torches-msg - 8/9/09 ਀ഊMedieval torches. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Rushlights-art, candles-msg, candlesticks-msg, firestarting-msg, flt-wick-lmps-art, lamps-msg, lighting-msg, Med-Lighting-lnks, Med-Lighting-art. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀 渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous ਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊFrom: bear at thebox (Walt Wilson) ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 㔀 䄀瀀爀 㤀㄀ ㈀㄀㨀㄀㈀㨀㌀㌀ 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀　　洀樀猀琀甀洀 愀琀 戀猀甀ⴀ甀挀猀⸀甀甀挀瀀 ⠀䴀愀琀琀栀攀眀 䨀⸀ 匀琀甀洀⤀ 眀爀椀琀攀猀㨀ഊ ਀㸀 倀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀 漀甀琀搀漀漀爀 氀椀最栀琀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀⸀⸀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 圀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀∀ 攀焀甀椀瘀攀氀攀渀琀 琀漀 愀 昀氀愀猀栀氀椀最栀琀㼀  圀攀爀攀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 甀猀攀搀㼀ഊ> If so, does anyone have any good "recipes" for making long-lasting ਀㸀 ⠀搀爀椀瀀氀攀猀猀⤀ 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀㼀ഊ> -- ਀㸀    ⸀                  ⼀                簀 䴀愀琀琀 匀琀甀洀ഊ> . . / | 00MJSTUM at BSUVAX1.BITNET ਀㸀 簀⼀ⴀ尀⼀ⴀ尀 簀⼀ⴀ尀 簀⼀ⴀ尀   ⼀    簀⼀ⴀ尀 簀⼀ⴀ尀⼀ⴀ尀  簀 　　䴀䨀匀吀唀䴀 愀琀 戀猀甀ⴀ甀挀猀⸀戀猀甀⸀攀搀甀ഊ> | / / | / | / \__/ | / | / / | ਀㸀         簀    簀           簀             簀 䈀愀氀氀 匀琀愀琀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 䴀甀渀挀椀攀 䤀一 唀匀䄀ഊ> | | |/\/ | VAX Systems Programmer ਀ഊA spanking good pitch torch, I would imagine, or if inside, a large-wick ਀挀愀渀搀氀攀 椀渀 愀 瀀漀氀椀猀栀攀搀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 栀漀氀搀攀爀⸀  吀栀攀 琀漀爀挀栀 洀椀最栀琀 洀愀欀攀 礀漀甀 瘀攀爀礀 ഊunpopular and the candle has a nasty habit of dribbling hot wax. This is ਀漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀渀愀挀栀爀漀渀椀猀洀 挀愀渀 戀攀 椀渀瘀漀欀攀搀 昀漀爀 猀愀昀攀琀礀⸀  唀猀攀 琀栀攀 ഊflashlight or (with a grin) place a LUME STICK in your candle holder. ਀ഊBjorn ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ 㔀 䴀愀礀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀㜀㨀㐀㘀㨀㈀㌀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: Christine A Seelye-King ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 椀氀氀甀猀椀漀渀 昀漀漀搀 ⴀ 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀猀ഊ ਀圀攀氀氀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 眀攀✀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀氀氀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀猀 ⠀琀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 爀椀最栀琀㼀⤀ⰀഊI thought I would post a piece from a discusison from the Tavern Yard. ਀一漀琀 昀漀漀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊChristianna ਀ഊI make a cattail candle that I use for a tiki torch. Leave the stem a ਀氀椀琀琀氀攀 氀漀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀爀椀瘀攀 愀 瀀椀瀀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀渀搀 ⠀瀀愀椀渀琀 琀栀攀 瀀椀瀀攀 愀渀搀 搀攀挀漀爀愀琀攀ഊit the way you want). Light the cattail, drop it in the pipe. When it ਀戀甀爀渀猀 搀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀椀瀀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀攀 最漀攀猀 漀甀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀攀洀 搀爀漀瀀猀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀ഊpipe (easy clean up). No messy oil to spill, just add another lighted ਀挀愀琀 琀愀椀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀椀瀀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀椀氀氀 戀甀爀渀 愀 氀漀渀最 琀椀洀攀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 栀漀眀 礀漀甀ഊmake them. Also, they can be a bug repellent depending on how you make ਀琀栀攀洀⸀ഊ ਀䘀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀猀⸀  夀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀 琀栀攀洀 樀甀猀琀ഊbefore they go to seed, if you cut them before then they are to dense to ਀愀戀猀漀爀戀 眀愀砀⸀ ⠀䴀愀欀攀 猀甀爀攀 琀漀 挀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀攀洀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 愀 昀漀漀琀 氀漀渀最⤀⸀ഊIn a large pot, melt your paraffin (I like using a paraffin and bees ਀眀愀砀⤀⸀ 伀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀愀昀昀椀渀 椀猀 洀攀氀琀攀搀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 愀搀搀 礀漀甀爀 挀椀琀爀漀渀攀氀氀愀 椀昀 礀漀甀ഊwant. Put the cat tail in the pot of wax until you see it stop bubbling. ਀ഊThen remove it and put it on newspaper head down. I like to press a ਀猀栀漀爀琀 眀椀挀欀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 栀攀氀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀椀渀最 漀爀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 愀ഊlittle hard to light. At this time I will also roll them in sage, or a ਀瀀攀渀渀礀爀漀礀愀氀 洀椀砀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀 爀漀猀攀洀愀爀礀 洀椀砀⸀  䄀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀椀氀氀 洀愀欀攀 愀 戀甀最ഊrepellent but be careful with the pennyroyal. Once they are cool, just ਀欀攀攀瀀 搀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 琀椀氀氀 