Vikg-n-Irelnd-art - 1/25/03
਀ഊ"Vikings in Ireland" by Mistress Gunnora Hallakarva, also known as "The Viking Answer Lady". Notes for a future article on the same subject.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Norse-msg, Ireland-msg, books-Norse-msg, Norse-crafts-bib, Norse-food-art, Norse-women-bib, amber-buying-art, names-Norse-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀 渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ
਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ    Mark S. Harris                  AKA:  THLord Stefan li Rous
਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊDate: Mon, 21 Sep 1998 22:42:33 -0500
਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䜀甀渀渀漀爀愀 䠀愀氀氀愀欀愀爀瘀愀 㰀最甀渀渀漀爀愀 愀琀 戀最愀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu
਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀ഊ
਀䤀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 礀漀甀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 洀礀 渀漀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 愀 昀漀爀琀栀挀漀洀椀渀最ഊ"Viking Answer Lady" article on the Vikings in Ireland:
਀ഊThere are no unbiased historical accounts of the Vikings.  The history of
਀琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 椀猀 琀漀氀搀 戀礀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 吀栀攀 䄀渀渀愀氀猀ഊof Ulster, the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (the Four Masters), the
਀䄀渀渀愀氀猀 漀昀 䌀氀漀渀洀愀挀渀漀椀猀攀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 圀愀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀愀攀搀栀椀氀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䜀愀椀氀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀ഊof Ibn Ghazal in Arabic, and in sagas and stories by the Vikings
਀琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀  䤀渀 攀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 栀愀猀 栀攀氀搀 瘀攀爀礀 猀琀爀漀渀最ഊopinions about the Vikings, and that opinion influences the account
਀愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最氀礀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 礀攀愀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀漀渀猀ഊhave been undertaken to give a less biased view of the Vikings' kingdoms in
਀䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 欀渀攀眀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 愀猀 䜀愀椀氀氀 ⠀∀䜀攀渀琀椀氀攀猀∀ 漀爀 昀漀爀攀椀最渀攀爀猀⤀Ⰰ 䰀漀挀栀氀愀渀渀ഊ("lakemen"), Normanni ("north-men") and Danes, regardless of where they may
਀栀愀瘀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀  䄀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀ഊIreland, the land was nominally ruled over by the Ard Righ, but was in
਀琀爀甀琀栀 愀 眀愀爀爀椀渀最 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀攀琀琀礀 欀椀渀最搀漀洀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 最愀瘀攀 氀椀瀀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 漀渀氀礀 琀漀ഊthe ceremonial overlordship of the Ui-Naill.  The North of Ireland was
਀爀甀氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀椀ⴀ一愀椀氀氀 昀愀洀椀氀礀⸀  䴀攀愀琀栀 眀愀猀 爀甀氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 唀椀ⴀ一愀椀氀氀Ⰰഊwhile Ulster was ruled by Njall-Caille of the northern Ui-Naill.  By the
਀愀搀瘀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀爀搀 刀椀最栀 眀愀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 ∀䬀椀渀最 漀昀 吀愀爀愀∀ 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 椀渀ഊname, for inasmuch as he ruled, he did so from Derry, which was not even in
਀琀栀攀 欀椀渀最搀漀洀 漀昀 䴀攀愀琀栀 眀栀攀爀攀 吀愀爀愀 猀琀漀漀搀⸀  吀栀攀 瀀攀琀琀礀 欀椀渀最猀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 戀甀猀礀ഊwarring among themselves and jockeying for power or a few more cattle,
਀甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀✀ 最爀攀愀琀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀攀猀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊthe divisiveness of the small Irish kingdoms with their many rivalries
਀攀渀猀甀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀攀氀琀猀✀ 搀漀眀渀昀愀氀氀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 漀昀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 愀琀琀愀挀欀猀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 椀猀 搀愀琀攀搀 㜀㤀㔀 䌀䔀⸀ഊ
਀䈀礀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 㠀　㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 栀愀搀 眀漀渀 愀 昀漀漀琀栀漀氀搀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 椀猀氀愀渀搀 漀昀ഊLindisfarne, in Rechain, Man, Iona and Inishmurray.  They had suffered some
਀搀攀昀攀愀琀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 椀渀 一漀爀琀栀甀洀戀爀椀愀 愀渀搀 䜀氀愀洀漀爀最愀渀猀栀椀爀攀⸀  匀甀搀搀攀渀氀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊlightning raids characteristic of the Northern raiders, an attack was
਀氀愀甀渀挀栀攀搀 甀瀀 匀氀椀最漀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 挀漀愀猀琀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀⸀ഊContemporary chronicles state that the Vikings were beaten by Ulstermen in
਀㠀㄀㄀Ⰰ 戀甀爀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀 挀漀愀猀琀 椀渀 㠀㄀㈀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀愀椀搀攀搀 椀渀 䴀愀礀漀Ⰰ 䌀漀渀渀愀甀最栀琀 愀渀搀 䌀漀爀欀ഊharbor, as well as in the south by Killarney. 
