seems to exhibit the characteristics of the ਀眀愀氀欀椀渀最 搀攀愀搀⸀ഊ ਀        䌀栀愀搀眀椀挀欀Ⰰ 椀渀 栀攀爀 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 眀漀爀搀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀ഊGrendel, points out that Anglo-Saxon glossaries relate these descriptions to ਀䰀愀琀椀渀 眀漀爀搀猀 ∀愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀爀眀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 渀攀挀爀漀洀愀渀挀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 栀愀爀洀昀甀氀ഊinfluence of the spirits of the dead" (Chadwick, "The Monsters and Beowulf," ਀瀀⸀ ㄀㜀㔀⤀⸀  䰀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀Ⰰ ∀猀眀漀氀氀攀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 愀渀 漀砀Ⰰ∀ 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 ∀洀愀爀愀ഊthonne aenig man odther" (l. 1353, "greater in size than any other man") and ਀瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀攀猀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 瀀爀漀瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀漀 栀椀猀 猀椀稀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 攀渀愀戀氀攀猀 栀椀洀 琀漀 挀愀爀爀礀ഊfifteen men away to his lair: ਀ഊ Thonne he Hrodthgares heordth-geneatas ਀   猀氀漀栀 漀渀 猀眀攀漀昀漀琀攀                     猀氀愀攀瀀攀渀搀攀 昀爀愀攀琀ഊ folces Denigea fyftyne men, ਀   愀渀搀 漀搀琀栀攀爀 猀眀礀氀挀                     甀琀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀攀ഊ ladthlicu lac. (ll. 1580-1584a) ਀ഊ (Then Hrothgar's hearth companions ਀   栀攀 猀氀攀眀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀攀搀猀Ⰰ              愀琀攀 琀栀攀洀 猀氀攀攀瀀椀渀最Ⰰഊ of the Danish people fifteen men, ਀   愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 昀椀昀琀攀攀渀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀             栀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀昀昀ⴀഊ a hateful gift.) ਀ഊIt would also seem that Grendel shared with the undead the ability to ਀猀栀愀瀀攀ⴀ猀栀椀昀琀⸀  䄀猀 伀✀䬀攀攀昀攀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 愀 洀愀渀ഊby the words "guma" (ll. 973, 1682), "haeledtha" (l. 2072), "rinc" (l. ਀㜀㈀　⤀Ⰰ  愀渀搀 ∀眀攀爀∀  ⠀氀⸀ ㄀　㔀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 礀攀琀 栀攀 愀氀猀漀 瀀愀爀琀愀欀攀猀 漀昀 愀 洀漀渀猀琀爀漀甀猀 渀愀琀甀爀攀ഊ(Katherine O'Brien O'Keefe, "Beowulf, Lines 702b-836: Transformations and ਀䰀椀洀椀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀甀洀愀渀Ⰰ∀ 椀渀 吀攀砀愀猀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 椀渀 䰀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ ㈀㌀ഊ(1981), p. 486). After his disasterous encounter with Beowulf, the arm left ਀戀攀栀椀渀搀 戀礀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 猀攀攀渀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 琀愀氀漀渀攀搀 瀀愀眀㨀ഊ ਀   ⸀⸀⸀                                 昀漀爀愀渀 愀攀最栀眀礀氀挀 眀愀攀猀Ⰰഊ stidthra naegla gehwylc style gelicost ਀   栀愀攀琀栀攀渀攀猀 栀愀渀搀猀瀀漀爀甀                 栀椀氀搀攀爀椀渀挀攀猀ഊ eglu unheoru... (ll. 984b - 987a) ਀ഊ (... at the end of each ਀   攀瘀攀爀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀愀爀搀 渀愀椀氀猀 眀愀猀        洀漀猀琀 氀椀欀攀 猀琀攀攀氀ഊ the handspurs of the heathen warrior ਀   眀攀爀攀 愀眀昀甀氀Ⰰ 洀漀渀猀琀爀漀甀猀 