礀漀甀 最攀琀 琀栀攀洀 愀猀 琀栀椀挀欀 愀猀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 琀栀攀洀⸀  吀栀攀 琀栀椀挀欀攀爀ഊthe wax, the longer they will burn, (you will need to pull the wick up ਀愀渀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀砀ⴀ 䤀 甀猀攀 愀 氀漀渀最 渀愀椀氀⤀⸀  圀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 最攀琀 琀栀攀洀 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀ഊthem, roll them in the sage or rosemary again. Let cool and put them up ਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 攀瘀攀渀琀⸀  夀漀甀 挀愀渀 最攀琀 愀 琀甀戀攀 漀昀 戀爀愀猀猀 漀爀 愀氀甀洀椀渀甀洀⸀  䌀甀琀 琀栀攀ഊend at a 45 degree angle. This is the end you put in the ground. The ਀昀氀愀琀 攀渀搀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 猀氀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀攀洀 眀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 氀椀最栀琀 漀渀攀⸀  圀栀攀渀ഊthe cat tail burns down the stem will fall down the tube and go out, the ਀眀愀砀 戀甀爀渀猀 甀瀀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀⸀ഊ ਀一漀 洀甀猀猀 渀漀 昀甀猀猀⸀ഊ ਀䈀䰀伀伀䐀匀伀一䜀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 17 Jun 1999 18:01:22 -0700 (PDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䠀 䈀 㰀渀渀㌀开猀栀愀礀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊTo: Aethelmearc list , ਀        猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 氀椀猀琀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊSubject: Nifty Torches at Sam's Club ਀ഊI was just up at our local Sam's Club, and on display right as you walk ਀椀渀 眀愀猀 愀 瀀愀椀爀 ⠀℀⤀ 漀昀 䄀渀琀椀焀甀攀ⴀ䌀漀瀀瀀攀爀ⴀ䘀椀渀椀猀栀 ⠀漀渀 戀爀愀猀猀⤀ 漀椀氀ⴀ戀甀爀渀椀渀最ഊtorches, one 52" high, one 62" high, torch sort of a hemispherical ਀爀攀猀攀瘀漀椀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 猀栀愀氀氀漀眀 挀漀渀椀挀愀氀 琀漀瀀 琀漀 栀漀氀搀 眀椀挀欀㬀 猀栀愀昀琀 眀愀猀ഊtwisted square stock; base was a flat weighted circle, not a spike, so ਀猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 昀氀漀漀爀 漀爀 瀀愀琀椀漀Ⰰ 搀椀搀渀✀琀 氀漀漀欀 琀漀 猀攀攀 椀昀 椀琀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀ഊconverted to a spike for outdoors. Price was $69.98 (I think). Not ਀氀椀欀攀 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 䤀✀瘀攀 猀攀攀渀 攀氀猀攀眀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 礀漀甀ഊwould be as interested as I was (and maybe some of you can afford ਀琀栀攀洀℀⤀⸀  䤀 栀漀瀀攀 䤀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀攀搀 愀氀氀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀氀礀⸀  䄀渀搀 猀漀爀爀礀 椀昀 礀漀甀ഊthink this is too far off topic, but I really liked them, and would be ਀椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀昀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 攀氀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀猀 猀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 眀漀甀氀搀 欀渀漀眀 椀昀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀ഊanywhere near period in design, or just sort of medieval-ish-looking. ਀䄀渀搀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀瀀瀀攀爀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 氀椀欀攀 琀栀椀猀㼀  䤀ഊwould have perferred a brass or oxidized finish, myself. ਀ഊ-- Harriet ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀刀攀搀 䐀漀最∀ 㰀爀攀搀搀漀最 愀琀 戀氀甀攀洀漀漀渀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 倀攀爀椀漀搀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀ഊDate: Tue, 3 Aug 1999 09:31:50 -0400 ਀ഊTry this link. there are some plans for various period lighting ਀昀椀砀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ 夀漀甀✀氀氀 渀攀攀搀 ∀䄀挀爀漀戀愀琀 刀攀愀搀攀爀∀ 琀漀 甀猀攀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀猀⸀ഊ ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀琀攀氀攀瀀漀爀琀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀琀最甀瀀琀椀氀氀⼀琀漀挀⸀栀琀洀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 29 Dec 1999 12:53:15 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 搀眀椀氀猀漀渀 愀琀 渀戀渀攀琀⸀渀戀⸀挀愀 ⠀搀眀椀氀猀漀渀⤀ഊTo: ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 吀愀瀀攀爀怀猀ഊ ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀洀攀洀戀攀爀猀⸀砀漀漀洀⸀挀漀洀⼀眀攀渀搀礀猀眀攀戀⼀挀愀琀琀愀椀氀⸀樀瀀最ഊ This is a cattail swamp out back. Are these the same plants that in ਀䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 琀栀攀礀 洀愀搀攀 琀愀瀀攀爀猀 漀甀琀 漀昀㼀  䄀 琀愀瀀攀爀 戀攀椀渀最 瀀氀愀渀琀 洀愀琀攀爀愀氀 ⠀䤀渀 猀椀搀攀ഊpith? ) soaked in cooking grease. Dryed then put in a taper holder. Lite ਀氀椀欀攀 愀 挀愀渀搀氀攀㼀ഊSheepstealer ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㤀 䐀攀挀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀㄀㨀㈀㤀㨀㈀㤀 ⴀ　㘀　　ഊFrom: Sue.Rogers at fritolay.com ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: Taper`s ਀ഊOne of the plants that was used sometimes to make tapers was mullein (Verbascum ਀琀栀愀瀀猀甀猀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 ∀栀愀最猀 琀愀瀀攀爀猀∀ ⠀愀氀猀漀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀ഊ"rabbit tobacco" in Arkansas). Mullein grows in dry, sometimes rocky, areas ਀⠀伀稀愀爀欀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀 椀渀 䄀爀欀愀渀猀愀猀 昀漀爀 