Libry-Research-art - 12/7/03
਀ഊ"Historical Research in the Modern Library" by Pani Jadwiga Zajaczkowa.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Using-ILL-art, info-sources-msg, maps-msg, research-msg, early-books-msg, Monastic-Lib-art, alphabets-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊHistorical Research in the Modern Library
਀ഊOriginally developed for a class in the Society for Creative Anachronism, by Pani Jadwiga Zajaczkowa
਀ ഊAbout Libraries * Reference  *  Serials/Periodicals * Special Collections/Rare Books * Dissertations and Theses * Microforms * Electronic Collections *  Photocopying * ILL: What to do if the Library doesn't have the item you want *  Classification Systems *  Reference Books * Finding Tools * Techniques of Searching *  Types of Sources * Copyright & Plagiarism * Internet Use * Citing What you Find * Other sites to check out
਀ഊ  About Libraries
਀ഊThe first thing to do before beginning your research is to have a game plan. That means thinking about what you want to find out, then thinking about where you are likely to find it. 
਀ഊFor instance, are you interested in historical events? Or is there an object you want to research? Or are are you interested in researching a particular culture? If you are doing object oriented research, are you interested primarily in how to make one in the modern world, the appearance of the period object, the construction of the period object, or all three? How much information do you already have? If you are just starting out on A&S research, persona research, or learning a craft or activity, you may be looking for more generalized material; if you have mastered the basics of something and want period references and depictions to work from, you will be looking in different areas.
਀ഊIf you are having trouble planning your strategy, check out Research Strategies, by William Badke: http://www.acts.twu.ca/lbr/textbook.htm
਀ഊDifferent libraries have different types of collections, so you will want to plan your research and finding efforts based on the materials you are looking for. Also, different libraries offer different types of services, so that is a factor too.
਀ഊTypes of libraries:
਀ഊWhat resources and what kind of help you can get often depends on what libraries you visit. It's often useful to start with the libraries that are most beholden to you, either because you are affiliated with them or they get public tax money. Even if the librarians cannot answer your question there, they can sometimes refer you to other libraries that can help you.
਀ഊBefore visiting a library, call (or email) to check out what access to the collections you may have. Certain private university and special libraries don't allow the public in, or require special ID or references, or limit times and collections that are available to the public. Some libraries will issue you a library card (for free or for a fee) to check out books even if you are not part of their primary clientele; others won't.
਀ഊMost libraries have their catalogs available to the general public and searchable over the web-- check to see if the library has a web site and look for their catalog there. Checking the catalog before visiting the library can save you a lot of time!
਀ഊ• 	Public (locally supported; open access; basic materials-- go to district or county libraries for more depth.)
ਠ∀ ऀ倀甀戀氀椀挀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䰀漀挀愀琀漀爀 ⠀昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀攀渀琀攀爀 昀漀爀 䔀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 匀琀愀琀椀猀琀椀挀猀ⴀⴀ 最椀瘀攀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 戀甀搀最攀琀猀Ⰰ 猀琀愀昀昀椀渀最 攀琀挀⸀⤀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀渀挀攀猀⸀攀搀⸀最漀瘀⼀猀甀爀瘀攀礀猀⼀氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀⼀氀椀戀氀漀挀愀琀漀爀⼀ഊ• 	Canadian Library gateway, for finding Canadian libraries & their catalogs: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/gatepasse/
ਠ∀ ऀ倀甀戀氀椀挀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 瀀愀最攀Ⰰ 椀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀搀猀瀀愀挀攀⸀搀椀愀氀⸀瀀椀瀀攀砀⸀挀漀洀⼀琀漀眀渀⼀猀焀甀愀爀攀⼀愀挀㤀㐀　⼀攀甀爀漀氀椀戀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• 	State libraries or library divisions (open to anyone in the state; materials vary, often strongest in educational materials. State libraries often coordinate state-wide online database access programs.)
ਠ∀ ऀ匀琀愀琀攀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀氀挀眀攀戀⸀氀漀挀⸀最漀瘀⼀最氀漀戀愀氀⼀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⼀猀琀愀琀攀氀椀戀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• 	Also http://www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dlcl/pld/statelib.html
ਠ∀ ऀ倀甀戀氀椀挀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 ⠀猀琀愀琀攀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀㬀 漀昀琀攀渀 漀瀀攀渀 愀挀挀攀猀猀㬀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 洀漀爀攀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀氀礀⤀ഊ• 	Private universities (tuiton-supported; access may be limited; scholarly collections, in-depth but often narrow)
ਠ∀ ऀ匀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 洀甀猀攀甀洀猀 ⠀猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀 漀爀 搀漀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀㬀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀㬀 渀愀爀爀漀眀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀礀椀渀最 搀攀瀀琀栀⤀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀礀 眀椀氀氀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 昀椀渀搀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 愀 最椀瘀攀渀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 愀爀攀愀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 挀漀瀀礀⸀ഊ
਀䨀甀猀琀 昀漀爀 昀甀渀Ⰰ 挀栀攀挀欀 漀甀琀 䜀䄀䈀刀䤀䔀䰀㨀 䜀愀琀攀眀愀礀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀✀猀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 最椀瘀攀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 ㌀㤀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀㨀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀欀戀⸀渀氀⼀最愀戀爀椀攀氀 䄀氀猀漀 猀攀攀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀㨀 䄀 䜀甀椀搀攀 琀漀 䄀爀挀栀椀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀攀戀挀愀琀⸀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀眀椀猀挀⸀攀搀甀㨀㌀㈀　　⼀䠀椀猀琀刀攀猀䔀甀爀⼀ഊ
਀䴀愀渀礀 洀甀猀攀甀洀猀 栀愀瘀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀礀 戀攀 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀⸀ 䌀愀氀氀 琀栀攀 洀甀猀攀甀洀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 漀甀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 琀漀 猀攀攀 眀栀愀琀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 夀漀甀 洀愀礀 渀攀攀搀 愀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀ⴀⴀ 椀昀 礀漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀✀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀漀 最漀 昀漀爀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀⸀ഊ
਀䌀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀 昀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 挀甀攀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀⸀ 伀渀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀 瀀甀琀 甀瀀 愀 最甀椀搀攀 昀漀爀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀渀 栀攀爀 愀爀攀愀㨀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀攀氀愀眀愀爀攀 嘀愀氀氀攀礀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀㌀⸀瘀椀氀氀愀渀漀瘀愀⸀攀搀甀⼀䐀嘀䴀䄀⼀搀瘀洀愀氀椀戀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ
਀  刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀㨀ഊ
਀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀猀 眀椀氀氀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 甀猀攀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀漀氀猀 愀渀搀 最攀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 礀漀甀 渀攀攀搀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ✀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀✀ 栀漀氀搀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 昀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀漀氀猀 愀渀搀 ✀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 眀漀爀欀猀✀ ⠀挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 昀愀挀琀猀 愀渀搀 搀愀琀愀 昀漀爀 焀甀椀挀欀 氀漀漀欀ⴀ甀瀀猀⤀⸀ 刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 搀漀渀✀琀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀攀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀✀琀 戀攀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀ഊReference librarians at your library can often be reached by phone, email, or even online chat: check out your library's web site to find out. (Also, try the Ask-A directory: http://www.vrd.org/locator/subject.shtml). The Library of Congress has a page for its chat and email services, at: http://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/
਀伀渀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀✀ 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀瀀氀⸀漀爀最⼀ 漀昀昀攀爀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀  眀眀眀⸀戀愀爀琀氀攀戀礀⸀挀漀洀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 眀愀礀 琀漀 最攀琀 栀攀氀瀀 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 甀猀攀 漀昀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀✀猀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 椀猀 琀漀 椀渀焀甀椀爀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 搀攀猀欀℀ഊ