琀栀椀渀最猀⸀⸀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 爀攀挀愀氀氀猀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 昀漀爀洀 愀猀猀甀洀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀 吀栀爀愀椀渀 漀昀ഊHromundar saga Greipssonar while battling Hromund. ਀ഊ Grendel exhibits the vampire-like propensities of the draugr as ਀眀攀氀氀⸀  䬀椀攀猀猀氀椀渀最 氀椀渀欀猀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 ∀洀愀攀爀攀∀ ⠀氀氀⸀ ㄀　㌀Ⰰ 㜀㘀㈀⤀ 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀ഊGrendel with the Latin "lamia," "a blood-drinking witch," based on the ਀攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 最氀漀猀猀愀爀椀攀猀 ⠀䬀椀攀猀猀氀椀渀最Ⰰ ∀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀㨀 䄀 一攀眀 䄀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ∀ 瀀瀀⸀ഊ195-196). Grendel himself certainly drinks the blood of doomed Hondscioh: ਀ഊ Ne thaet se aglaeca yldan thohte, ਀  愀挀 栀攀 最攀昀攀渀最 栀爀愀搀琀栀攀                    昀漀爀洀愀渀 猀椀搀琀栀攀ഊ slaepende rinc, slat unwearnum ਀  戀愀琀 戀愀渀氀漀挀愀渀Ⰰ                               戀氀漀搀 攀搀爀甀洀 搀爀愀渀欀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀  ⠀一漀爀 搀椀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀戀愀琀愀渀琀                  琀栀椀渀欀 琀漀 搀攀氀愀礀ഊ but he quickly caught the first time ਀  愀 猀氀攀攀瀀椀渀最 洀愀渀Ⰰ                            最爀攀攀搀椀氀礀 琀漀爀攀 栀椀洀Ⰰഊ bit the joint, drank the blood streams...) ਀ഊ Grendel's abode may also be related to the barrow of the draugr. ਀吀栀攀 搀眀攀氀氀椀渀最猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀 眀攀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 戀攀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 戀攀渀攀愀琀栀 愀 猀琀漀渀攀 漀爀ഊboulder, and the mere of Grendel is likewise to be found beneath a "harne ਀猀琀愀渀∀ ⠀氀⸀ ㄀㐀㄀㔀Ⰰ ∀最爀攀礀 猀琀漀渀攀∀⤀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 漀挀挀甀爀攀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊphrase "under harne stan" in Beowulf, each describing the lair of a dragon ਀⠀氀氀⸀ 㠀㠀㜀Ⰰ ㈀㔀㔀㌀Ⰰ ㈀㜀㐀㐀⤀⸀  伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 昀椀爀洀氀礀 氀椀渀欀猀 搀爀愀最漀渀猀 琀漀ഊbarrows: "To the Anglo-Saxon poets there is little doubt that a burial ਀洀漀甀渀搀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 ✀栀椀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀最漀渀⸀✀∀ ⠀䔀氀氀椀猀ⴀ䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀Ⰰഊ"The Hill of the Dragon," p. 178). The dragon's lair in Beowulf is ਀攀砀瀀氀椀挀椀琀氀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 洀愀渀礀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀猀 愀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 ⠀∀戀攀漀爀栀∀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀 栀愀猀ഊdirected Wiglaf to seek out the dragon's treasure "under harne stan" (l. ਀㈀㜀㐀㐀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 礀漀甀渀最 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀 漀戀攀礀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 最漀氀搀 昀爀漀洀 ∀甀渀搀攀爀 戀攀漀爀最攀猀ഊhrof" (l. 2755, "under a barrow's roof"). Thus the description "under harne ਀猀琀愀渀∀ 愀挀琀猀 愀猀 愀 欀攀渀渀椀渀最 昀漀爀 愀 戀愀爀爀漀眀Ⰰ 