漀渀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀⤀⸀  䤀琀 栀愀猀 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 昀甀稀稀礀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀ഊgrowing in a basal rosette (low to the ground in a circle, kind of like ਀搀愀渀搀攀氀椀漀渀 最爀漀眀猀⤀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀 戀椀攀渀渀椀愀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀猀 椀琀 昀氀漀眀攀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 礀攀愀爀ഊof growth, then dies. The bloom stalk is several feet tall (3 - 5) and about 1 ਀ⴀ ㈀ 椀渀挀栀攀猀 椀渀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀⸀  吀栀攀 猀琀愀氀欀 椀猀 猀琀甀爀搀礀 愀渀搀 昀椀戀攀爀漀甀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 猀洀愀氀氀ഊleaves growing close to the stem, as well as small yellow flowers growing up the ਀猀琀攀洀⸀  䄀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀漀愀欀攀搀 椀渀 最爀攀愀猀攀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 欀椀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀椀最栀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀ഊtorch or taper. Your description of the process sounds about right, except I ਀眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀甀爀攀 椀昀 椀琀 眀愀猀 搀爀椀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 猀漀愀欀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 椀昀 椀琀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀ഊwhile greasy (i.e., the stalk acts like the wick to a tallow lamp, more or ਀氀攀猀猀⤀⸀  䴀礀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 猀洀漀欀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 琀漀漀 戀爀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀漀攀猀ഊnot last a long time, but I have not tried it to see. (I find mullein more ਀瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 挀漀甀最栀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 眀栀愀琀 䤀 甀猀攀 椀琀 昀漀爀⸀⤀ഊ ਀䤀 搀漀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀挀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 挀愀渀✀琀 猀攀攀 礀漀甀爀 瀀椀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀ഊcattails are pretty distinctive, so you should be able to identify them easily. ਀䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 挀愀琀琀愀椀氀 椀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀ഊlooked it up. Since cattails have similar properties to the mullein stalk ਀搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 ⠀氀愀爀最攀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀Ⰰ 猀琀甀爀搀礀Ⰰ 昀椀戀攀爀漀甀猀⤀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀ഊwork the same way. Are you going to try some and see how they work? If you do, ਀瀀氀攀愀猀攀 氀攀琀 甀猀 欀渀漀眀 栀漀眀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀爀欀⸀  䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀爀欀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀氀欀猀 最漀ഊto fuzz, so it may be kind of late in the year to collect them right now, ਀搀攀瀀攀渀搀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀⸀ഊ ਀匀甀稀愀渀渀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀攀爀戀愀氀椀猀琀Ⰰ 䈀愀爀漀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀琀攀瀀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 䬀椀渀最搀漀洀 漀昀 䄀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀 ⠀䐀愀氀氀愀猀Ⰰ 吀堀ഊUSA) ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㌀　 䐀攀挀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀㜀㨀㄀㌀㨀㐀㜀 ⴀ　　　　ഊFrom: "Melanie Wilson" ਀吀漀㨀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊSubject: Re: rush lights ਀ഊ>Rushes, juncus effusus ਀ഊSoft Rushes, and yet well into the 19th C this was used to make rush lights ਀⸀ 倀攀攀氀 愀渀搀 猀漀愀欀 椀渀 昀愀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 戀甀爀渀⸀ഊ ਀䠀攀爀攀 椀猀 栀漀眀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 琀栀攀洀 昀爀漀洀 刀攀瘀搀 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀 圀栀椀琀攀ഊ ਀✀ 吀栀攀 爀甀猀栀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 戀攀猀琀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 猀甀洀洀攀爀㬀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 洀愀礀 戀攀ഊgathered, so as to serve the purpose well, quite on to auterm. It would be ਀渀攀攀搀氀攀猀猀 琀漀 愀搀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀爀最攀猀琀 愀渀搀 氀漀渀最攀猀琀 愀爀攀 戀攀猀琀⸀ 䐀攀挀愀礀攀搀 氀愀戀漀甀爀攀爀猀Ⰰഊwomen and children, make it their business to procure and prepare them. As ਀猀漀漀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 挀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 昀氀甀渀最 椀渀琀漀 眀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 欀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀ഊotherwise they will dry and shrink, and the peel will not run.. At first a ਀瀀攀爀猀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 昀椀渀搀 椀琀 渀漀 攀愀猀礀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 琀漀 搀椀瘀攀猀琀 愀 爀甀猀栀 漀昀 椀琀猀 瀀攀攀氀 漀爀 爀椀渀搀Ⰰഊso as to leave one regular, even rib from top to bottom thay may support the ਀瀀椀琀挀栀㨀 戀甀琀 琀栀椀猀Ⰰ 氀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀攀愀琀猀Ⰰ 