਀ഊIn 820 Viking fleets once more appeared on all coasts of Ireland,
਀瀀氀甀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 䌀漀爀欀Ⰰ 䈀攀最最愀爀礀 䤀猀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 圀攀砀昀漀爀搀 挀漀愀猀琀 愀渀搀 䠀漀眀琀栀Ⰰ 渀攀愀爀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀⸀ഊIn 822 Vikings attacked Skellig Michil off the coast of Kerry and in 824
਀爀愀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 愀琀 䈀愀渀最漀爀 ⠀䈀攀渀渀挀栀愀椀爀⤀ 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀愀猀琀 漀昀 䐀漀眀渀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀礀 㠀㈀㈀ 䌀䔀Ⰰ 嘀椀欀椀渀最 爀愀椀搀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 漀挀挀甀爀爀愀渀挀攀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀ഊcoastlines. 
਀ഊBy 825, Viking raids were no longer confined to the coastlines.  Vikings
਀氀愀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 圀攀砀昀漀爀搀 䈀愀礀Ⰰ 洀愀爀挀栀攀搀 眀攀猀琀 琀漀 吀愀最栀洀漀渀 琀漀 匀琀⸀ 䴀甀氀氀椀渀猀✀Ⰰ 眀攀渀琀ഊnorthwards by boat to Leoghlin Bridge and into Ossory County, then to
਀䤀渀椀猀琀椀漀最攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 戀礀 愀 栀漀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀猀猀漀爀礀ഊmen.  The Vikings were still formidable and made their way to Waterford,
਀眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 琀漀漀欀 猀栀椀瀀 愀渀搀 猀愀椀氀攀搀 爀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 夀漀甀最栀愀氀氀 栀愀爀戀漀爀 愀渀搀 瀀氀甀渀搀攀爀攀搀ഊthe monastary of St. Molaise.  Finally, they raided in Kilpeacon in
਀䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀 䌀漀甀渀琀礀 琀漀 昀椀渀椀猀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀攀瀀爀愀搀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀  䤀渀 㠀㈀㔀 愀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 昀氀攀攀琀 愀氀猀漀ഊfell upon Iona, once again wiping out its community of monks.
਀ഊBetween 830 and 840, large Viking fleets expanded the area of these raids,
਀猀愀椀氀椀渀最 昀愀爀 椀渀氀愀渀搀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 渀愀瘀椀最愀戀氀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀氀攀攀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀ഊcommand of Norwegian jarls.
਀ഊRaids continued until 831-832, when the Vikings were united under a
਀挀栀椀攀昀琀愀椀渀 眀椀琀栀 瘀椀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀洀戀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀甀挀欀Ⰰ 吀栀漀爀最椀猀氀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀ഊchroniclers Turgesius or Thorgeis. Snorri Sturluson in Heimskringla refers
਀琀漀 琀栀椀猀 吀栀漀爀最椀猀氀 愀猀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀昀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀愀氀氀猀 栀椀洀 愀 猀漀渀 漀昀 䬀椀渀最 䠀愀爀愀氀搀ഊHarfagra.   It is likely that Thorgisl's fleet originated from the Viking
਀猀攀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 䴀愀渀⸀  吀栀攀 昀氀攀攀琀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 䰀漀甀最栀 一攀愀最栀 愀渀搀ഊdefeated an Irish fleet of coracles, then attacked the greatest religious
਀攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䄀爀洀愀最栀 ⠀䄀爀搀ⴀ䴀愀挀栀愀⤀ 琀栀攀 猀攀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀椀爀 漀昀 匀琀⸀ഊPatrick.