਀䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀 䴀愀爀礀氀愀椀渀攀 䈀氀漀挀欀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ∀䔀瘀攀渀 眀栀攀渀 眀攀✀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 眀栀愀琀 漀甀爀 甀猀攀爀 眀愀渀琀攀搀Ⰰ 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 甀猀 眀椀氀氀 欀攀攀瀀 漀渀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最Ⰰ 欀攀攀瀀 漀渀 瀀氀愀礀椀渀最 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 眀攀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 洀漀爀攀 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀 琀栀愀渀 漀甀爀 甀猀攀爀 搀椀搀⸀ 䬀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 椀猀 愀 氀漀琀 氀椀欀攀 愀 戀愀氀氀 漀昀 礀愀爀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀愀琀 眀攀 愀氀氀 搀漀 椀猀 琀甀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 愀渀搀 瀀甀氀氀 椀琀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 愀琀 愀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 甀渀琀椀氀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 樀甀猀琀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 愀猀 漀甀爀 甀猀攀爀 渀攀攀搀猀⸀  䈀甀琀 眀攀 愀氀猀漀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀愀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀 戀椀琀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀攀 昀椀渀搀 最椀瘀攀猀 甀猀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀甀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 欀攀攀瀀 琀甀最最椀渀最 愀渀搀 琀甀最最椀渀最 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 戀愀氀氀 氀椀攀猀 椀渀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 瀀甀搀搀氀攀 漀昀 礀愀爀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 昀氀漀漀爀⸀∀ഊ
਀  䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀ഊ
਀  匀攀爀椀愀氀猀 漀爀 倀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀猀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 琀攀爀洀猀 ✀猀攀爀椀愀氀猀✀ 漀爀 ✀瀀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀猀✀ 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀✀猀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀 猀甀戀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䌀甀爀爀攀渀琀 椀猀猀甀攀猀 愀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 猀栀攀氀瘀攀搀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀氀礀㬀 漀氀搀攀爀 漀渀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀漀甀渀搀 漀爀 漀渀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 ✀攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀✀ 猀甀戀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀㨀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀 椀猀猀甀攀猀⼀瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀挀挀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀椀搀攀 圀攀戀 愀猀 䠀吀䴀䰀 漀爀 倀䐀䘀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䄀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀愀洀瀀甀猀 漀爀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 甀猀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀琀椀渀最 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀 漀爀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀 愀 昀攀攀⸀ഊ
਀匀漀洀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 吀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 䄀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀 吀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 匀洀椀琀栀猀漀渀椀愀渀Ⰰ 䐀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀椀渀最 䄀爀挀栀愀攀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 洀愀礀 戀攀 眀漀爀琀栀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 猀椀琀琀椀渀最 搀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 猀挀愀渀渀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀⸀ 吀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䤀渀最攀渀琀愀 ⠀眀眀眀⸀椀渀最攀渀琀愀⸀挀漀洀⤀Ⰰ 眀椀氀氀 氀攀琀 礀漀甀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 琀栀攀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀猀⼀樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀⸀ 吀漀 昀椀渀搀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 漀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 甀猀攀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 椀渀搀攀砀⸀ഊ
਀匀漀洀攀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 昀爀攀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀㨀 猀攀攀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀椀渀搀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀挀漀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 伀瀀攀渀 䄀挀挀攀猀猀 䨀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀搀漀愀樀⸀漀爀最⼀ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀✀䌀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀✀ 愀欀愀 ✀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀✀ഊ
਀䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀渀 戀攀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 漀甀琀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀攀愀爀挀栀攀搀 甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最⸀ 䴀愀椀渀氀礀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀爀 ✀洀漀渀漀最爀愀瀀栀猀✀㬀 洀愀礀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 瀀愀洀瀀栀氀攀琀猀Ⰰ 䌀䐀✀猀Ⰰ 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 琀愀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 瘀椀搀攀漀琀愀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 䌀䐀ⴀ刀伀䴀Ⰰ 洀漀瘀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 爀攀愀氀 漀戀樀攀挀琀猀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 戀漀漀欀猀⸀ ⠀䴀漀渀漀最爀愀瀀栀猀 愀爀攀 漀渀攀ⴀ漀昀昀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 ✀猀攀爀椀愀氀✀ 漀爀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀椀渀最 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 洀漀渀漀最爀愀瀀栀猀⼀戀漀漀欀猀 愀爀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 猀攀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀昀 礀漀甀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀昀 愀 爀攀氀攀瘀愀渀琀 猀攀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 昀椀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 椀琀攀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀爀椀攀猀⸀⤀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 漀瀀攀渀 猀琀愀挀欀猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 戀爀漀眀猀攀 琀栀攀 猀栀攀氀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀攀 椀琀攀洀猀 礀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀㬀 漀氀搀攀爀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 椀渀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 猀琀愀挀欀猀 愀渀搀 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 戀攀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀攀搀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀⸀ഊ
਀  匀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 刀愀爀攀 䈀漀漀欀猀ഊ
਀匀漀洀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 爀愀爀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 夀漀甀 眀椀氀氀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 挀愀氀氀 愀栀攀愀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 瘀椀猀椀琀椀渀最 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 琀栀攀礀 漀昀琀攀渀 栀愀瘀攀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 栀漀甀爀猀 漀爀 栀漀甀爀猀 戀礀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 戀漀漀欀 ⠀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 㨀 愀 最甀椀搀攀 琀漀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 戀漀漀欀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 攀洀瀀栀愀猀攀猀 愀猀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 挀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 瀀甀戀氀椀挀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 洀甀猀攀甀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀Ⰰ 戀礀 䰀攀攀 䄀猀栀 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䜀⸀ 䴀椀氀氀攀爀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀礀 眀椀氀氀 愀氀猀漀 琀攀氀氀 礀漀甀 眀栀愀琀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 栀愀猀⸀ 䄀渀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀猀 椀猀 刀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 倀爀椀洀愀爀礀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀甀椀搀愀栀漀⸀攀搀甀⼀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀ⴀ挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⼀伀琀栀攀爀⸀刀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀⸀栀琀洀氀⸀ 夀漀甀 洀愀礀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 猀攀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀ⴀⴀ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 猀琀愀挀欀猀⸀ 䰀攀愀瘀攀 瀀攀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀欀Ⰰ 昀漀漀搀 愀渀搀 搀爀椀渀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 攀氀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀椀最栀琀 搀愀洀愀最攀 愀 戀漀漀欀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀 眀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 最漀 琀漀 瘀椀猀椀琀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ഊ
਀ 倀栀䐀⸀ 䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀✀猀 吀栀攀猀攀猀㨀ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀漀 昀甀氀昀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 昀漀爀 愀 倀栀䐀 ⠀䐀漀挀琀漀爀愀氀⤀ 漀爀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀✀猀 搀攀最爀攀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀氀礀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀⸀ 䔀愀挀栀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 眀椀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䐀漀挀琀漀爀愀氀 䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀✀猀 吀栀攀猀攀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 愀琀 椀琀猀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀㬀 椀琀 洀愀礀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 愀 昀攀眀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀猀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 椀渀 椀琀猀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 渀漀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 琀栀攀猀椀猀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 猀漀 渀漀 挀漀瀀礀 椀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀 愀氀氀℀ഊ
਀䜀攀琀琀椀渀最 䴀愀猀琀攀爀✀猀 吀栀攀猀攀猀㨀ഊSometimes these can be borrowed through Interlibrary Loan; this is worth a try. Your other option is to contact the library of the college/university and see if you can pay them to make a copy for you.
਀ഊGetting Doctoral Dissertations:
਀倀栀䐀 䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 漀渀攀猀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 愀 氀漀琀 攀愀猀椀攀爀 琀漀 最攀琀 愀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 椀渀 洀漀猀琀 挀愀猀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䴀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀猀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 栀愀猀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 漀渀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀 愀渀搀 眀椀氀氀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 愀 瀀爀椀挀攀⸀ 唀䴀䤀 愀氀猀漀 瀀甀琀猀 漀甀琀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀砀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 䄀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀礀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀Ⰰ 愀甀琀栀漀爀Ⰰ 琀椀琀氀攀Ⰰ 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 夀漀甀 挀愀渀 攀瘀攀渀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 戀礀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 甀猀椀渀最 栀愀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀愀戀愀猀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀漀 漀爀搀攀爀 愀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 最漀 琀漀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀甀洀椀⸀挀漀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀栀漀漀猀攀 ✀䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀✀⸀ 䜀漀 琀漀 䐀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 䔀砀瀀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀⸀ 夀漀甀 挀愀渀 琀栀攀渀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 戀礀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀椀琀氀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀攀氀攀挀琀 椀琀攀洀猀 琀漀 漀爀搀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 挀愀爀搀⸀ ⠀䤀昀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 栀愀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 䐀椀猀猀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 伀渀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀漀眀渀氀漀愀搀攀搀 愀猀 倀䐀䘀 昀椀氀攀猀 昀漀爀 愀 氀攀猀猀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 爀愀琀攀⸀⤀ഊ
਀䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀⼀搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀㨀ഊ
਀䴀愀渀礀 氀愀爀最攀 氀漀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 唀⸀匀⸀ 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 ✀搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀✀ 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 最攀琀 猀漀洀攀 唀匀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 昀爀攀攀 椀渀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 昀漀爀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀椀渀最 愀挀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 栀攀氀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀⸀ 䠀漀眀ⴀ琀漀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 漀昀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 愀爀攀 椀琀攀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䄀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 琀栀愀渀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀⸀ഊ
਀  䴀椀挀爀漀昀漀爀洀猀ഊ
਀伀氀搀攀爀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 爀愀爀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 昀漀甀渀搀 漀渀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀 ⠀氀漀渀最 爀漀氀氀猀⤀ 漀爀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀挀栀攀 ⠀挀愀爀搀猀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最Ⰰ 漀爀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 椀琀猀 漀眀渀 椀渀搀攀砀⸀ 匀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 爀攀愀搀攀爀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 瘀椀攀眀 琀栀攀 洀椀挀爀漀昀漀爀洀猀㬀 洀愀渀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 洀椀挀爀漀昀漀爀洀 爀攀愀搀攀爀⼀瀀爀椀渀琀攀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 瀀爀椀渀琀 漀昀昀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀最攀猀 昀漀爀 愀 昀攀攀⸀ഊ
਀  䔀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 䔀ⴀ戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 䔀ⴀ樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀ഊ
਀䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 戀甀礀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 瘀椀愀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀Ⰰ 漀爀 漀渀 䌀䐀ⴀ刀伀䴀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 昀椀氀攀Ⰰ 琀漀 昀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀漀氀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 椀渀搀攀砀攀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀攀砀琀猀⸀ 䄀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀⸀ 䐀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 最攀琀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀 ✀漀渀ⴀ氀椀渀攀✀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最 昀爀攀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ 刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀 栀攀氀瀀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀⸀ഊ
਀䴀愀渀礀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀漀爀琀椀愀 栀愀瘀攀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 愀猀欀 愀琀 礀漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 猀琀愀琀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀椀猀⸀ 䤀渀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 栀漀洀攀 戀礀 愀 氀椀渀欀 昀爀漀洀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀✀ 眀攀戀猀椀琀攀 ⠀愀渀搀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀椀渀最 礀漀甀爀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀爀搀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀⤀⸀ 匀攀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀椀琀攀猀 琀漀 猀攀攀 椀昀 礀漀甀爀 猀琀愀琀攀 椀猀 漀渀攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀攀砀挀攀氀猀椀漀爀⸀攀搀甀⼀椀氀猀⼀猀琀愀琀攀氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀⸀栀琀洀氀 Ⰰ 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀椀戀⸀眀愀氀搀攀渀甀⸀攀搀甀⼀挀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀⼀䴀䰀䄀开䌀漀渀昀⼀猀琀愀琀攀眀椀搀攀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ
਀  倀栀漀琀漀挀漀瀀礀椀渀最ഊ
਀䴀漀猀琀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 瀀栀漀琀漀挀漀瀀椀攀爀 漀渀 猀椀琀攀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 琀愀欀攀 挀漀椀渀猀 漀爀 戀椀氀氀猀Ⰰ 漀琀栀攀爀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 ✀挀漀瀀礀 挀愀爀搀猀⸀✀ 匀漀洀攀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀 爀攀愀搀攀爀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀氀氀漀眀 瀀爀椀渀琀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀椀挀爀漀昀椀氀洀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 挀栀愀爀最攀 昀漀爀 瀀爀椀渀琀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀 ⠀漀爀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀⤀⸀ 夀漀甀 洀愀礀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 挀愀氀氀 漀爀 攀洀愀椀氀 愀栀攀愀搀 琀漀 挀栀攀挀欀 瀀爀椀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 挀漀瀀礀椀渀最⸀ഊ
਀  䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 氀漀愀渀 ⠀䤀䰀䰀⤀ⴀⴀ 圀栀愀琀 琀漀 搀漀 椀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 椀猀渀✀琀 椀渀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀ഊ
਀䴀愀渀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 挀愀渀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀爀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 漀爀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀爀 昀爀漀洀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 夀漀甀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 愀 昀甀氀氀 挀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 漀昀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀爀 䤀匀䈀一 渀甀洀戀攀爀 椀昀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀㬀 琀栀攀爀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀 挀栀愀爀最攀⸀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䤀䰀䰀 挀愀渀 漀渀氀礀 戀攀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 礀漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀 愀渀搀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 搀漀 䤀䰀䰀 昀漀爀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀爀攀愀⸀ 䈀攀 渀椀挀攀 琀漀 䤀䰀䰀 猀琀愀昀昀℀ഊ
਀䘀甀琀栀攀爀洀漀爀攀Ⰰ 洀愀渀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 栀愀瘀攀 眀栀愀琀✀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 ✀爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀愀氀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀✀ 圀栀愀琀 琀栀愀琀 洀攀愀渀猀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 瘀愀氀椀搀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀爀搀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 戀漀漀欀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ  倀攀渀渀猀礀氀瘀愀渀椀愀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 猀琀愀琀攀眀椀搀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀愀氀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 戀漀漀欀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀氀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀爀搀 昀爀漀洀 礀漀甀爀 栀漀洀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀ 䄀猀欀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 愀戀漀甀琀 爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀愀氀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 ✀甀渀椀漀渀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最猀✀ 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀✀ 挀愀琀愀氀漀最猀 愀琀 漀渀攀 琀椀洀攀⸀ഊ