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 瘀攀爀戀愀氀 猀栀漀爀琀栀愀渀搀 挀漀渀瘀攀礀椀渀最ഊthe idea of the supernatural and the home of the dead. ਀ഊ The mere itself has connections to the dwelling of the dead: "thaer ਀洀愀攀最 渀椀栀琀愀 最攀栀眀愀攀洀 渀椀搀琀栀眀甀渀搀漀爀 猀攀漀渀Ⰰ 昀礀爀 漀渀 昀氀漀搀攀∀  ⠀氀氀⸀ ㄀㌀㘀㔀ⴀ㄀㌀㘀㘀愀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀爀攀ഊeach night may be seen a fearful wonder, fire on the flood.") The waters of ਀琀栀攀 洀攀爀攀 戀甀爀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 搀爀攀愀搀 昀椀爀攀Ⰰ 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 猀攀攀渀 愀戀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀ഊbarrows of the dead. The water of the mere and the "fyrgenstream" (ll. ਀㄀㌀㔀㤀Ⰰ ㈀㄀㈀㠀⤀ 愀氀猀漀 爀攀挀愀氀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀最漀渀✀猀 戀愀爀爀漀眀㨀  ∀栀氀愀攀眀 甀渀搀攀爀ഊhrusan holmwylme neh, ydthgewinne" (ll. 2411-2412a, "the howe under the ਀攀愀爀琀栀 渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀ⴀ猀甀爀最攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀愀瘀攀ⴀ猀琀爀椀昀攀∀⤀ 愀渀搀 ∀猀琀愀渀搀愀渀 猀琀愀渀戀漀最愀渀Ⰰ 猀琀爀攀愀洀ഊut ponan brecan of beorge (ll. 2545-2546a, "a standing stone arch, from it a ਀猀琀爀攀愀洀 琀栀愀琀 戀甀爀猀琀 昀漀爀琀栀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀爀漀眀∀⤀⸀  䰀椀欀攀 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀✀猀 戀愀爀爀漀眀 ⠀氀氀⸀ഊ2156-3158), the howes of many Scandinavian draugar are built upon headlands ਀渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀 ⠀猀攀攀 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 䔀最椀氀猀 匀愀最愀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㔀　⤀⸀  吀栀甀猀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀攀Ⰰ 琀漀漀Ⰰ 椀猀ഊrecognized as a place of the dead. ਀ഊ The land around the mere is reminiscent of the hvammr in which so ਀洀愀渀礀 愀瀀琀爀最愀渀最愀爀 愀爀攀 昀漀甀渀搀⸀  吀栀攀 洀攀爀攀 椀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 戀攀渀攀愀琀栀 攀渀挀氀漀猀椀渀最 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀ഊwithin a narrow valley, in a place where the hills restrict the light of the ਀猀甀渀㨀ഊ ਀   ⸀⸀⸀                                             䠀椀攀 搀礀最攀氀 氀漀渀搀ഊ warigeadth wulfhleothu windige naessas, ਀   昀爀攀挀渀攀 昀攀渀最攀氀愀搀Ⰰ                         搀琀栀愀攀爀 昀礀爀最攀渀 猀琀爀攀愀洀ഊ under naessa genithu nither gewitedth... ਀   ⠀氀氀⸀ ㄀㌀㔀㜀戀 ⴀ ㄀㌀㘀　⤀ഊ ਀   ⠀⸀⸀⸀                                            吀栀攀礀 栀漀氀搀 琀漀 愀 猀攀挀爀攀琀 氀愀渀搀ഊ ward the wolf-slopes, the windy headlands ਀   琀栀攀 搀愀渀最攀爀漀甀猀 昀攀渀ⴀ瀀愀琀栀猀㬀             琀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀 猀琀爀攀愀洀ഊ under dark hills goes downwards...) ਀ഊand ਀ഊ Ofereode tha aethlinga bearn ਀   猀琀攀愀瀀 猀琀愀渀栀氀椀搀琀栀漀Ⰰ                      猀琀椀最攀 渀攀愀爀眀攀Ⰰഊ enge anpadthas, uncudth gelad ਀   渀攀漀眀氀攀 渀愀攀猀猀愀猀⸀⸀⸀                      ⠀氀氀⸀ ㄀㐀　㠀 ⴀ ㄀㐀㄀㄀愀⤀ഊ ਀   ⠀吀栀攀 愀攀琀栀氀椀渀最✀猀 猀漀渀                     爀漀搀攀 漀瘀攀爀ഊ the steep rocky slopes, the narrow paths, ਀   猀椀渀最氀攀ⴀ昀椀氀攀 琀爀愀挀欀猀Ⰰ                       猀琀爀愀渀最攀 眀愀礀猀Ⰰഊ steep hills...) ਀ഊThis landscape, like the hvammr, is also a place of boundaries, for Grendel ਀椀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀洀攀愀爀挀猀琀愀瀀愀∀ ⠀氀 ㄀　㌀愀Ⰰ ∀爀漀瘀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀猀∀⤀⸀ ഊ ਀        戀攀渀攀愀琀栀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀攀Ⰰ 䈀攀漀眀甀氀昀 攀渀琀攀爀猀 琀栀攀 ∀渀椀搀琀栀猀攀氀攀∀ ⠀氀⸀ഊ1513a, "hostile hall"), the home of the Grendel-kin. Like a barrow, it is ਀搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 愀 栀愀氀氀 ⴀⴀⴀ 漀爀 爀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀攀爀猀攀 漀昀 愀 栀愀氀氀㨀  ∀䄀渀琀椀ⴀ栀愀氀氀猀 漀昀ഊthis sort gain poetic resonance from their affinities with the grave" (Hume, ਀∀吀栀攀 䌀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀愀氀氀 椀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 倀漀攀琀爀礀Ⰰ∀ 瀀⸀ 㘀㠀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 ∀渀椀搀琀栀猀攀氀攀∀ 椀猀ഊprovided with "fyrleoht" (l. 1557a, "firelight") and furnished with ਀∀猀攀愀爀眀甀洀∀ 愀渀搀 愀 ∀猀椀最攀攀愀搀椀最 戀椀氀∀ ⠀氀⸀ ㄀㔀㔀㜀Ⰰ ∀愀爀洀漀爀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀愀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀ⴀ戀氀攀猀猀攀搀ഊsword"): rich treasure indeed for a fighting man. Plundering this hoard is ਀渀漀琀 愀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 琀愀猀欀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀琀 椀猀 最甀愀爀搀攀搀 戀礀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 挀愀琀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 愀猀 栀攀爀ഊson or the "ketta" found in Scandinavian barrows, with her "grimmum grapum" ਀⠀氀⸀ ㄀㔀㐀㈀愀Ⰰ ∀最爀椀洀 挀氀愀眀猀∀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 愀爀攀 洀漀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 昀漀爀挀攀ഊthat drives the draugr: envy of the living. Grendel was excluded from ਀䠀攀漀爀漀琀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 ∀挀椀爀挀氀攀 漀昀 氀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 瀀攀愀挀攀 攀渀挀氀漀猀攀搀 戀礀 搀愀爀欀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 搀椀猀挀漀洀昀漀爀琀 愀渀搀ഊdanger" (Ibid., p.11): ਀ഊ Dtha se ellengaest earfodthlice ਀   琀栀爀愀最攀 最攀琀栀漀氀漀搀攀Ⰰ                        猀攀 琀栀攀 椀渀 琀栀礀猀琀爀甀洀 戀愀搀Ⰰഊ thaet he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde ਀   栀氀甀搀渀攀 椀渀 栀攀愀氀氀攀㬀                          琀栀愀攀爀 眀愀攀猀 栀攀愀爀瀀愀渀 猀眀愀攀最Ⰰഊ swutal sang scopes. (ll. 86 - 90a) ਀ഊ (Then the estranges spirit hardship ਀   猀甀昀昀攀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ                        栀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 搀愀爀欀渀攀猀猀 搀眀攀氀琀ഊ for every day he heard rejoicing ਀   氀漀甀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀㬀                             琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀愀爀瀀ഊ the clear song of the scop.) ਀ഊThis passage has been deliberately placed before the description of ਀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 琀漀 猀甀最最攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀甀搀椀攀渀挀攀 䜀爀攀渀搀昀攀氀✀猀 洀漀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ(David Williams, "The Exile as Uncreator," in Mosaic, 8 (1975), p. 11). ਀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 搀攀瀀爀椀瘀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 樀漀礀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀昀漀爀琀 漀昀 