਀ഊThe Vikings concentrated their attacks during the 830's and 840's on the
਀䤀爀椀猀栀 洀漀渀愀猀琀椀挀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䐀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀挀椀渀攀 眀愀爀昀愀爀攀 椀渀ഊIreland, the Irish utilized the monastaries as sanctuaries for high ranking
਀瀀攀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 眀攀愀氀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 氀椀瘀攀猀琀漀挀欀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 攀挀挀氀攀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀愀氀 眀攀愀氀琀栀 愀渀搀ഊornaments.  The sancrosanct nature of the monastic communities was
਀爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀爀椀渀最 䤀爀椀猀栀 昀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 琀漀 戀攀ഊtreasure houses of concentrated plunder.  The usual Viking raid was a
਀栀椀琀ⴀ愀渀搀ⴀ爀甀渀 猀琀爀椀欀攀Ⰰ 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀漀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀砀椀洀甀洀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀ഊgoods and then flee the vicinity before the Irish could mount an effective
਀爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀⸀ഊ
਀䌀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 昀攀氀琀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀礀 栀愀渀搀 漀昀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 爀愀椀搀攀爀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 䤀漀渀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀ഊhad to be abandoned in the 830's and 840's, Skellig Michael, and even large
਀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀椀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䬀椀氀搀愀爀攀⸀  䬀椀氀搀愀爀攀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 漀昀ഊLeinster, was plundered no less than 15 times by the Viking forces between
਀㠀㌀㘀 愀渀搀 ㄀　　　⸀  䄀爀洀愀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀洀攀 攀挀挀氀攀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀愀氀 挀攀渀琀攀爀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 眀愀猀ഊplundered eleven times.  Settlements near the established Viking camps were
਀愀氀洀漀猀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 攀砀琀漀爀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 ∀瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 洀漀渀攀礀∀ 戀礀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀⸀ഊ
਀䘀爀漀洀 㠀㌀㌀ⴀ㠀㐀　Ⰰ 漀琀栀攀爀 一漀爀猀攀 昀氀攀攀琀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 爀愀瘀愀最攀 琀栀攀 挀漀愀猀琀氀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊjoined up with Thorgisl's army. One of these was under the command of a
਀挀栀椀攀昀琀愀椀渀 渀愀洀攀搀 匀愀砀甀氀昀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 猀氀愀椀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀⸀   吀栀漀爀最椀猀氀ഊtook the great monastary at Clonmacnoise, where his queen Ota, a gydhja or
਀瀀爀椀攀猀琀攀猀猀Ⰰ 最愀瘀攀 瀀爀漀栀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 愀氀琀愀爀⸀  䔀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 吀栀漀爀最椀猀氀ഊconquered all of Leth Chuinn, the northern half of Ireland, which he ruled
਀昀爀漀洀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀渀⸀  䴀愀渀礀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 猀攀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰഊincluding Viksfjordr (Wexford), Waterford, all of the northern third of
਀䬀攀爀爀礀Ⰰ 匀欀攀氀氀椀最Ⰰ 䠀攀礀猀琀漀渀攀Ⰰ 䈀漀氀甀猀 䠀攀愀搀Ⰰ 匀洀攀爀眀椀挀欀Ⰰ 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀渀⸀ഊThree major Viking kingdoms in Ireland were established during this period,
਀愀琀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 愀琀 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀琀 圀愀琀攀爀昀漀爀搀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㐀㄀ 䌀䔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 挀愀洀瀀猀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 挀愀洀瀀猀ഊserved as areas to regroup and resupply before the next raiding season.
਀吀栀攀猀攀 挀愀洀瀀猀 愀爀攀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀愀氀猀 愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 椀渀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 戀甀 琀栀攀 刀椀瘀攀爀ഊLiffey, in Waterford by the River Barrow, in Limerick by the River Shannon,
਀愀渀搀 椀渀 䄀渀愀最愀猀猀愀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 刀椀瘀攀爀 䈀漀礀渀攀⸀  䰀愀琀攀爀 挀愀洀瀀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀琀ഊWexford and Cork.