਀䴀愀渀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 氀漀愀渀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 椀猀猀甀攀猀 漀爀 戀漀甀渀搀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 漀昀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀⸀ 唀猀攀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀砀 漀爀 愀渀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 琀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䤀渀最攀渀琀愀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀攀爀氀礀 唀渀挀漀瘀攀爀Ⰰ ⠀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀渀最攀渀琀愀⸀挀漀洀⤀ 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 琀漀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀㬀 猀甀挀栀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 愀 猀愀氀攀猀 ⠀搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀礀⤀ 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 琀爀礀 琀漀 戀甀礀 愀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀昀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀渀✀琀 最攀琀 椀琀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 琀眀漀 洀愀樀漀爀 䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䰀漀愀渀 匀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 伀䌀䰀䌀 愀渀搀 刀䰀䤀一 ⠀渀攀椀琀栀攀爀 愀戀戀爀攀瘀椀愀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀渀猀 洀甀挀栀 愀渀礀洀漀爀攀⤀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀愀爀挀栀愀戀氀攀 甀渀椀漀渀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最猀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀愀氀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 栀愀瘀攀 甀渀椀漀渀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最猀 ⠀昀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䄀挀挀攀猀猀倀䄀 椀渀 倀攀渀渀猀礀氀瘀愀渀椀愀⤀⸀ 䤀昀 礀漀甀 愀猀欀 渀椀挀攀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀 漀爀 䤀䰀䰀 猀琀愀昀昀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 搀漀 愀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀 漀爀 愀氀氀漀眀 礀漀甀 琀漀 搀漀 愀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 礀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀⸀ഊ
਀䈀攀 愀眀愀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 爀愀爀攀 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀爀愀最椀氀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䰀漀愀渀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 礀漀甀爀 挀栀愀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䤀䰀䰀 愀爀攀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 椀昀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 漀爀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀栀攀 氀攀渀搀椀渀最 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 漀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀猀⸀ 䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 氀漀愀渀猀 琀愀欀攀 琀椀洀攀㬀 礀漀甀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀 礀漀甀 愀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 琀椀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀漀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 琀漀 眀愀椀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀ⴀ㈀ 眀攀攀欀猀 甀瀀 琀漀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀⸀  䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 氀漀愀渀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 搀漀 挀漀猀琀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 愀 昀攀攀㬀 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀欀攀搀 琀漀 瀀愀礀 愀氀氀 漀爀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 昀攀攀⸀ഊ
਀䤀昀 礀漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 搀漀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 氀漀愀渀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀 ⠀琀栀椀猀 椀猀 爀愀爀攀 戀甀琀 椀琀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀⤀ 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀 猀琀愀琀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 愀戀漀甀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀⸀ 䤀琀✀猀 甀渀挀漀洀洀漀渀 昀漀爀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 漀昀昀攀爀 椀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 氀漀愀渀 瀀爀椀瘀椀氀攀最攀猀 琀漀 渀漀渀ⴀ愀昀昀椀氀椀愀琀攀搀 甀猀攀爀猀㬀 戀甀琀 椀琀✀猀 眀漀爀琀栀 愀猀欀椀渀最Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 最爀愀渀琀猀 挀愀爀搀猀 琀漀 渀漀渀ⴀ愀昀昀椀氀椀愀琀攀搀 甀猀攀爀猀⸀ 䤀渀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 ✀爀攀挀椀瀀爀漀挀愀氀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最✀ 猀礀猀琀攀洀 椀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 氀攀琀 礀漀甀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 愀 戀漀漀欀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀ⴀⴀ 愀最愀椀渀Ⰰ 礀漀甀爀 猀琀愀琀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀愀渀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀漀猀攀 猀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 椀昀 礀漀甀爀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀猀 甀渀椀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀⸀ഊ
਀  䌀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 猀礀猀琀攀洀ഊ
਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 挀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀㨀 䐀攀眀攀礀 䐀攀挀椀洀愀氀 ⠀渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 　　　ⴀ㤀㤀㤀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 攀愀挀栀 ㄀　　 戀攀椀渀最 愀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 ㄀　 戀攀椀渀最 愀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀ⴀⴀ 猀攀攀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀漀挀氀挀⸀漀爀最⼀搀攀眀攀礀⼀愀戀漀甀琀⼀栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀⸀栀琀洀⤀㬀 䰀䌀Ⰰ 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀 漀昀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 ⠀㄀ 愀渀搀 ㈀ 氀攀琀琀攀爀 愀氀瀀栀愀戀攀琀椀挀 挀漀搀攀猀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀ⴀⴀ 猀攀攀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀氀挀眀攀戀⸀氀漀挀⸀最漀瘀⼀挀愀琀搀椀爀⼀挀瀀猀漀⼀氀挀挀漀⼀氀挀挀漀⸀栀琀洀氀⤀㬀 愀渀搀 匀甀䐀漀挀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 攀愀挀栀 愀氀瀀栀愀戀攀琀椀挀 瀀爀攀昀椀砀 椀猀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 甀猀攀 䐀攀眀攀礀㬀 洀漀猀琀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 甀猀攀 䰀䌀⸀ ⠀吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 洀漀搀椀昀椀攀搀 䐀攀眀攀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 椀渀 甀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 甀猀攀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 漀渀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀⸀⤀ 䴀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀猀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀琀攀洀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 愀爀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 氀漀挀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 搀愀琀攀 漀昀 愀挀焀甀椀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀漀渀漀爀⼀昀漀爀洀攀爀 漀眀渀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀  刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 䈀漀漀欀猀ഊ
਀✀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀猀✀ 愀爀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 甀瀀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 爀攀愀搀 漀爀 戀爀漀眀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀⸀ 䔀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀猀Ⰰ 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀琀氀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 渀愀洀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀渀搀 琀椀洀攀氀椀渀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 椀琀攀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 愀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 猀栀攀氀瘀攀搀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀氀礀 愀渀搀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀ 匀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 ⠀眀愀爀渀椀渀最㨀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 漀氀搀攀爀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 眀漀爀欀猀⤀ 吀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 愀挀挀攀猀猀椀戀氀攀 椀猀 䈀愀爀琀氀攀戀礀㨀 眀眀眀⸀戀愀爀琀氀攀戀礀⸀挀漀洀 䄀戀漀甀琀⸀挀漀洀 栀愀猀 愀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 猀椀琀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀洀攀搀爀攀渀⸀愀戀漀甀琀⸀挀漀洀⼀挀猀⼀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀琀漀漀氀猀⼀椀渀搀攀砀⸀栀琀洀ഊ
਀䔀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀猀㨀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 愀 眀椀搀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀猀ⴀⴀ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  䔀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀 䈀爀椀琀愀渀渀椀挀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 氀愀爀最攀 攀猀猀愀礀猀 漀渀 洀愀渀礀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀ⴀⴀ 愀渀搀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀猀 漀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀ ⠀夀漀甀 挀愀渀✀琀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 琀攀氀氀 眀栀愀琀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀 椀琀 椀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀℀⤀ഊGeneral encyclopedias that are available online include the Columbia Encyclopedia (through www.bartleby.com). You may have access to the Encyclopedia Britannica online through your local library's online subscription, and there's a small Encyclopedia, which appeared in print as the Merriam Webster Collegiate Encyclopedia, online  as the Concise Encyclopedia Britannica at: http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/
਀ഊAtlases: books of maps. There are a number of historical atlases or country atlases. Often an atlas will give a succinct account of history, not just geography. I like McEvedy's  New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History  but there are many other good ones. Look for historical atlases of a country or subject, as well.