猀漀漀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 攀瘀攀渀 琀漀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀㬀ഊand we have seen an old woman, stone blind, performing this buisiness with ਀最爀攀愀琀 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀攀氀搀漀洀 昀愀椀氀椀渀最 琀漀 猀琀爀椀瀀 琀栀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 渀椀挀攀猀琀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀椀琀礀⸀ഊWhen the junci are thus prepared they must lie out on the grass to be ਀戀氀攀挀栀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀眀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 渀椀最栀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀猀 戀攀 搀爀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊsun. ਀ഊSome address is required in dipping these rushes in the scalding fat or ਀最爀攀愀猀攀㬀 戀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 欀渀愀挀欀 愀氀猀漀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 愀琀琀愀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀 眀椀昀攀ഊof an industrious Hampshire labourer obtains all her fat for nothing; for ਀猀栀攀 猀愀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 猀挀甀洀洀椀渀最猀 漀昀 栀攀爀 戀愀挀漀渀 瀀漀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 甀猀攀 愀渀搀 椀昀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀ഊabounds with salt, she causes the salt to precipitate to the bottom, by ਀猀攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀挀爀甀洀洀椀渀最猀 椀渀 愀 眀愀爀洀 漀瘀攀渀⸀⸀⸀⸀⸀䄀 瀀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 最爀攀愀猀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀ഊprocured for 4 pence; and about 6 pounds of grease will dip a pound of ਀爀甀猀栀攀猀⸀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䤀昀 洀攀渀 琀栀愀琀 欀攀攀瀀 戀攀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 洀椀砀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 眀愀砀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 最椀瘀攀 椀琀ഊa consistancy, and render it more cleanly, and make the rushes burn longer: ਀洀甀琀琀漀渀 猀甀攀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀⸀ 䄀 最漀漀搀 爀甀猀栀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀搀 椀渀ഊlength 2 feet 4 inches and a half, being minuted, burnt only 3 minutes short ਀漀昀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀㬀 愀渀搀 愀 爀甀猀栀 猀琀椀氀氀 漀昀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 氀攀渀最琀栀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 戀甀爀渀 漀渀攀ഊhour and a quarter. These rushes give good clear light...." ਀ഊThey are safer than tallow candles, have a clear smokeless(almost) flame. ਀ഊMel ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㌀　 䐀攀挀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㈀㌀㨀　　㨀　㄀ ⴀ　　　　ഊFrom: "Melanie Wilson" ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䰀䤀匀吀 匀挀愀 䄀爀琀猀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊSubject: Re: rush lights ਀ഊ>A cat tail in the fall looks like a 6 inch black turd on a 4 ft high tan ਀㸀猀琀椀挀欀⸀  㨀ⴀ⤀ഊ ਀一漀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 氀椀欀攀 刀攀攀搀洀愀挀攀 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀⠀漀昀琀攀渀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 戀甀氀爀甀猀栀 搀甀攀 琀漀 愀ഊVictorian artists error) . Soft rush is up to 3ft high, thin, ਀最氀漀猀猀礀 最爀攀攀渀 猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 礀攀氀氀漀眀椀猀栀 昀氀漀眀攀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀䐀漀攀猀 琀栀椀猀 戀氀愀挀欀 琀甀爀搀 攀砀瀀漀氀搀攀 椀渀琀漀 眀栀椀琀攀 猀琀甀昀昀 ⠀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀琀甀昀昀ഊmatresses)? and when black is it very velvety ? ਀ഊReedmace is also called cat's tail (Typha latifolia) so I think this must be ਀椀琀 㼀ഊ ਀刀攀愀氀 戀甀氀爀甀猀栀 ⠀渀漀琀 爀攀攀搀洀愀挀攀⤀ 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀氀漀漀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀䴀攀氀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "celia" ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 猀漀挀⸀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊSubject: Re: Medieval Torch Questions ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㜀 䨀甀渀 ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㌀㨀㈀㈀㨀㄀㄀ ⴀ　㜀　　ഊ ਀氀漀瀀攀洀愀渀挀 愀琀 猀眀戀攀氀氀⸀渀攀琀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> Sorry if this is a little out of place, but this group appeared to be ਀㸀 洀漀爀攀 漀渀 琀愀爀最攀琀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀⸀  䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 漀氀搀 瀀漀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀ഊ> group concerning the construction of medieval torches that have helped. ਀㸀  䈀甀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀 漀昀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 氀攀昀琀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 瀀愀爀琀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 琀漀爀挀栀 愀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 愀ഊ> branch or binding of twigs. Often