਀ഊEventually the Irish began fighting back, and the Viking hold on their
਀眀椀渀琀攀爀 挀愀洀瀀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 攀渀搀愀渀最攀爀攀搀 戀礀 䤀爀椀猀栀 搀攀昀攀渀搀攀爀猀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀栀愀琀ഊfurther problems in holding the camps arose due to the presence and
਀愀最最爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 爀椀瘀愀氀 昀氀攀攀琀 漀昀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 䐀攀渀洀愀爀欀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㐀㔀Ⰰ 䬀椀渀最 䴀愀氀愀挀栀愀椀 䤀 ⠀䴀愀攀氀猀攀挀栀氀愀椀渀⤀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀攀愀琀栀 唀椀 一愀椀氀氀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀ഊsomehow capture Thorgisl, and had the Norse king of Dublin drowned in Loch
਀伀眀攀氀⸀  吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 愀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 爀攀瘀攀爀猀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 一漀爀琀栀洀攀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 搀椀搀ഊnot have a strong leader or asurred succession.  Malachai became the Ard
਀刀椀最栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀甀椀氀琀 愀 昀氀攀攀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀攀猀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㐀㜀Ⰰ 䌀攀愀爀戀栀愀氀氀Ⰰ 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 伀猀猀漀爀礀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀氀攀眀 ㄀㈀　　 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀⸀  吀栀椀猀ഊwas followed by Malachai and his champion Tighernach, lord of Loch Gabar,
਀愀琀琀愀挀欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀 猀琀爀漀渀最栀漀氀搀 漀昀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 椀渀 㠀㐀㤀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㔀　 䌀⸀䔀⸀Ⰰ 䤀爀椀猀栀 愀渀渀愀氀猀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀挀椀渀攀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 戀攀最愀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀眀漀ഊtribes of Vikings in Ireland: the Daunitar or Danes on one side, and the
਀䰀漀挀栀氀愀渀渀愀爀 ⠀甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀搀 愀猀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀猀⤀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀 漀昀 䬀椀渀最ഊGur Rognvaldsson (Barthi Guthmundsson, Origin of the Icelanders, 14).
਀䤀琀 椀猀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀愀琀 䜀甀爀 眀愀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀瀀栀攀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 䬀椀渀最 䠀䔀爀攀欀ഊGurarson mentioned by Prudentius (Origin of the Icelanders, 14).
਀匀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 愀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 猀漀洀攀 瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 一漀爀眀愀礀ഊat least were under Danish rule at this time (Origin of the Icelanders,
਀㄀㔀⤀⸀  䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䐀愀甀渀椀琀愀爀 最愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 栀愀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 昀漀爀琀甀渀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 昀氀甀挀琀甀愀琀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀琀栀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最ഊkingdoms of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford survived and thrived.  Around
਀㠀㔀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 欀椀渀最搀漀洀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 猀漀洀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀挀椀渀攀 眀愀爀昀愀爀攀 愀最爀攀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀ഊruled by an over-king, who may have been called Ard-Righ and whose role
਀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 眀愀猀 瀀愀琀琀攀爀渀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 䄀爀搀ⴀ刀椀最栀搀漀洀渀愀⸀  吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀ഊof the "Kings of all the Northmen in Ireland" was Olaf the White, a
਀爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀 欀椀渀最猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀 䤀匀氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䠀攀戀爀椀搀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊremotely related to certain prominent Icelanders.  Olaf's brother Ivar
਀爀甀氀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㔀㌀ 䌀䔀Ⰰ 愀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 氀攀愀搀攀爀 渀愀洀攀搀 昀爀 䜀甀爀愀爀猀漀渀 猀攀椀稀攀搀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊremaining Viking camps in Ireland.  Irish sources say that fr was the