਀ഊDictionaries: Not only are there dictionaries of different languages (look in the 400's in a Dewey system), but there are specific dictionaries and glossaries for subjects, some of which will be in reference, some of which circulate. Web based dictionaries are also often available. For etymology of English words back to pre-1600 times, try the Oxford English Dictionary. Some libraries also have the Middle English Dictionary.
਀ഊNames books: Many dictionaries of names and genealogical information are kept in reference; some libraries have specific genealogical sections where this material lives. 929.4 in Dewey libraries.
਀ഊ... on File: this isn't specifically a type of reference work. The publisher Facts on File puts out a line of '... on File' books that are looseleaf collections of reproducible images, including maps; they also put out timeline books and other basic reference works.
਀ഊTimelines: Timeline tools are charts with annotations that help you compare events, people, or things in chronological order. Timelines of World History, put out by DK Publishing, is an example that many libraries have.
਀ഊMetropolitan Museum's Timeline of Art History http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm and Hyperhistory Online http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/History_n2/a.html are online examples of these kinds of tools. Other online resources include the Food History Timeline: http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/kid/food.html
਀ഊ  Finding Tools
਀ഊCatalog: the online database of a library's book and journal titles. Many libraries have their catalog available via the web. Try LibDex: http://www.libdex.com/ to find library catalogs.
਀ഊUnion Catalog: A catalog of multiple libraries' holdings. These used to be in print, but are now mostly online. County library systems, state library systems, and interlibrary loan groups have them. The most famous is Worldcat from OCLC-- you may need to have a librarian use this for you or pay to use it. You may want to check out the Library of Congress catalog, which is not really a union catalog: http://catalog.loc.gov. Or, try the Research Library's Group union catalog on the Web, RedLightGreen: http://www.redlightgreen.com/. Check your state or regional library's website to see if they have a state or regionwide union catalog like Pennsylvania's AccessPA catalog: http://www.accesspa.state.pa.us/
਀ഊBibliographies: lists of books and articles on a specific subject. Many libraries will have bibliographies in their reference section that will help you find older books and articles. Also, when you search the web, look for bibliographies on your subject. Some of them can be searched, such as the Royal Historical Society Bibliography, "an authoritative guide to writing on British and Irish history from the Roman period to the present day" http://www.rhs.ac.uk/bibwel.asp
਀ഊTable of Contents services: list, and allow you to search, the table of contents of journals or magazines. Ingenta (formerly Uncover) www.ingenta.com is one such service. The objective is generally to sell you copies of relevant articles, usually delivered by fax.
਀ഊHighwire Press is a hybrid free service, since it has both free and for-sale journal articles in its database; it includes some indexing as well as the Table of Contents information: http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/freeart.dtl
਀ഊ Indexes: lists of subjects and the magazine/journal articles they appear in. Indexes are offered in print, and in computerized forms (via CD-ROM workstations, on the library catalog, or over the web), but computerized versions may have access limitations in university libraries. Many cooperative programs have been set up to let public library users access such databases from home. Many online indexes include access to the full text of the articles: for a free example, try www.findarticles.com, which includes about 300 journal and magazine titles.
਀ഊThe difference between an index and a table of contents service is generally that subject keywords or full text is searchable in addition to the text of the table of contents.
਀ഊSome General Magazine Indexes:
਀ഊ• 	Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature: the original index to magazines. Available in print back to 1900; computer files usually go back to 1984.
ਠ∀ ऀ䤀渀昀漀琀爀愀挀㨀 愀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀ⴀ漀渀氀礀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 椀渀搀攀砀Ⰰ 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀瘀攀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㜀㤀ⴀ㬀 猀漀洀攀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 昀甀氀氀 琀攀砀琀 漀昀 匀伀䴀䔀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀㬀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀稀攀搀 椀渀搀攀砀攀猀 ⠀氀椀欀攀 栀攀愀氀琀栀⤀ 洀愀礀 戀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀⸀ഊ• 	EBSCO: a computer-only magazine index including full text of some articles.
਀ഊSome Subject Indexes:
਀ഊ• 	Social Sciences Index: by the same people who do Reader's Guide; computer files usually back to 1984.
ਠ∀ ऀ䠀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 䄀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀猀㨀 椀渀搀攀砀攀猀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀氀礀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀⸀ 嘀攀爀礀 搀攀渀猀攀⸀ഊ• 	General Science Index: by the Reader's Guide people. Covers major science periodicals in all fields, including history of science articles.
ਠ∀ ऀ䄀渀琀栀爀漀瀀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 䤀渀搀攀砀㨀 椀渀搀攀砀攀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀猀 漀渀 愀渀琀栀爀漀瀀漀氀漀最礀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀爀挀栀愀攀氀漀最礀⤀ 漀渀氀椀渀攀 瘀椀愀 琀栀攀 䜀攀琀琀礀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 愀琀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀氀甀挀礀⸀甀欀挀⸀愀挀⸀甀欀⼀䄀䤀伀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 刀攀瘀椀攀眀 椀渀搀攀砀攀猀 ⠀栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 昀椀渀搀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀猀 漀昀 戀漀漀欀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 礀漀甀 漀爀搀攀爀⼀戀甀礀 琀栀攀洀⤀ഊ
ਠ∀ ऀ䈀漀漀欀 刀攀瘀椀攀眀 䐀椀最攀猀琀㨀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 猀渀椀瀀瀀攀琀猀 漀昀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀ഊ• 	Book Review Index: more scholarly reviews.
਀ഊThere is a listing of free indexes on the Web called "There is such a thing as a free lunch: freely accessible databases for the public" at http://www.istl.org/01-winter/internet.html  . However, it focuses mostly on Science and Technology databases.
਀ഊMany state library networks offer some free online access subscription databases for local library card holders. See these sites to see if your state is one: http://www.library.excelsior.edu/ils/statelibraries.html , http://www.lib.waldenu.edu/conferences/MLA_Conf/statewide.html
਀ഊCitation indexes: backwards bibliographies-- listings of which articles are cited in other articles' bibliographies. Generally in print, tiny print.  Bring a magnifying glass when you want to use these! Some libraries have these on CD-ROM or in a web version called Web Of Science. There is a significant learning curve to use them, but the effort is worth it.