䠀爀漀琀栀最愀爀✀猀ഊhall, he is also denied participation in the social bonding of lord and ਀琀栀攀椀最渀 瘀椀愀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀㨀  ∀渀漀 栀攀 琀栀漀渀攀 最椀昀猀琀漀氀 最爀攀琀愀渀 洀漀猀琀攀∀ഊ(l. 168, "nor was he allowed to approach the gift-throne"). ਀ഊ Grendel hungers for the things of life, and this hunger is expressed ਀戀礀 栀椀猀 猀愀瘀愀最攀 昀攀愀猀琀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 䠀爀漀琀栀最愀爀✀猀 爀攀琀愀椀渀攀爀猀⸀  䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀ഊthe joys of the hall, therefore he will separate the theigns from their ਀∀猀椀戀戀攀最攀搀爀椀栀琀∀ ⠀㬀⸀ ㌀㠀㜀Ⰰ ∀戀愀渀搀 漀昀 欀椀渀猀洀攀渀∀⤀ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀椀昀攀ഊ(Robert W. Hanning, "Sharing, Dividing, Depriving --- The Verbal Ironies of ਀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 䰀愀猀琀 嘀椀猀椀琀 琀漀 䠀攀漀爀漀琀Ⰰ∀  椀渀 吀攀砀愀猀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 椀渀 䰀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀ഊLanguage, 15 (1973), pp. 204-205). He does this in the same way as the ਀搀爀愀甀最爀 漀昀 ∀䔀最椀氀猀 猀愀最愀 攀椀渀栀攀渀搀愀 漀欀 䄀猀洀甀渀搀愀爀 猀愀最愀 戀攀爀猀攀爀欀樀愀戀愀渀愀∀㨀ഊ ਀   戀愀琀 戀愀渀氀漀挀愀渀                            戀氀漀搀 攀搀爀甀洀 搀爀愀渀挀Ⰰഊ synsnaedum swealh; sona haefde ਀   甀渀氀礀昀椀最攀渀搀攀猀                            攀愀氀 最攀昀攀漀爀洀漀搀Ⰰഊ fet ond folma. (ll. 742 - 745a) ਀ഊ (he bit the joint, drank the blood streams, ਀   猀眀愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 栀甀最攀 洀漀爀猀攀氀猀㬀         栀攀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 愀琀攀ഊ the dead man all up, ਀   昀攀攀琀 愀渀搀 栀愀渀搀猀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 攀琀礀洀漀氀漀最礀 漀昀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 渀愀洀攀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 ∀琀栀攀 最爀椀渀搀攀爀∀ 漀爀 ∀琀栀攀ഊdestroyer" (Kiessling, "Grendel:A New Aspect," p. 194), a name quite ਀愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 昀漀爀 愀 搀爀愀甀最爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 欀椀氀氀 戀礀 挀爀甀猀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 瘀椀挀琀椀洀猀ഊto death. Grendel wreaks his revenge upon the living, destroying what he ਀挀愀渀渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀⸀ഊ ਀        䰀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀甀最爀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 愀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀椀最栀琀⸀  䠀攀 椀猀 ∀搀攀漀最漀氀ഊdaedhata deorcum nihtum" (l. 2775, "the hidden doer of hateful deeds in the ਀搀愀爀欀 渀椀最栀琀∀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ∀猀挀爀椀搀琀栀愀渀 猀挀攀愀搀甀最攀渀最愀∀ ⠀氀⸀ 㜀　㌀Ⰰ ∀琀栀攀 最氀椀搀椀渀最ഊshadow-goer"), who moves through the landscape of shifting shadows and ਀椀渀琀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀渀琀 洀漀漀渀氀椀最栀琀 猀漀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀搀攀愀搀㨀  ∀匀挀攀愀搀甀栀攀氀洀愀ഊgesceapu scridthan cwoman wan under wolcnum" (ll. 650-651a, "the ਀猀栀愀搀漀眀ⴀ挀氀漀愀欀攀搀 猀栀愀瀀攀 挀漀洀攀猀 最氀椀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 戀氀愀挀欀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀甀搀猀⸀∀⤀  䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀ഊconceals his actions beneath a mist, "Dtha com of more under mistleothum ਀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 最漀渀最愀渀∀ ⠀氀氀⸀ 㜀㄀　ⴀ㜀㄀㄀愀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀渀 栀攀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀漀漀爀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 栀椀氀氀猀 漀昀ഊmist Grendel went"), and the intermittent moonlight suggested by the clouds ਀愀渀搀 洀椀猀琀 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 最氀攀愀洀 漀昀 氀椀最栀琀 昀爀漀洀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 攀礀攀猀㨀ഊ"him of eagum stod ligge gelicost leoht un faeger" (ll. 726b-727, "from his ਀攀礀攀猀 挀愀洀攀 愀渀 甀最氀礀 氀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀 氀椀欀攀 愀 昀氀愀洀攀∀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        唀瀀漀渀 栀椀猀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 愀琀 䠀攀漀爀漀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 戀愀琀琀氀攀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀猀ഊhis presence with the single blow at the door that was ytaken by the ਀䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀 猀愀最愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀椀最渀 漀昀 愀 最栀漀猀琀 猀攀攀欀椀渀最 攀渀琀爀礀㨀ഊ ਀   ⸀⸀⸀                                             䐀甀爀甀 猀漀渀愀 漀渀愀爀渀ഊ fyrbendum faest, sythdthan he hire folmum aethran; ਀   漀渀戀爀愀攀搀 琀栀愀 戀攀愀氀漀栀礀搀椀最               搀琀栀愀 栀攀 最攀戀漀氀最攀渀 眀愀攀猀Ⰰഊ recedes muthan. (ll. 721b-724a) ਀ഊ (... The door immediately sprang open ਀   琀栀漀 昀愀猀琀攀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 昀漀爀最攀搀 戀愀渀搀猀     眀栀攀渀 栀攀 琀漀甀挀栀攀搀 椀琀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀猀ഊ driven by evil desire swollen with anger, ਀   栀攀 琀漀爀攀 漀瀀攀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀✀猀 洀漀甀琀栀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀漀漀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀洀愀最攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀氀 攀渀最攀渀搀攀爀攀搀 眀栀攀渀ഊGrendel struggles with Beowulf recall the attacks made by the undead against ਀匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 栀漀洀攀猀㨀ഊ ਀   ⸀⸀⸀                                             刀攀挀攀搀 栀氀礀渀猀漀搀攀⸀ഊ Tha waes wundor micel, Thaet se winsele ਀   眀椀搀琀栀栀愀攀昀搀攀 栀攀愀琀栀漀搀攀漀爀甀洀Ⰰ         琀栀愀攀琀 栀攀 漀渀 栀爀甀猀愀渀 渀攀 昀攀漀氀Ⰰഊ faeger foldbold... (ll. 770-b-773a) ਀ഊ (... The hall resounded. ਀   吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 洀甀挀栀 眀漀渀搀攀爀              琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀攀ⴀ栀愀氀氀ഊ withstood the battle-brave, that the fair earth-dwelling ਀   搀椀搀 渀漀琀 昀愀氀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀渀搀⸀⸀⸀⤀ഊ ਀䘀椀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀挀漀洀攀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 愀爀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 氀愀礀 搀爀愀甀最愀爀⸀ഊBeowulf is intuitively aware that iron swords will be of no avail until he ਀栀愀猀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀氀礀 眀爀攀猀琀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最栀漀猀琀 ⠀氀氀⸀ 㘀㜀㜀ⴀ㘀㠀㌀Ⰰ 㜀㤀㠀ⴀ㠀　㔀愀Ⰰ 