਀∀猀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀最 漀昀 䰀漀挀栀氀愀渀渀∀ ⴀⴀ 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀礀 刀漀最愀氀愀渀搀 椀渀 猀漀甀琀栀眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀⸀ഊAri the Learned later says in Dslendingabk that this fr was his
਀愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ∀猀眀漀爀搀ⴀ猀椀搀攀∀ 愀渀搀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 昀漀爀 昀爀 搀攀猀挀攀渀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀眀攀搀椀猀栀ഊYngling kings of Uppsala, saying that fr is the son of Ingjald. fr
਀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 爀愀椀搀猀Ⰰ 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 栀椀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 昀氀攀攀琀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀攀猀琀 戀椀搀搀攀爀 愀猀ഊmercenary forces.  Irish sources say that fr united the forces of the
਀䐀愀甀渀椀琀愀爀 愀渀搀 䰀漀挀栀氀愀渀渀愀爀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 氀甀挀爀愀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀ഊIreland was divided into three or four kingdoms, and these kingdoms were
਀愀氀眀愀礀猀 愀琀 眀愀爀⸀  伀渀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 爀愀爀攀Ⰰ 猀栀漀爀琀 琀爀甀挀攀猀 搀椀搀 昀爀✀猀 昀氀攀攀琀 昀椀渀搀ഊitself unemployed, and then they turned again to random raids to support
਀琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀  昀爀 眀愀猀 琀漀 爀甀氀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀挀攀猀 椀渀ഊIreland for eighteen years.
਀ഊIn 857 CE, =CDvarr the Boneless, son of Ragnarr Lo=F0brokk, became co-regent of
਀䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 猀栀愀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 㴀䐀㌀氀愀昀爀⸀  吀栀椀猀 樀漀椀渀琀 爀甀氀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀ഊ873 CE.  The sons and grandsons of =CDvarr meanwhile established themselves
਀椀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䨀漀爀瘀椀欀 ⠀洀漀搀攀爀渀 夀漀爀欀⤀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀 爀甀氀攀 漀昀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 眀愀猀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 渀漀琀 愀渀 甀渀攀渀氀椀最栀琀攀渀攀搀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀ഊbarbarism.  The Norse were, before all else, traders and merchants.  It has
਀戀攀攀渀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 最爀愀瘀攀猀 漀昀 眀攀愀氀琀栀礀 漀爀 攀瘀攀渀 渀漀戀氀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 漀昀琀攀渀ഊcontains a trader's scales as well as the more martial accoutrements of the
਀嘀椀欀椀渀最 挀栀椀攀昀琀愀椀渀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 ㄀　　　 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀ഊthe first native coinage into Ireland.
਀ഊIn 870 Olaf the White was recalled to Norway.  Ivar took over rule of both
਀䐀甀戀氀椀渀 愀渀搀 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀⸀  吀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 戀攀最愀渀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀Ⰰഊthe curse of those who live in Ireland, and on 901, the Irish managed to
਀挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㠀㜀㄀ 䌀⸀䔀⸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 挀栀爀漀渀椀挀氀攀爀猀 琀攀氀氀 甀猀 琀栀愀琀 䬀椀渀最 䜀甀㴀䘀　爀㴀䘀㘀㴀䘀　 刀漀最渀瘀愀氀搀猀猀漀渀Ⰰഊfather of =D3lafr Gu=F0r=F6=F0arson, ruler of the Irish Vikings, sent a message to
਀栀椀猀 猀漀渀 椀渀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 愀猀欀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 栀漀洀攀 琀漀 栀攀氀瀀 瀀甀琀 搀漀眀渀 愀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀ഊwhich had broken out against him.  Ari the Learned puts the Battle of the
਀䠀愀昀爀猀昀樀漀爀搀 椀渀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 㠀㜀㄀ 漀爀 㠀㜀㈀ 䌀⸀䔀⸀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 琀栀椀渀欀 椀琀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀ഊthat King Harald Harfagra fought that battle against Gu=F0r=F6=F0 Rognvaldsson
਀愀渀搀 栀椀猀 猀漀渀 㴀䐀㌀氀愀昀爀 䜀甀㴀䘀　爀㴀䘀㘀㴀䘀　愀爀猀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䠀愀昀爀猀昀樀漀爀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 洀愀爀欀猀ഊthe end of Danish rule in Norway during this era (Origin of the Icelanders,
਀㄀㔀⤀⸀  䰀愀琀攀爀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 欀椀渀最猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䬀椀渀最 䠀愀爀愀氀搀 䜀漀爀洀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 猀漀渀 匀瘀攀椀渀ഊHaraldsson called Frokbeard, and his grandson Canute Sveinsson the Powerful
਀愀氀氀 氀愀礀 挀氀愀椀洀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀氀漀爀搀猀栀椀瀀 椀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 甀瀀漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀 爀攀椀最渀ഊof King Gu=F0r=F6=F0.