਀ഊ• 	Science Citation Index (SCI)
ਠ∀ ऀ匀漀挀椀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀 䌀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 䤀渀搀攀砀 ⠀匀匀䌀䤀⤀ഊ• 	Arts & Humanities Citation Index
਀ഊThere is an article on other citation/cited resources available here: http://www.lehigh.edu/library/guides/citations.html
਀ഊ  Techniques of searching
਀ഊFirst, write down what you want to know. List all the keywords that you can think of related to the topic. Then think about what kind of book (history, how-to, description, encyclopedia, dictionary) might have the information you want. Then start searching. First collect background material from reference books. Then use catalogs and indexes (and browsing) to build a list of materials to consult.
਀ഊSubject headings
਀ഊMost indexes and catalogs let you search by subject. It's important to know what vocabulary to use. For library catalogs, take a look at the Library of Congress Subject Headings. You should also make a note of the subject headings (and see: and see also: references) in the indexes you are using. The principle of specificity states that a book or article is categorized under the most specific subject term that fits, so you may have to search a bit.
਀ഊMany catalogs (and indexes) will let you both keyword search (search by terms that can be in the subject, title, or notes, including any tables of contents that might be included) and also browse by subject heading. If you pull up an entry for an interesting book and see that the subject headings are hyperlinked, try clicking on them to see if there are other books under that subject. Such links, however, mostly only link to the exact subject heading, so you can also try typing (or cut and pasting) the subject heading into the Subject Browse.
਀ഊBrowsing by Call number
਀ഊWe're all familiar with finding a few good books in the library catalog and then going to those call numbers and browsing the shelves to see what else interesting is in that area.
਀ഊHowever, many newer library catalogs give you the opportunity to browse the shelves electronically and see what else is under that call number. Look for 'Call number browse' buttons in the catalog, or highlighted/hyperlinked call numbers in the catalog entries for specific books. Call number browsing will let you check out the shelves from home, and also see what books might be currently unavailable, at another location or checked out.
਀ഊOther kinds of searches
਀ഊLibrary catalogs, indexes and other searching tools generally will also allow you to searh by Author name and Title; most will also let you limit your search by date, language, publisher, and type.
਀ഊSearching by author and/or title is good for what librarians call 'known item' searching: looking for something you know exists. If you are looking for a specific book, it may be worth your while to search by the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) but remember that different editions of a book will have different ISBN numbers!
਀ഊYou can also use author searches to look for related works, in library catalogs or in journal indexes.
਀ഊBoolean operators
਀ഊComputerized systems (library catalogs, journal indexes) use Boolean operators, such as AND, OR, and NOT, to combine terms.
਀ഊ• 	AND gives you all the items with both the first term AND the second term
ਠ∀ ऀ伀刀 最椀瘀攀猀 礀漀甀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 椀琀攀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀攀爀洀 伀刀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 琀攀爀洀⸀ഊ• 	NOT gives you the items with the first term but NOT the second term
਀ഊTry these on Altavista's advanced search page: http://www.altavista.com/web/adv
਀ഊPearl Growing-- a search strategy
਀ഊFind one or two items that are what you are looking for. Go to the indexes, the catalogs, and look up those items, then use their entries to look for more like them: use the subject headings, the author names, publishers, etc. Use bibliographies and citation indexes; look for items under the same subject headings and by the same authors. Most modern catalogs and indexes will actually make subject headings, author names, etc. into hyperlinks you can click to search for more items with those characteristics.
਀ഊ  Types of sources
਀ഊDividing sources into primary/secondary/tertiary is a vexed question. Different fields do this different ways. Be aware that some fields are more stringent on this than others: some people consider a painting a primary source, others don't. This is one classification:
਀ഊ• 	Primary Sources are documents written at the time, artifacts, manuals, etc. Some people do not believe translations, photographs, or reproductions are primary sources; some do. Documents written in period aren't always primary sources, if the writer didn't actually witness what he or she is describing.
ਠ∀ ऀ匀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 漀爀 最椀瘀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ 刀攀瘀椀攀眀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀渀漀琀愀琀攀搀 戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀攀猀Ⰰ 戀漀漀欀猀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 䔀砀挀愀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀 猀攀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀 椀琀攀洀猀⸀ ഊ• 	Tertiary Sources: summarize, describe, explain. Don't always pinpoint sources of each piece of information. For instance, Complete Anachronist; Smithsonian articles.
਀ഊBe aware that depending on what you want to know and what stage you are in your research, primary sources may not be the best place to begin. Tertiary sources can give you an overview of the subject, and secondary sources can compare and contrast materials that you might not otherwise know of, or summarize for you information that you don't have the resources to collect yourself, from inventories, records, remote locations, etc.
਀ഊAnd sources from period, even primary sources, can be misleading or biased. It's a good idea to consider the reliability of a source more heavily than its type.
਀ഊIs it a good source?
਀ഊTo analyze the reliability of a source: look for a bibliography; check the credentials of the author and publisher; check for obvious biases (does the author have an axe to grind?); consider the audience the book is written for. If possible, check out the items on the bibliography-- are they primary sources? Are they academic publications? Look for qualifying statements instead of absolutes. In general, analyze print and Web sources the same way (see 'Evaluating Information on the Internet' and Critically Analyzing Information Sources (http://www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill26.htm) from Cornell's Library ). Note that even primary sources can be unreliable, if they are biased or discussing something the author never saw.
਀ഊA good article on the pitfalls of medieval history research is 'No Trivial Matter: Accuracy in Medieval Trivia' by Melissa Snell: http://historymedren.about.com/library/weekly/aa061400a.htm. Also see 'Tools of the Trade: the search for truth in Medieval and Renaissance History' by the same author: http://historymedren.about.com/library/weekly/aa092997.htm
਀ഊ  Copyright & Plagiarism
਀ഊAnything put in fixed form is copyrighted to the author (or whoever buys the copyright from the author). That means that the author, or the owner of the copyright, has the right to determine who can distribute the work, within certain 'fair use' limits. You should not copy and distribute other people's materials without permission. That includes written work, sound recordings, video, and material on the web! Copyright persists for up to 70 years after the death of the author, depending on when the material was created; if it was 'work made for hire' for a company, copyright persists 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation. There are specific 'fair use' provisions to the copyright law that allow for certain limited kinds of copying for research and education (see the Copyright Office's web page: http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/), but you need the copyright owner's permission to copy significant portions of a work or to reprint something.
਀ഊPlagiarism is reproducing or using someone else's work without attributing it. Even if you only use a small portion-- a sentence or two-- or just use someone's ideas, if you don't give them credit, you are plagiarizing from their work. It is NEVER ok to plagiarize anyone's work-- that is theft!  A good source explaining plagiarism and copyright, and how to avoid plagiarizing, is Synthesis: Using the Work of Others, at the University of Maine: http://www.umf.maine.edu/~library/plagiarism/
਀ഊ  Internet use:
਀ഊ"If the Net *is* a library, then it's adding a new wing today (overnight), while removing another; and all  the books at the Reserve Desk are being moved to a new location; the online catalog is being augmented  by three new tools, (one of which is free, one of which was written by the new person in Dept. A); the  entire phono disk collection just disappeared; any number of users can simultaneously check out the latest  issue of the Journal of Obscure Chemistry; the Reference department works at home now, and we just  discovered 10,000 new books in a part of the library that we swear wasn't there yesterday. And  tomorrow will be different..."
