Norse-women-bib - 3/28/01
਀ഊAn annotated bibliography on Norse women by Mistress Gunnora Hallakarva.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Norse-msg, books-Norse-msg, V-Arts-and-A-art, Norse-crafts-bib, TEIO-Vikings-art, WS-bib, sprang-msg, mead-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀 渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ
਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ    Mark S. Harris                  AKA:  THLord Stefan li Rous
਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊFrom: gunnora at my-deja.com
਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Viking Women (was Re: Studying Women in History.)
਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ 　㌀ 䨀愀渀 ㈀　　　 ㈀㈀㨀㐀㐀㨀　㠀 䜀䴀吀ഊ
਀䌀愀琀爀椀漀渀愀 䬀愀琀氀愀 㰀挀愀琀爀椀漀渀欀愀琀 愀琀 愀漀氀⸀挀漀洀㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> There have been quite a few posts on this subject as of late so I
਀㸀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀  䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 琀栀爀攀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 琀漀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀琀甀搀礀ഊ> women in_all_walks_of_life.
਀ഊThere are some excellent sources along these lines for Viking women in
਀瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 愀琀 ⨀愀氀氀⨀ 琀栀攀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 椀猀㨀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀愀挀漀戀猀攀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀栀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 倀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀ഊViking Period. (MA Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1978.)
਀嬀倀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀栀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 眀漀洀攀渀 愀猀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 氀愀眀 愀渀搀ഊliterature, with separate discussions of conditions in Iceland, Norway,
਀䐀攀渀洀愀爀欀 愀渀搀 匀眀攀搀攀渀⸀ 䄀渀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 猀漀甀爀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 焀甀椀琀攀ഊreadable.]
਀ഊI also recommend the following as general starting points in learning
਀愀戀漀甀琀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䄀最攀 眀漀洀攀渀㨀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀攀猀挀栀Ⰰ 䨀甀搀椀琀栀⸀  圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䄀最攀⸀  圀漀漀搀戀爀椀搀最攀㨀 䈀漀礀搀攀氀氀⸀ഊ1991.  ISBN 0-85115-278-3.
਀嬀䨀攀猀挀栀✀猀 戀漀漀欀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 戀漀漀欀 漀渀 眀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最ഊAge.  She gives an introduction to the scholarship up to 1991 dealing
਀眀椀琀栀 眀漀洀攀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 椀猀 渀漀琀 椀渀ⴀ搀攀瀀琀栀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀ഊextremely useful as a place to begin learning about this topic, and
਀昀甀爀琀栀攀爀洀漀爀攀Ⰰ 䨀攀猀挀栀 瀀愀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 栀攀爀攀 昀漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 琀漀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 椀渀 栀攀爀ഊfootsteps.  Excellent book.]
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  Women in Old Norse Society.  Ithaca: Cornell Univ.
਀倀爀攀猀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㤀㔀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㠀　㄀㐀ⴀ㌀㄀㘀㔀ⴀ㐀⸀  ␀㌀㤀⸀㤀㔀ഊ[A fascinating wealth of detail of the lives of women in Viking Age
਀䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 一漀爀眀愀礀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 猀攀砀甀愀氀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀爀Ⰰ 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 挀甀猀琀漀洀猀Ⰰഊreproductive practices, familial relations, leisure activities,
਀爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀攀最愀氀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 眀漀洀攀渀⸀  䄀渀ഊoutstanding book.]
਀ഊThere are also many more specialized sources on Viking women, including:
਀ഊ* Benidictow, Ole Jorgen.  "The Milky Way in History:  Breast Feeding,
਀䄀渀琀愀最漀渀椀猀洀 䈀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 匀攀砀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀渀昀愀渀琀 䴀漀爀琀愀氀椀琀礀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 一漀爀眀愀礀Ⰰ∀ഊScandinavian Journal of History.  10 (1985): 19-53.