਀ഊIn 902 CE, the Vikings were temporarily expelled from Ireland.  It is
਀琀栀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 搀甀攀 琀漀 愀 琀爀甀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 眀愀爀爀椀渀最 䤀爀椀猀栀ഊkingdoms.  The Norsemen found occupation for their warriors in England and
਀椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀⸀ഊ
਀䈀礀 㤀㄀㐀 䌀䔀Ⰰ 渀攀眀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 昀氀攀攀琀猀 栀愀搀 挀漀洀攀 琀漀 漀挀挀甀瀀礀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 眀椀渀琀攀爀 挀愀洀瀀猀ഊin Ireland. The grandsons of =CDvarr the Boneless led these new Viking
਀昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀椀氀搀椀渀最猀 椀渀 䨀漀爀瘀椀欀 愀渀搀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀ഊall of the Irish Sea.  Unfortunately for the Viking forces, the
਀䐀甀戀氀椀渀ⴀ䨀漀爀瘀椀欀 欀椀渀最搀漀洀 渀攀瘀攀爀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊconstant pressure of warfare with its neighbors.  The Viking leadership was
਀渀攀瘀攀爀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 椀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最 愀洀椀挀愀戀氀攀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀椀渀最ഊkingdoms.
਀ഊIn 927 CE, Godfred was driven from Jorvik by the Anglo-Saxon king AEthelstan.
਀ 䘀愀氀氀椀渀最 戀愀挀欀 漀渀 栀椀猀 䤀爀椀猀栀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 䜀漀搀昀爀攀搀 眀愀猀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀ഊregroup and eventually to recapture Jorvik by 939 CE, holding it until 952.
਀ഊBy the 940's, Viking power in the Irish camps was broken, and the Irish
਀嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 愀最愀椀渀 琀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀 愀猀 洀攀爀挀攀渀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀琀攀爀渀愀氀 䤀爀椀猀栀ഊinternecine fighting.  The Viking camps at Strangford, Carlingford Loughs,
਀愀渀搀 䄀渀愀最愀猀猀愀渀 挀愀洀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀 䤀爀椀猀栀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀ഊ
਀䈀礀 㤀㘀㠀 䌀䔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 挀愀洀瀀 愀琀 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀欀 栀愀搀 挀漀洀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 䤀爀椀猀栀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㤀㠀　 䌀䔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 眀攀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀欀椀渀最猀栀椀瀀ഊof the Irish king of Meath.
਀ഊThe end of the Viking rule in Ireland came with the reign of Ard-Righ Brian
਀䈀漀爀甀⸀  吀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 一漀爀猀攀 爀甀氀攀爀猀 漀昀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 眀攀爀攀 匀椀最琀爀礀最最 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 猀漀渀 伀氀愀昀 䌀甀爀愀渀ഊ(Olaf Shoe).  Under Olaf, Norwegian influence reached its peak.  An Irish
਀挀栀爀漀渀椀挀氀攀 猀愀礀猀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀 一漀爀猀攀 欀椀渀最 椀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀 一漀爀猀攀 挀栀椀攀昀 椀渀ഊevery clan, a Norse abbot in every church, a Norse sherrif in every
਀瘀椀氀氀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀 一漀爀猀攀 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀 椀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 栀漀洀攀⸀∀   伀氀愀昀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 琀漀ഊChristianity, dying as a monk in 981 in the monastary at Iona.