਀ ⴀⴀ 刀椀挀欀 䜀愀琀攀猀ഊ
਀夀漀甀✀氀氀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀猀 礀漀甀 甀猀攀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 礀漀甀 昀椀渀搀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 戀攀最椀渀渀攀爀 猀琀甀昀昀Ⰰ 瘀攀爀礀 琀攀爀琀椀愀爀礀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 樀甀渀欀⸀ ⠀匀攀攀 ㄀　 刀攀愀猀漀渀猀 圀栀礀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 椀猀 一漀 匀甀戀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 昀漀爀 愀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㈀　　㄀㬀 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀礀氀愀椀渀攀 䈀氀漀挀欀✀猀 ∀圀栀愀琀✀猀 一漀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 一攀琀∀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀洀愀爀礀氀愀椀渀攀⸀挀漀洀⼀攀砀氀椀戀爀椀猀⼀砀氀椀戀㄀㔀　⸀栀琀洀氀⤀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 愀⤀ 㜀㔀─ 漀昀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 椀猀 樀甀渀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀⤀ 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 搀漀渀✀琀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 愀眀愀礀 栀椀最栀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀ⴀⴀ 琀栀攀礀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 最攀琀 瀀愀椀搀 昀漀爀 椀琀℀ 吀栀愀琀 搀漀攀猀渀✀琀 洀攀愀渀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀✀琀 昀椀渀搀 最漀漀搀 猀琀甀昀昀㨀 戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀琀愀氀漀最猀Ⰰ 猀琀甀昀昀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀⼀瀀漀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 匀䌀䄀搀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀Ⰰ 最氀漀猀猀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀愀猀攀爀猀 瀀甀琀 甀瀀 戀礀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 吀栀攀 圀攀戀 椀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 愀 最漀漀搀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀琀 礀漀甀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀✀猀 椀洀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 爀攀愀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 攀礀攀 昀漀爀 戀椀愀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀椀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀⸀ 䄀 最漀漀搀 戀漀漀欀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 琀漀瀀椀挀 椀猀 圀攀戀 圀椀猀搀漀洀㨀 栀漀眀 琀漀 攀瘀愀氀甀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 挀爀攀愀琀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 圀攀戀Ⰰ 戀礀 吀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀攀爀⸀ഊ
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 最漀漀搀 戀愀挀欀最爀漀甀渀搀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀Ⰰ 漀渀 栀漀眀 琀漀 甀猀攀 倀爀椀洀愀爀礀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 愀渀搀 栀漀眀 琀漀 攀瘀愀氀甀愀琀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 瀀甀琀 甀瀀 戀礀 猀漀洀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀愀渀猀㨀 唀猀椀渀最 倀爀椀洀愀爀礀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀椀戀⸀眀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀⸀攀搀甀⼀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀⼀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀⼀刀唀匀䄀⼀ഊ
਀匀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀 昀漀爀 匀䌀䄀搀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 䬀愀爀攀渀 䰀愀爀猀搀愀琀琀攀爀 眀爀漀琀攀 愀渀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 漀渀 ∀唀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 昀漀爀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 ☀ 䐀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀∀ 椀渀 吀漀甀爀渀愀洀攀渀琀猀 䤀氀氀甀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀 ⌀㄀㐀㔀 ⠀圀椀渀琀攀爀 ㈀　　㌀⤀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最攀漀挀椀琀椀攀猀⸀挀漀洀⼀欀愀爀攀渀开氀愀爀猀搀愀琀琀攀爀⼀甀猀椀渀最开琀栀攀开椀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀⸀栀琀洀 吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 戀漀琀栀 氀椀渀欀猀 琀漀 最漀漀搀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀礀氀攀猀 昀漀爀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ഊ
਀䘀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 最甀椀搀攀氀椀渀攀猀 漀渀 猀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀 圀攀戀 愀渀搀 甀猀椀渀最 眀攀戀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 琀爀礀㨀ഊ
ਠ∀ ऀ栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀猀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀戀攀愀甀昀漀爀琀⼀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀⼀戀漀渀攀猀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• 	http://www.researchbuzz.com/articles/Kidsafe.html
ਠ∀ ऀ漀爀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀栀漀洀攀⸀猀瀀爀椀渀琀洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀搀攀戀昀氀愀渀愀最愀渀⼀洀愀椀渀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ
਀䄀 最漀漀搀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 漀渀 眀攀戀 戀漀漀欀ⴀ戀甀礀椀渀最 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀䈀甀稀稀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀戀甀稀稀⸀挀漀洀⼀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⼀戀漀漀欀氀漀漀欀⸀栀琀洀氀氀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 匀攀愀爀挀栀 䔀渀最椀渀攀猀 瀀愀最攀 䤀 甀猀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 挀氀愀猀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀攀栀椀最栀⸀攀搀甀⼀縀樀愀栀戀⼀樀愀搀眀椀最愀⼀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀渀最椀渀攀猀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ
਀ഊ"And though it may sound like heresy coming from someone who lives and breathes web search, sometimes your best bet for finding information is to log off and take a trip to your local library. Libraries have tons of resources that aren't available on the Web. And librarians are trained experts who are usually more than willing to help you find what you're looking for. When you're getting nowhere on the Web, take advantage of these (usually very nice) 'human search engines.'"
਀ⴀⴀ 䌀栀爀椀猀 匀栀攀爀洀愀渀Ⰰ ∀匀攀瘀攀渀 匀琀甀瀀椀搀 匀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 䴀椀猀琀愀欀攀猀Ⰰ 䌀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀∀⸀ 匀攀愀爀挀栀䔀渀最椀渀攀 圀愀琀挀栀Ⰰ ㈀㠀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㈀　　㈀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀渀最椀渀攀眀愀琀挀栀⸀挀漀洀⼀猀攀愀爀挀栀搀愀礀⼀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀⸀瀀栀瀀⼀㈀㄀㔀㤀㔀㜀㄀ഊ
਀ഊ Citing What You Find
਀ഊIncluding a complete citation for sources not only helps other people find the material you found-- but helps you get back to them.
਀ഊThe three main citation formats are University of Chicago (the Turabian term paper manual is a variant of this), American Psychological Association, and Modern Language Association. There are all kinds of special rules in their handbooks for how to cite material- most libraries will have the handbooks for you to check. One good source for checking out citation formats is Dartmouth College's Sources: their use and acknowledgement: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sources/
਀䤀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀Ⰰ 椀琀✀猀 氀攀猀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 眀栀愀琀 昀漀爀洀愀琀 礀漀甀 甀猀攀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 椀渀挀氀甀攀搀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀琀攀洀 愀最愀椀渀⸀ഊWhat should go into a citation:
਀ ഊ
਀伀渀攀 眀愀礀 琀漀 琀攀猀琀 礀漀甀爀 猀欀椀氀氀猀 椀渀 挀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䌀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 䜀愀洀攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀搀攀瀀琀猀⸀眀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀⸀攀搀甀⼀攀琀爀椀漀甀眀⼀最愀洀攀椀渀搀攀砀⸀栀琀洀ഊ 
਀ഊ Other sites to check out:
਀ഊFirst, read
਀刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀攀猀Ⰰ  戀礀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䈀愀搀欀攀⸀  圀爀椀琀攀爀猀 䌀氀甀戀 倀爀攀猀猀  䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 刀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀   栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀愀挀琀猀⸀琀眀甀⸀挀愀⼀氀戀爀⼀琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀⸀栀琀洀ഊThis is a great introduction to library research, full of humor and very explanatory of things like how to use databases, how to develop a topic, and generally finding your way through the 'information fog.'