with a specially treated tip or ਀㸀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀椀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀椀瀀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 䤀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 猀攀攀 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀漀搀⸀  䤀昀 琀栀攀ഊ> shaft of the torch was just dried pine, I would expect the flame to ਀㸀 戀甀爀渀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀昀琀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀⸀  䤀猀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀昀琀 愀 最爀攀攀渀 眀漀漀搀㼀  伀爀ഊ> is it treated in some other what to keep it from catching fire? Or is ਀㸀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 愀渀猀眀攀爀㼀ഊ> ਀㸀 䄀氀猀漀Ⰰ 䠀漀眀 氀漀渀最 挀漀甀氀搀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 倀椀渀攀 刀攀猀椀渀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 戀甀爀渀 昀漀爀㼀ഊ> ਀䐀爀椀攀搀 䜀爀攀愀琀 䴀甀氀氀椀攀渀 搀椀瀀瀀攀搀 椀渀 琀愀氀氀漀眀⸀ഊ I think I mentioned it in the Anglo Saxon Plant Name Survey ਀椀渀 琀栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀 漀昀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 戀愀挀欀⸀ഊThere might be more information there. ਀ഊ Celia ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀戀椀氀氀∀ 㰀戀椀氀氀欀椀氀瀀愀琀爀椀挀欀 愀琀 瘀椀爀最椀氀椀漀⸀椀琀㸀ഊNewsgroups: soc.history.medieval ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 吀漀爀挀栀 儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀ഊDate: 28 Jun 2006 03:13:38 -0700 ਀ഊwasn't pitch also used? ਀ഊhere in italy one can still see iron baskets in some towns - perched on ਀琀栀攀 挀漀爀渀攀爀猀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀⸀  椀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀 椀搀攀愀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 瀀甀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀洀 漀爀ഊhow long they were expected to illuminate the street below. ਀ഊ- bill ਀ഊcelia ha scritto: ਀ഊ> lopemanc at swbell.net wrote: ਀㸀 㸀 䠀椀 䄀氀氀Ⰰഊ> > ਀㸀 㸀 匀漀爀爀礀 椀昀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 瀀氀愀挀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀ഊ> > more on target than any other. I have already found old posts in this ਀㸀 㸀 最爀漀甀瀀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀瘀攀 栀攀氀瀀攀搀⸀ഊ> > But I have a couple of questions left. ਀㸀 㸀ഊ> > For the most part construction of a torch as describe appears to be a ਀㸀 㸀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 漀爀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀眀椀最猀⸀  伀昀琀攀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 琀椀瀀 漀爀ഊ> > material that is treated and tied to the tip. ਀㸀 㸀ഊ> > I did not see anything specific about the age of the wood. If the ਀㸀 㸀 猀栀愀昀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀爀挀栀 眀愀猀 樀甀猀琀 搀爀椀攀搀 瀀椀渀攀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀攀 琀漀ഊ> > burn down the shaft relatively quickly. Is the shaft a green wood? Or ਀㸀 㸀 椀猀 椀琀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀栀愀琀 琀漀 欀攀攀瀀 椀琀 昀爀漀洀 挀愀琀挀栀椀渀最 昀椀爀攀㼀  伀爀 椀猀ഊ> > there a different answer? ਀㸀 㸀ഊ> > Also, How long could one of these Pine Resin torches burn for? ਀㸀 㸀ഊ> Dried Great Mullien dipped in tallow. ਀㸀  䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 䤀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀 匀愀砀漀渀 倀氀愀渀琀 一愀洀攀 匀甀爀瘀攀礀ഊ> in this group a couple of months back. ਀㸀 吀栀攀爀攀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀爀攀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀  䌀攀氀椀愀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "celia" ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 猀漀挀⸀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊSubject: Re: Medieval Torch Questions ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㠀 䨀甀渀 ㈀　　㘀 　㐀㨀㌀㔀㨀㈀㘀 ⴀ　㜀　　ഊ ਀戀椀氀氀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> wasn't pitch also used? ਀㸀ഊ> here in italy one can still see iron baskets in some towns - perched on ਀㸀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀渀攀爀猀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀⸀  椀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀 椀搀攀愀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 瀀甀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀洀 漀爀ഊ> how long they were expected to illuminate the street below. ਀㸀ഊ> - bill ਀ഊI suspect that pitch is what was meant by 'resin' ਀圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 椀猀 爀椀最栀琀 琀栀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 爀攀猀椀渀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 挀漀洀洀漀搀椀琀礀⸀ഊ ਀ 䌀攀氀椀愀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "William Black" ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 猀漀挀⸀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊSubject: Re: Medieval Torch Questions ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㤀 䨀甀渀 ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㤀㨀㈀㘀㨀　㠀 ⬀　㄀　　ഊ ਀㰀氀漀瀀攀洀愀渀挀 愀琀 猀眀戀攀氀氀⸀渀攀琀㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> While this is good information and quite interesting, I believe my ਀㸀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 甀渀愀渀猀眀攀爀攀搀⸀  唀渀氀攀猀猀 䐀爀椀攀搀 䜀爀攀愀琀 䴀甀氀氀攀椀渀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀ഊ> does not burn. ਀㸀ഊ> What keeps the shaft from burning down to the carrier's hand? ਀ഊOne assumes a metal cup of some sort. ਀ഊThe type usually reproduced in castles in the UK have a sort of miniature ਀洀攀琀愀氀 挀愀最攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀洀愀戀氀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀⸀  䤀 愀猀猀甀洀攀 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀 栀愀猀ഊactually lit these and made them work as English Heritage have a reputation ਀昀漀爀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀渀最 爀椀最栀琀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䴀漀猀琀 爀攀ⴀ攀渀愀挀琀洀攀渀琀 猀漀挀椀攀琀椀攀猀 甀猀攀 愀 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 眀漀漀搀 愀猀 愀 栀愀渀搀氀攀Ⰰ  昀愀猀琀攀渀 愀渀 漀氀搀ഊbaked bean tin on the end, insert a toilet roll and soak that with white ਀猀瀀椀爀椀琀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀甀爀渀 昀漀爀 琀眀漀 漀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 栀漀甀爀猀⸀⸀⸀ഊ-- ਀圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䈀氀愀挀欀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: jacklinthicum at earthlink.net ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 猀漀挀⸀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊSubject: Re: Medieval Torch Questions ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㤀 䨀甀渀 ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㄀㨀㔀　㨀㐀㠀 ⴀ　㜀　　ഊ ਀圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䈀氀愀挀欀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> One assumes a metal cup of some sort. ਀㸀ഊ> The type usually reproduced in castles in the UK have a sort of miniature ਀㸀 洀攀琀愀氀 挀愀最攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀洀愀戀氀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀⸀  䤀 愀猀猀甀洀攀 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀 栀愀猀ഊ> actually lit these and made them work as English Heritage have a reputation ਀㸀 昀漀爀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀渀最 爀椀最栀琀⸀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 䴀漀猀琀 爀攀ⴀ攀渀愀挀琀洀攀渀琀 猀漀挀椀攀琀椀攀猀 甀猀攀 愀 氀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 眀漀漀搀 愀猀 愀 栀愀渀搀氀攀Ⰰ  昀愀猀琀攀渀 愀渀 漀氀搀ഊ> baked bean tin on the end, insert a toilet roll and soak that with white ਀㸀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 吀栀椀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀甀爀渀 昀漀爀 琀眀漀 漀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 栀漀甀爀猀⸀⸀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 ⴀⴀഊ> William Black ਀ഊhttp://www.markland.org/lettherebelight.php ਀ഊIn the popular mind, the torch is the preferred form of lighting during ਀琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀ 唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 昀愀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀爀甀琀栀⸀ 伀渀攀ഊof the biggest problems in describing a medieval torch is that none ਀栀愀瘀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀攀眀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 琀栀愀琀ഊRobins discusses are either early Creek or from the 18th and early 19th ਀挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䈀甀琀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀瘀攀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 昀漀氀欀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀ഊexamples probably give a rather good example of what was possible in ਀琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀⸀ 䌀爀攀攀欀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀甀渀搀氀攀猀 漀昀 猀琀椀挀欀猀Ⰰ 椀渀搀甀戀椀琀愀戀氀礀 漀昀 愀ഊhighly resinous wood. In one account from a medieval English ਀挀栀甀爀挀栀眀愀爀搀攀渀✀猀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 ∀䄀 琀漀爀挀栀 漀昀 爀漀猀椀渀 眀攀椀最栀椀渀最 ㄀㄀ 氀戀猀⸀∀⸀ഊTorches of this period are thought to be twisted wax or a course candle ਀洀愀搀攀 漀昀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 爀攀猀椀渀 愀渀搀 眀愀砀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀椀漀渀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀ഊof a torch comes from a bas-relief on the tomb of Pierre de Gougis ਀⠀㄀㐀㐀　⤀ 椀渀 倀愀爀椀猀⸀ 䤀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 愀爀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 椀渀 䬀椀渀最 刀攀渀攀 漀昀 䄀渀樀漀甀✀猀ഊLivre des Tournois, 1460-65. This depiction appears to be of several ਀氀漀渀最 挀愀渀搀氀攀猀 最爀漀甀瀀攀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 愀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 眀漀漀搀攀渀 猀栀愀昀琀 ⠀䘀椀最⸀ ㈀⤀⸀ഊ[Illustration shows the body of the torch as long as the man carrying ਀椀琀崀 䄀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 