਀ഊ* Clover, Carol J.  "Maiden Warriors and Other Sons," Journal of
਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 倀栀椀氀漀氀漀最礀 ⠀䨀䔀䜀倀⤀Ⰰ 㠀㔀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㘀⤀㨀㌀㔀ⴀ㐀㤀⸀ഊ[This is an excellent article examining the theme of the Viking warrior
਀眀漀洀愀渀⸀  䌀氀漀瘀攀爀 栀愀猀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀ഊthe Baugatal section of Gragas, the sagas and Saxo Grammaticus's
਀搀攀瀀椀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 攀琀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀椀猀漀渀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀ഊthe woman warrior was a rare and specialized role.  The only case in
਀眀栀椀挀栀 愀 眀漀洀愀渀 眀愀猀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 甀瀀 愀爀洀猀 眀愀猀 椀昀 ⠀㄀⤀ 猀栀攀 眀愀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀ഊmarried, (2) she had no living male relatives in the degrees listed in
਀䈀愀甀最愀琀愀氀 眀栀漀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 眀攀爀攀最椀氀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 愀 昀愀洀椀氀礀ഊmember, and (3) a crime had been perpetrated against her family that
਀爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 瘀攀渀最攀愀渀挀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 挀漀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 琀栀攀 洀甀爀搀攀爀 漀昀ഊher last male relative.  This role was temporary, but for its duration
਀挀漀渀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 爀漀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀 眀漀洀愀渀 愀猀 ∀猀漀渀∀⸀  䔀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 愀渀搀ഊinsightful essay.]
਀ഊ* Clover, Carol J.  "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early
਀一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ∀  䤀渀㨀 匀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 圀漀洀攀渀Ⰰ 攀搀⸀ 一愀渀挀礀 䘀⸀ 倀愀爀琀渀攀爀⸀ഊCambridge: Medieval Academy of America.  1993.  pp. 61-85.
਀ഊ* Clover, Carol J. "The Politics of Scarcity: Notes on the Sex Ratio in
਀䔀愀爀氀礀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀∀ 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 㘀　 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㠀⤀㨀 ㄀㐀㜀ⴀ㄀㠀㠀⸀ഊ[An interesting and insightful article, hypothesizes that women were
਀攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 猀挀愀爀挀攀 椀渀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀 ⠀瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀⤀ 搀甀攀 琀漀ഊseveral factors, including higher rate of mortality due to childbirth
਀愀渀搀 瀀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀琀椀愀氀 攀砀瀀漀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 昀攀洀愀氀攀 椀渀昀愀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀昀 䌀氀漀瘀攀爀 椀猀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀Ⰰ 栀攀爀ഊexplanation completely reconciles the apparent gap between women's
਀猀琀愀琀甀猀 愀猀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀猀 瘀攀爀猀甀猀 眀漀洀攀渀✀猀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 愀猀 猀栀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊsagas.]
਀ഊ* Damsholt, Nanna.  "The Role of Icelandic Women in the Sagas and the
਀倀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䠀漀洀攀猀瀀甀渀 䌀氀漀琀栀Ⰰ∀  匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 䠀漀甀爀渀愀氀 漀昀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀  㤀ഊ(1984): 75-90.
਀嬀䄀渀 椀渀猀椀最栀琀昀甀氀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 最爀漀猀猀ഊnational product of Viking Age Iceland was homespun, a cottage industry
਀洀愀渀愀最攀搀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀 戀礀 眀漀洀攀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀漀眀 琀栀椀猀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀ഊwomen.]
਀ഊ* Fell, Christine. "Viking Women in Britain." Women in Anglo-Saxon
਀䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ 䈀氀漀漀洀椀渀最琀漀渀㨀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀愀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㐀⸀ ㄀㈀㤀ⴀ㄀㐀㜀⸀ഊ[Included as a chapter in Fell's excellent book on women in Anglo-Saxon
਀䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ 倀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 戀爀椀攀昀 猀甀洀洀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀ഊof women in the areas of England settled by the Vikings.]
਀ഊ* Frank, Roberta. "Marriage in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Iceland."
਀嘀椀愀琀漀爀 㐀 ⠀㄀㤀㜀㌀⤀㨀 㐀㜀㌀ⴀ㐀㠀㐀⸀ഊ[Discusses the marriage laws of Gragas as well as the portrait of
਀洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀愀最愀猀⸀ 䄀渀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 漀渀 眀漀洀攀渀 愀渀搀ഊmarriage in medieval Iceland.]
਀ഊ* Frank, Roberta. "Why Skalds Address Women,"  In: Poetry in the
਀匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀  䄀琀琀椀 搀攀氀 ㄀㈀ 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀漀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀攀 搀椀 匀琀甀搀椀ഊsull'alto medioevo.  Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto
਀洀攀搀椀漀攀瘀漀⸀ ㄀㤀㤀　⸀  瀀瀀⸀ 㘀㜀ⴀ㠀㌀⸀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀愀挀漀戀猀攀渀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀琀栀攀⸀ ∀吀栀攀 倀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀ഊViking Period." (MA Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1978.)
਀嬀倀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀栀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 眀漀洀攀渀 愀猀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 氀愀眀 愀渀搀ഊliterature, with separate discussions of conditions in Iceland, Norway,
਀䐀攀渀洀愀爀欀 愀渀搀 匀眀攀搀攀渀⸀ 䄀渀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 猀漀甀爀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 焀甀椀琀攀ഊreadable.]