਀ഊIn 980 The Norse suffered a heavy defeat at Tara under the leadership of
਀䈀爀椀愀渀 䈀漀爀甀 ⠀䈀漀爀漀椀洀栀攀⤀⸀  䈀爀椀愀渀 䈀漀爀甀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 䄀爀搀 刀椀最栀 漀昀 愀氀氀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 昀漀爀挀椀渀最ഊthe petty kings to acknowledge his rule.  Eventually even the Norse came
਀甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䄀爀搀 刀椀最栀✀猀 爀甀氀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 戀礀 ㄀　　　 䈀爀椀愀渀 眀愀猀 欀椀渀最 攀瘀攀渀 漀昀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 㤀㠀㤀 䌀䔀Ⰰ 匀椀最琀爀礀最最爀 匀椀氀欀椀猀欀攀最最 ⠀∀猀椀氀欀戀攀愀爀搀∀⤀ 戀攀挀愀洀攀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀ഊin Dublin.  Sigtryggr's rule lasted from 989-993, and from 995-1042.
਀匀䤀最琀爀礀最最爀 挀栀愀昀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 䴀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 爀攀椀最渀ഊattempted to throw off the yoke of Meath by allying with the King of
਀䰀攀椀渀猀琀攀爀⸀  䴀攀愀琀栀 洀愀渀愀最攀搀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀挀漀洀攀 匀椀最最琀爀礀最最爀✀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 戀爀攀愀欀 昀爀攀攀Ⰰഊand Dublin was forced to pay tribute to Meath in 995, 998, and 1000. =20
਀ഊIt is thought that Sigtryggr was the engineer of the alliance between the
਀䬀椀渀最 漀昀 䰀攀椀渀猀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 开开开Ⰰ 䨀愀爀氀 漀昀 伀爀欀渀攀礀 椀渀 ㄀　㄀㐀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀ഊof Clontarf.
਀ഊIn 1012 the Irish King of Leinster decided to rebel against Brian Boru, and
਀栀椀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀椀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀渀 漀昀 伀氀愀昀 䌀甀爀愀渀Ⰰ 匀椀最最琀爀礀最最 匀椀氀欀攀渀ⴀ戀攀愀爀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀ഊNorse ruler of Dublin.  Siggtrygg, fearing Brian Boru's military might,
਀爀攀挀爀甀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀椀搀 漀昀 匀椀最甀爀搀 䐀椀最爀椀⸀  伀渀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㈀㌀Ⰰ ㄀　㄀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 䈀爀椀愀渀ഊBoru met those of Siggtrygg.  Brian Boru and Sigurd Digri dies in the
਀昀椀最栀琀⸀  匀椀最最琀爀礀最最 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 眀愀猀 甀渀琀漀甀挀栀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀⸀  吀栀甀猀ഊSiggtrygg ruled in Dublin for many years after, eventually becoming the
਀昀椀爀猀琀 欀椀渀最 椀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀 琀漀 洀椀渀琀 栀椀猀 漀眀渀 挀漀椀渀猀⸀  匀椀最最琀爀礀最最 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀ഊChristian., and like his father ended his life as a monk in the monstary at
਀䤀漀渀愀⸀  吀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 氀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀 爀甀氀攀 椀渀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 䰀椀洀攀爀椀挀愀欀Ⰰഊand Waterford, they steadily became more Irish and less connected to
਀匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀ഊ
਀䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 匀椀最最琀爀礀最最爀Ⰰ 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 愀 洀椀渀漀爀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀ഊpower.  However, Dublin grew steadily in importance as a mercantile center.
਀ 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 眀愀猀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ欀渀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 椀琀猀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 椀渀 氀甀砀甀爀礀 最漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊprofits accruing to the ruler of Dublin from its markets made the town an
਀愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 瀀爀椀稀攀 昀漀爀 洀愀渀礀 爀甀氀攀爀猀⸀  䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 氀漀猀椀渀最 椀琀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 愀猀 愀ഊpolitical power, Dublin continued to maintain its mercenary fleet, hiring
਀琀栀攀 昀氀攀攀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀爀椀猀栀Ⰰ 匀挀漀琀猀Ⰰ 圀攀氀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 一漀爀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 甀瀀ഊuntil the dissolution of the fleet at the time of the Norman Conquest.
਀ഊBy 1035, the Viking camp at Waterford had come under Irish control.
਀ഊIn 1052, a son of the King of Leinster was named Regent in Dublin.