਀ഊ• 	How To Find Out of Print Books by Marylaine Block http://marylaine.com/bookbyte/getbooks.html
ਠ∀ ऀ刀攀愀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 圀爀椀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 昀漀爀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀㨀 䄀 䜀甀椀搀攀 昀漀爀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀 匀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 ⠀愀 最爀攀愀琀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀渀 瀀氀愀渀渀椀渀最 愀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 愀渀搀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⤀ 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀⸀戀漀眀搀漀椀渀⸀攀搀甀⼀圀爀椀琀椀渀最䜀甀椀搀攀猀⼀ഊ• 	Library Spot: http://www.libraryspot.com is a great website for looking for library-type information online.
ਠ∀ ऀ吀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀瀀氀⸀漀爀最⼀ 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最㨀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀瀀氀⸀漀爀最⼀搀椀瘀⼀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀⼀戀爀漀眀猀攀⼀栀甀洀㌀　⸀㌀　⸀㄀㔀⼀ഊ• 	The Internet Scout Report: http://scout.wisc.edu/
ਠ∀ ऀ吀栀攀 䘀甀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀愀猀琀㨀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀椀渀昀漀琀漀搀愀礀⸀挀漀洀⼀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀⼀渀漀瘀　　⼀昀椀渀欀⸀栀琀洀Ⰰ 戀礀 䬀攀渀渀攀琀栀 䈀⸀ 䘀椀渀欀⸀ ⠀伀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 匀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀⤀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 漀瘀攀爀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 愀 眀椀搀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀⼀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀猀⸀ 一漀琀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 琀漀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀⸀ഊ• 	Basic Research Tools for Medieval History, by Karen L. Green. (posted on Mediev-l mailing list) Concentrates on specific scholarly resources: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/texts/basicma.html
ਠ∀ ऀ䄀戀漀甀琀⸀挀漀洀✀猀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 瀀愀最攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀洀攀搀爀攀渀⸀愀戀漀甀琀⸀挀漀洀⼀ഊ• 	WWW-HIS: the World Wide Web library on history: http://www.ukans.edu/history/VL/
ਠ∀ ऀ一攀琀猀攀爀昀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀渀攀琀猀攀爀昀⸀漀爀最⼀ഊ• 	Infography (experts recommend 6 sources on a topic): http://www.fieldsofknowledge.com/infography.html
ਠ∀ ऀ䰀愀戀礀爀椀渀琀栀㨀 刀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀椀猀琀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀氀愀戀礀爀椀渀琀栀⸀最攀漀爀最攀琀漀眀渀⸀攀搀甀⼀ഊ• 	Internet Medieval Sourcebook: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html
ਠ∀ ऀ伀刀䈀㨀 伀渀氀椀渀攀 吀攀砀琀 䴀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 昀漀爀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀琀栀攀ⴀ漀爀戀⸀渀攀琀ഊ• 	Online Medieval and Classical Library (search multiple websites): http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/
ਠ∀ ऀ䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 吀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 倀愀最攀猀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀猀挀栀漀氀愀爀⸀挀栀攀洀⸀渀礀甀⸀攀搀甀⼀琀攀欀瀀愀最攀猀⼀吀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• 	Cariadoc's Miscellany:
ਠ∀ ऀ䠀吀䴀䰀 ⠀漀氀搀攀爀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀⤀ 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀瀀戀洀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀氀椀渀搀愀栀氀⼀挀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀⼀洀椀猀挀攀氀氀愀渀礀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ• 	PDF (most recent): http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/miscellany_pdf/Miscellany.htm
ਠ∀ ऀ匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最⼀ഊ
਀ഊGlossary of Abbreviations:
਀ഊ• 	CIP: Cataloging In Process- the Library of Congress constructs basic library catalog records for books submitted to the CIP program; these generally appear in the front of the book.
ਠ∀ ऀ䔀刀䤀䌀㨀 愀 搀愀琀愀戀愀猀攀 椀渀搀攀砀椀渀最 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 漀渀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ• 	ibid: 'in the same place;' used in bibliographies to indicate that the entry is by the same author or from the same publication as the publication cited just before it.
ਠ∀ ऀ䤀䰀䰀㨀 䤀渀琀攀爀氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 䰀漀愀渀ⴀ 栀漀眀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 戀漀爀爀漀眀 戀漀漀欀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀愀琀爀漀渀猀 琀漀 甀猀攀⸀ഊ• 	ISBN: International Standard Book Number- a unique number assigned to each edition of a book.
ਠ∀ ऀ䤀匀匀一㨀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 匀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 匀攀爀椀愀氀 一甀洀戀攀爀ⴀ 愀 甀渀椀焀甀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 愀猀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀漀 攀愀挀栀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 琀椀琀氀攀ഊ• 	MARC: Machine Readable Cataloging- MARC format displays parts of a library catalog record with the numbers that indicate what parts they are. 
ਠ∀ ऀ伀䌀䰀䌀㨀 伀䌀䰀䌀 椀猀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 䤀䰀䰀Ⰰ 猀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 挀愀琀愀氀漀最椀渀最Ⰰ 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 搀愀琀愀戀愀猀攀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀椀渀最 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀伀䌀䰀䌀✀ 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 伀䌀䰀䌀✀猀 䤀䰀䰀 愀渀搀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最椀渀最 搀愀琀愀戀愀猀攀猀⸀ഊ• 	RLIN: RLIN is similar to OCLC.
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਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀ⴀ㈀　　㌀Ⰰ 䨀攀渀渀椀昀攀爀 䄀⸀ 䠀攀椀猀攀⸀ 䌀漀渀琀愀挀琀 洀攀 瘀椀愀 攀洀愀椀氀 昀漀爀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀㨀 樀愀栀戀 愀琀 氀攀栀椀最栀⸀攀搀甀⸀ 倀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 攀砀瀀氀椀挀椀琀氀礀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 爀攀瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 愀 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 栀愀渀搀漀甀琀 昀漀爀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 昀漀爀 䌀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀渀愀挀栀爀漀渀椀猀洀 愀猀 氀漀渀最 愀猀 䤀 愀洀 渀漀琀椀昀椀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀爀攀搀椀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 栀愀渀搀漀甀琀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀⸀  䨀愀搀眀椀最愀✀猀 栀漀洀攀瀀愀最攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最愀氀氀漀眀最氀愀猀猀⸀漀爀最⼀樀愀搀眀椀最愀⸀ഊ
਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ
਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris	Libry-Research-art	Page 17 of 17
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