਀ഊ* Jacobsen, Grethe. "Sexual Irregularities in Medieval Scandinavia."
਀匀攀砀甀愀氀 倀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀⸀ 攀搀猀⸀ 嘀攀爀渀 䰀⸀ 䈀甀氀氀漀甀最栀 愀渀搀ഊJames Brundage. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. 1982. 72-85.
਀嬀䄀 猀甀爀瘀攀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀猀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 渀漀渀ⴀ洀愀爀椀琀愀氀ഊsex, with good discussions of how those attitudes reflect the role of
਀眀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀崀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀攀猀挀栀Ⰰ 䨀甀搀椀琀栀⸀  圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䄀最攀⸀  圀漀漀搀戀爀椀搀最攀㨀 䈀漀礀搀攀氀氀⸀ഊ1991.  ISBN 0-85115-278-3.
਀嬀䨀攀猀挀栀✀猀 戀漀漀欀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 戀漀漀欀 漀渀 眀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 嘀椀欀椀渀最ഊAge.  She gives an introduction to the scholarship up to 1991 dealing
਀眀椀琀栀 眀漀洀攀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 椀猀 渀漀琀 椀渀ⴀ搀攀瀀琀栀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀ഊextremely useful as a place to begin learning about this topic, and
਀昀甀爀琀栀攀爀洀漀爀攀Ⰰ 䨀攀猀挀栀 瀀愀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 栀攀爀攀 昀漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 琀漀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 椀渀 栀攀爀ഊfootsteps.  Excellent book.]
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "Before the Male Gaze: the Absence of the Female
਀䈀漀搀礀 椀渀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀Ⰰ∀ 䤀渀㨀 匀攀砀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀  攀搀⸀ 䨀漀礀挀攀 䔀⸀ഊSlisbury.  New York: Garland.  1991.  pp. 3-29.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M. "The Church and Sexuality in Medieval Iceland."
਀䨀漀甀爀渀愀氀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 㘀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀　⤀㨀 ㌀㜀㜀ⴀ㌀㤀㈀⸀ഊ[Particularly focused on the concept of clerical marriages, also
਀瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 椀渀猀椀最栀琀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀 愀渀搀 渀漀渀ⴀ洀愀爀椀琀愀氀 猀攀砀⸀崀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀漀挀栀攀渀猀Ⰰ 䨀攀渀渀礀 䴀⸀  ∀䌀漀渀猀攀渀琀 椀渀 䴀愀爀爀椀愀最攀㨀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 䰀愀眀Ⰰ 䰀椀昀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊLiterature."  Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986): 142-176.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "Gender and Drinking in the World of the Icelandic
਀匀愀最愀猀Ⰰ∀  䤀渀㨀 䄀 匀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 䈀爀攀眀㨀 䔀猀猀愀礀猀 椀渀 䠀漀渀漀爀 漀昀 欀爀椀猀琀漀昀 䜀氀愀洀愀渀渀⸀ഊOdense: Odense Univ. Press.  1993.  pp. 155-181.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "The Illicit Love Visit:  An Archaeology of Old
਀一漀爀猀攀 匀攀砀甀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ∀  䨀䠀匀  ㄀ ⠀㄀㤀㤀㄀⤀㨀 ㌀㔀㜀ⴀ㌀㤀㈀⸀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀漀挀栀攀渀猀Ⰰ 䨀攀渀渀礀 䴀⸀ ∀吀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀 䠀攀爀漀椀渀攀㨀 䘀愀挀琀 漀爀 䘀椀挀琀椀漀渀㼀∀ഊViator 17 (1986): 35-50.
਀嬀䄀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ∀䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀ⴀ一漀爀搀椀挀 洀漀搀攀氀 漀昀 猀琀爀漀渀最Ⰰഊindependent womanhood" via a comparison of the heroines of the sagas and
਀攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 昀爀漀洀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 氀愀眀 挀漀搀攀猀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀漀ഊwomen and marriage.]
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "Men, Women, and Beasts:  Old Norse Sexuality."
਀䤀渀㨀 䠀愀渀搀戀漀漀欀 椀渀 匀攀砀甀愀氀椀琀礀⸀  攀搀⸀ 嘀攀爀渀 䈀甀氀氀漀甀最栀⸀  一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 䜀愀爀氀愀渀搀ഊPress.  1995.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  Old Norse Images of Women.  Philadelphia.  Univ of
਀倀栀椀氀愀搀攀氀瀀栀椀愀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㤀㘀⸀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀漀挀栀攀渀猀Ⰰ 䨀攀渀渀礀 䴀⸀  ∀伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 䴀愀最椀挀 愀渀搀 䜀攀渀搀攀爀㨀 吀栀愀琀琀爀 吀栀漀爀瘀愀氀搀猀 攀渀猀ഊVidforla,"  Scandinavian Studies 63 (1991): 305-317.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "Old Norse Motherhood,"  In: Medieval Mothering.