਀ഊIrish rule of Dublin was interrupted from 1078 to 1094, when the Norse King
਀漀昀 䴀愀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䤀猀氀攀猀 ⠀琀栀攀 䠀攀戀爀椀搀攀猀⤀ 愀搀搀攀搀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 琀漀 栀椀猀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最猀⸀ഊ
਀䄀昀琀攀爀 ㄀　㤀㐀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 昀椀爀洀氀礀 椀渀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 欀椀渀最猀⸀ഊ
਀䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㨀ഊAlfred P. Smyth.  Scandinavian York and Dublin I: The History and
਀䄀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀 漀昀 吀眀漀 刀攀氀愀琀攀搀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䬀椀渀最搀漀洀猀⸀  䐀甀戀氀椀渀㨀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀欀椀攀爀愀渀⸀ ㄀㤀㜀㔀⸀ഊ
਀䄀氀昀爀攀搀 倀⸀ 匀洀礀琀栀⸀  匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 夀漀爀欀 愀渀搀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀 䤀䤀㨀 吀栀攀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀ഊArchaeology of Two Related Viking Kingdoms.  New Jersey: Humanities Press
਀愀渀搀 䐀甀戀氀椀渀㨀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀欀椀攀爀愀渀⸀ ㄀㤀㜀㤀⸀ഊ
਀䄀氀昀爀攀搀 倀⸀ 匀洀礀琀栀⸀  匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 䬀椀渀最猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䤀猀氀攀猀Ⰰ 㠀㔀　ⴀ㠀㠀　⸀ഊOxford: Oxford Univ Press. 1977.
਀ഊDonnchadh O Corrain.  "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings." Irish
਀䠀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 ㈀㄀ ⠀㄀㤀㜀㤀⤀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㠀㌀ⴀ㌀㈀㌀⸀ഊ
਀倀愀琀爀椀挀欀 圀愀氀氀愀挀攀⸀  ∀吀栀攀 䄀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀 漀昀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䐀甀戀氀椀渀⸀∀  䤀渀㨀 吀栀攀 䌀漀洀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀ഊHistory of Urban Origins in Non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark,
਀䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀Ⰰ 倀漀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 刀甀猀猀椀愀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 一椀渀琀栀 琀漀 琀栀攀 吀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀  䔀搀⸀ഊHelen B. Clarke et al.  Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1985.  pp.
਀㄀　㌀ⴀ㄀㐀㈀⸀ഊ
਀䘀爀愀渀挀漀椀猀攀 䠀攀渀爀礀⸀  䤀爀椀猀栀 䄀爀琀 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䤀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀猀 ⠀㠀　　ⴀ㄀　㈀　 䄀䐀⤀ഊIthaca: Cornell Univ Press.  1967.
਀ഊW.E.D. Allen, The Poet and the Spae-Wife: an Attempt to Reconstruct
਀䄀氀ⴀ䜀栀愀稀愀氀✀猀 䔀洀戀愀猀猀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀⸀∀  䐀甀戀氀椀渀㨀 䄀氀氀攀渀 䘀椀最最椀猀 ☀ 䌀漀⸀ ㄀㤀㘀　⸀ഊ
਀䌀⸀䘀⸀ 䬀攀愀爀礀⸀  吀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 椀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀攀渀搀漀洀Ⰰ 䄀䐀 㜀㠀㤀ⴀ䄀䐀 㠀㠀㠀⸀  ㄀㠀㤀㄀⸀ഊMillwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co. 1975.
਀ഊJohannes Brondsted.  The Vikings.  New York: Penguin. 1965.  ISBN
਀　ⴀ㄀㐀ⴀ　㈀　㐀㔀㤀ⴀ㠀 ⠀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀椀猀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀 栀愀猀 洀甀挀栀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀ഊarchaeological info.)
਀ഊGwyn Jones.  A History of the Vikings.  2nd ed.  Oxford: Oxford Univ.
਀倀爀攀猀猀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㐀⸀ഊ
਀䜀甀渀渀漀爀愀 䠀愀氀氀愀欀愀爀瘀愀ഊHerskerinde
਀ഊ<the end>
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