㤀㠀㜀戀ⴀ㤀㤀　⤀⸀ഊWhen the two meet in combat, they are nearly evenly matched --- Beowulf can ਀栀愀爀洀 栀椀猀 昀漀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 昀爀漀洀 昀氀攀攀椀渀最 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀 椀猀ഊkilled (ll. 967-970a). At the end, it is not Beowulf's mighty handgrip that ਀攀渀猀甀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 洀攀渀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀ⴀ欀椀渀 椀猀 攀渀搀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀栀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀ഊthe creatures: ਀ഊ ... Hra wide sprong ਀   猀礀琀栀搀琀栀愀渀 栀攀 愀攀昀琀攀爀 搀攀愀搀琀栀攀       搀爀攀瀀攀 琀栀爀漀眀愀搀攀ഊ heorosweng heardne, and hine tha heafde becearf. ਀   ⠀氀氀⸀ ㄀㔀㠀㠀戀ⴀ㄀㔀㤀　⤀ഊ ਀   ⠀⸀⸀⸀                                            吀栀攀 戀漀搀礀 戀漀甀渀搀攀搀 眀椀搀攀ഊ when after death it suffered the blow, ਀   琀栀攀 栀愀爀搀 猀眀漀爀搀ⴀ猀眀椀渀最                 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀 栀攀 挀甀琀 漀昀昀 栀椀猀 栀攀愀搀⸀⤀ഊ ਀匀漀 攀渀搀攀搀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀㨀ഊ ਀   愀氀搀爀攀猀 漀爀眀攀渀愀Ⰰ                          礀爀爀椀渀最 猀氀漀栀Ⰰഊ thaet hire width halse heard grapode, ਀   戀愀渀栀爀椀渀最愀猀 戀爀愀攀挀㬀                      戀椀氀 攀愀氀 搀琀栀甀爀栀眀漀搀ഊ faegne flaeschoman. (ll. 1565-1568a) ਀ഊ (despairing of life, he angrily struck ਀   猀漀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀 栀攀爀 渀攀挀欀                    椀琀 戀椀琀 栀愀爀搀Ⰰഊ broke the bone-rings; the blade went all the way through ਀   琀栀攀 搀漀漀洀攀搀 戀漀搀礀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 愀猀 愀 最椀愀渀琀 猀栀愀瀀攀ⴀ猀栀椀昀琀椀渀最 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀ഊdweller in a supernatural environment, who acts at nighty in a mist-shrouded ਀氀愀渀搀猀挀愀瀀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 洀漀琀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 攀渀瘀礀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 漀昀 氀椀昀攀Ⰰ 猀琀爀漀渀最氀礀ഊsuggests the Norse motif of the walking dead. However, as Kiessling notes, ਀䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀 椀猀 ∀愀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀渀 琀椀洀攀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀Ⰰ 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀ഊthe Scandinavian traditions merged" (Ibid., p. 201). Grendel is possessed ਀漀昀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 渀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀攀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀ഊculture of the Anglo-Saxons and the newer influences of Christianity. Each ਀昀愀挀攀琀 漀昀 䜀爀攀渀搀攀氀✀猀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 椀猀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀ഊmotifs that are integrated to form the complex whole throws new light on the ਀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀Ⰰ 攀渀栀愀渀挀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 瀀漀攀洀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 䔀渀搀℀ഊ ਀㨀㨀䜀唀一一伀刀䄀㨀㨀ഊ ਀䜀甀渀渀漀爀愀 䠀愀氀氀愀欀愀爀瘀愀ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris Walking-Dead-art Page 14 of 14 ਀ഊ