਀攀搀⸀ 䈀漀渀渀椀攀 圀栀攀攀氀攀爀 愀渀搀 䨀漀栀渀 䌀⸀ 倀愀爀猀漀渀⸀  䘀攀洀椀渀攀愀 䴀攀搀攀瘀愀氀椀愀 ㌀⸀  一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀ഊGarland. 1995.
਀ഊJochens, Jenny M.  "Old Norse Sources on Women,"  In: Medieval Women and
਀琀栀攀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 攀搀⸀ 䨀漀攀氀 吀⸀ 刀漀猀攀渀琀栀愀氀⸀  䄀琀栀攀渀猀㨀 唀渀椀瘀⸀ഊof Georgia Press.  1990.  pp. 155-188.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  "Vikings Westward to Vinland:  Problems of Women
਀愀渀搀 匀攀砀甀愀氀椀琀礀⸀∀  䤀渀㨀 䌀漀氀搀 䌀漀甀渀猀攀氀㨀  琀栀攀 圀漀洀攀渀 漀昀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 䰀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀ഊand Myth.  ed. Karen Swenson and Saray May Anderson.  New York: Garland
਀倀爀攀猀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㤀㔀⸀ഊ
਀⨀ 䨀漀挀栀攀渀猀Ⰰ 䨀攀渀渀礀 䴀⸀  ∀嘀漀氀甀猀瀀愀㨀 䴀愀琀爀椀砀 漀昀 一漀爀猀攀 圀漀洀愀渀栀漀漀搀Ⰰ∀  䨀漀甀爀渀愀氀 漀昀ഊEnglish and Germanic Philology 88 (1989): 344-362.
਀ഊ* Jochens, Jenny M.  Women in Old Norse Society.  Ithaca: Cornell Univ.
਀倀爀攀猀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㤀㔀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㠀　㄀㐀ⴀ㌀㄀㘀㔀ⴀ㐀⸀  ␀㌀㤀⸀㤀㔀ഊ[A fascinating wealth of detail of the lives of women in Viking Age
਀䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 一漀爀眀愀礀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 猀攀砀甀愀氀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀爀Ⰰ 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 挀甀猀琀漀洀猀Ⰰഊreproductive practices, familial relations, leisure activities,
਀爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀攀最愀氀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 眀漀洀攀渀⸀  䄀渀ഊoutstanding book.]
਀ഊ* Karras, Ruth M.  "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age,"
਀匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 㘀㈀ ⠀㄀㤀㤀　⤀㨀 ㄀㐀㄀ⴀ㄀㘀㈀⸀ഊ[An excellent discussion of the role of the concubine in Old Norse
਀匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀崀ഊ
਀⨀ 䬀愀爀爀愀猀Ⰰ 刀甀琀栀 䴀⸀  匀氀愀瘀攀爀礀 愀渀搀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀ ⠀夀愀氀攀ഊHistorical Publications, Miscellany, 135B) Yale Univ Pr. 1988. ISBN:
਀　㌀　　　㐀㄀㈀㄀㜀⸀ഊ
਀⨀ 匀琀爀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䈀椀爀最椀琀⸀ ∀圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 䜀攀猀琀愀 䐀愀渀漀爀甀洀⸀∀ 匀愀砀漀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀甀猀㨀 䄀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊAuthor Between Norse and Latin Culture. ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen.
਀䌀漀瀀攀渀栀愀最攀渀㨀 䴀甀猀攀甀洀 吀甀猀挀甀氀愀渀甀洀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㄀⸀ ㄀㌀㔀ⴀ㄀㘀㜀⸀ഊ[A comparison of parallel portrayals of women in Saxo's Gesta Danorum
਀愀渀搀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 漀昀 匀渀漀爀爀椀 匀琀甀爀氀甀猀漀渀⸀ 䌀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀 最漀漀搀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀ഊof the perception of women by Christian authors of widely differing
਀戀愀挀欀最爀漀甀渀搀猀㨀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊScandinavia and the rest of Europe.]
਀ഊ::GUNNORA::
਀ഊ<the end>
਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ一漀爀猀攀ⴀ眀漀洀攀渀ⴀ戀椀戀ऀ倀愀最攀 㔀 漀昀 㔀ഊ
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