搀攀瀀椀挀琀椀漀渀 漀挀挀甀爀猀 椀渀 愀 䘀氀攀洀椀猀栀 戀漀漀欀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㔀㄀㔀⸀ 䔀瘀攀爀礀 搀愀礀ഊtorches are thought to been made of resinous wood. In Italy until this ਀挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀愀戀爀椀挀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 猀愀瀀氀椀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀愀琀攀渀 椀渀琀漀ഊfibrous state and then impregnated with fat. In the 18th century ਀匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 洀攀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀琀愀渀搀 戀攀栀椀渀搀 猀攀愀琀攀搀 最甀攀猀琀猀 愀渀搀 栀漀氀搀 愀 戀甀爀渀椀渀最ഊsplinter of bog pine that naturally has a high concentration of ਀琀甀爀瀀攀渀琀椀渀攀⸀ 䄀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 愀 琀漀爀挀栀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㌀㔀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 爀漀瀀攀ഊtreated with Stockholm tar, though resin, tal low, and beeswax, alone ਀漀爀 洀椀砀攀搀 挀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀ഊmade in a variety of ways by using what was locally available. In ਀䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 漀昀 爀攀猀椀渀漀甀猀ഊwoods that were available in Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and the ਀䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀⸀ 䈀愀猀猀 昀椀戀攀爀 爀漀瀀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀ഊintroduction of hemp rope during the 13th century. I believe that a ਀琀漀爀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 戀攀攀渀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 琀礀椀渀最 猀漀洀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 欀渀漀琀 氀椀欀攀 愀 琀甀爀欀猀ഊhead on top of a wood handle and then impregnate it tallow, resin, or ਀眀愀砀⸀ഊ ਀吀眀漀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀漀渀最攀猀琀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀洀猀 漀昀 氀椀最栀琀椀渀最ഊdevices in Europe were the splinter and rush light. Used into the early ਀瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 椀渀 爀甀爀愀氀 愀爀攀愀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀瘀愀渀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀ഊman's candle. The splinter was a thin piece of resinous wood, that ਀挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 挀漀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀愀氀氀漀眀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 栀攀氀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀眀漀 爀漀挀欀猀Ⰰ 眀攀搀最攀搀ഊinto a crux of a stick or metal spines, or held in a simple metal clamp ਀⠀䘀椀最⸀ ㌀愀 ☀ 戀⤀ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 戀甀爀渀椀渀最 攀渀搀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 搀漀眀渀 愀琀 愀渀 愀渀最氀攀⸀ 䄀 洀攀琀愀氀ഊplate was often placed under the splinter so as to reduce the chance of ਀昀椀爀攀⸀ 匀瀀氀椀渀琀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 甀猀攀 椀渀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀ⰀഊScandinavia, and the Mediterranean. England, lacking resinous trees, ਀搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀甀猀栀氀椀最栀琀⸀ 䠀攀爀攀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 猀漀昀琀 爀甀猀栀 椀猀 挀甀琀Ⰰ 猀漀愀欀攀搀Ⰰഊstripped, dried, and then dipped in fat or grease and then dried again. ਀䄀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀氀椀渀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀甀猀栀 氀椀最栀琀 眀愀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 栀攀氀搀 椀渀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 挀氀愀洀瀀 漀爀ഊsplit device (Fig. 3c & d ) but unlike splinters the rushlight was held ਀愀琀 愀渀 甀瀀眀愀爀搀 愀渀最氀攀 愀渀搀 氀椀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 攀渀搀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 爀甀猀栀氀椀最栀琀 栀漀氀搀攀爀猀 愀爀攀ഊmultipurpose having a candleholder attached to the arm of the clamp, To ਀最椀瘀攀 愀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀甀猀栀氀椀最栀琀✀猀 挀愀瀀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀 爀甀猀栀 琀眀漀 愀渀搀 愀 焀甀愀爀琀攀爀ഊlong would burn for fifty-seven minutes. The splinter and rushlight ਀眀攀爀攀 攀愀猀礀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀搀甀戀椀琀愀戀氀礀 氀攀搀 琀漀 眀椀搀攀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 甀猀攀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀ഊcommon folk of Europe. ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀戀椀氀氀∀ 㰀戀椀氀氀欀椀氀瀀愀琀爀椀挀欀 愀琀 瘀椀爀最椀氀椀漀⸀椀琀㸀ഊNewsgroups: soc.history.medieval ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 吀漀爀挀栀 儀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀ഊDate: 29 Jun 2006 09:55:30 -0700 ਀ഊchris - you might have already seen this but i think this will explain ਀愀氀氀㨀ഊ ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀爀欀氀愀渀搀⸀漀爀最⼀氀攀琀琀栀攀爀攀戀攀氀椀最栀琀⸀瀀栀瀀ഊ ਀椀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀挀欀猀 戀甀爀渀 猀氀漀眀氀礀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 漀椀氀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 戀甀爀渀猀ഊfast, a stick or bundle of sticks, impregnated with a combustible ਀猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀搀 愀猀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 愀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀 漀渀 漀爀 椀渀 椀琀⸀ഊ ਀猀漀甀渀搀猀 氀椀欀攀 愀渀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 䌀䄀刀䔀䘀唀䰀℀ 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ... ਀爀攀最愀爀搀猀 ⴀ 戀椀氀氀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "Uwe M¸ller" ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 猀漀挀⸀栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊSubject: Re: Medieval Torch Questions ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㄀㌀ 䨀甀氀 ㈀　　㘀 ㈀　㨀㌀㜀㨀㐀　 ⬀　㈀　　ഊ ਀∀挀攀氀椀愀∀ 㰀挀开愀开戀氀愀礀 愀琀 栀漀琀洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀㸀 猀挀栀爀椀攀戀㨀ഊ> Thanks, that's useful. ਀㸀 吀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀愀搀 ✀倀攀愀猀愀渀琀 䌀爀愀昀琀猀洀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊ> Medieval Forest' about charcoal burning and the suitability ਀㸀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 眀漀漀搀猀 昀漀爀 昀椀渀攀 洀攀琀愀氀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 挀愀洀攀 洀愀椀渀氀礀ഊ> from my brother who worked as a charcoal burner for ਀㸀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀  䌀攀氀椀愀ഊ ਀䈀愀挀欀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䈀礀 挀栀愀渀挀攀 䤀 昀漀甀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 漀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀⸀ഊIn germanic cremation burials (pre migration age, off topic?) little pieces ਀漀昀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 爀攀猀椀渀 眀攀爀攀 昀漀甀渀搀⸀ 䄀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀ഊbirch tar and wax and many pieces included pieces or impressions of rough ਀挀氀漀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀搀 愀猀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 眀爀愀瀀瀀椀渀最 愀 猀琀椀挀欀ഊor branch with strips of cloth saturated with this tar/wax mixture. The ਀琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 猀漀爀琀椀渀最 戀漀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀椀琀猀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀猀栀攀猀ഊof the funeral pyre or while putting the urn in the ground. ਀ഊUwe Mueller ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㄀ 䄀瀀爀 ㈀　　㤀 ㄀㐀㨀㔀㘀㨀㐀㔀 ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: "Sharon Gordon" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 䐀椀渀椀渀最 䰀椀最栀琀ഊTo: "'Cooks within the SCA'" ਀ഊAs a series of facts in a book about Vikings the author notes that Vikings ਀氀椀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 漀昀  戀甀渀搀氀攀猀 漀昀 洀愀爀猀栀 最爀愀猀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀 ⠀氀椀最栀琀ഊstraw). It has a central core of wicklike white pith. ਀ഊDoes anyone know if this was from an edible grain such as barley or flax? ਀䤀✀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀椀琀栀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 氀椀欀攀 愀 眀椀挀欀 椀渀 漀椀氀 漀爀ഊfat or whether it was used to soak up oil in a more sponge like way and then ਀氀椀琀 椀昀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 椀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀⸀ഊ ਀匀栀愀爀漀渀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 01 Apr 2009 15:01:55 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䜀爀攀琀挀栀攀渀 䈀攀挀欀 㰀最爀洀 愀琀 愀渀搀爀攀眀⸀挀洀甀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Viking Dining Light ਀吀漀㨀 䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀ伀渀 圀攀搀渀攀猀搀愀礀Ⰰ 䄀瀀爀椀氀 　㄀Ⰰ ㈀　　㤀 ㈀㨀㔀㘀 倀䴀 ⴀ　㐀　　 匀栀愀爀漀渀 䜀漀爀搀漀渀ഊ wrote: ਀㰀㰀 䐀漀攀猀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 欀渀漀眀 椀昀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀 攀搀椀戀氀攀 最爀愀椀渀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 戀愀爀氀攀礀 漀爀 昀氀愀砀㼀ഊI'd also be interested in whether the pith was used like a wick in oil or ਀昀愀琀 漀爀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 椀琀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀漀愀欀 甀瀀 漀椀氀 椀渀 愀 洀漀爀攀 猀瀀漀渀最攀 氀椀欀攀 眀愀礀 愀渀搀ഊthen lit if anyone is familiar with this. >> ਀ഊAccording to www.rolv.no/urtemedisin/medisinplanter/junc_eff.htm, the plant ਀洀漀搀攀爀渀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀 椀猀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀攀搀 漀爀 爀甀猀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀ഊthe page notes: ਀ഊLYSSIV ਀䨀甀渀挀甀猀 攀昀昀甀猀甀猀 䨀甀渀挀甀猀 攀昀昀甀猀甀猀  ഊ ਀䄀一䐀刀䔀 一伀刀匀䬀䔀 一䄀嘀一 一伀刀匀䬀䔀 伀吀䠀䔀刀 一䄀䴀䔀  ഊRundsev, rundstorr, veikjegras, ljossev. Rundsev, around major, veikjegras, ਀氀樀漀猀猀攀瘀⸀  ഊ ਀嘀䤀吀䔀一匀䬀䄀倀䔀䰀䤀䜀 一䄀嘀一 ⼀ 匀夀一伀一夀䴀䔀刀 嘀䤀吀䔀一匀䬀䄀倀䔀一匀 一䄀䴀䔀 ⼀ 匀夀一伀一夀䴀匀  ഊJuncus effusus L. Juncus effusus L. ਀ഊNAVN P? ANDRE SPR?K NAME OF OTHER LANGUAGES ਀匀嘀䔀一匀䬀㨀 嘀攀欀攀琀㼀最⸀ 匀圀䔀䐀䤀匀䠀㨀 嘀攀欀攀琀㼀最⸀  ഊDANSK : Lyse-Siv. DANISH: Lyse-Siv. ਀䤀匀䰀䄀一䐀匀䬀㨀 䤀䌀䔀䰀䄀一䐀䤀䌀㨀  ഊFINSK: Finnish: R?yhyvihvil?. R?yhyvihvil?. ਀䔀一䜀䔀䰀匀䬀 㨀 匀漀昀琀 爀甀猀栀Ⰰ 刀甀猀栀Ⰰ 䈀漀最 爀甀猀栀 Ⰰ 䌀漀洀洀漀渀 爀甀猀栀Ⰰ 刀甀猀栀 瀀椀琀栀Ⰰ 䨀甀渀挀甀猀⸀ഊENGLISH: Soft rush, Rush, Bog rush, common rush, Rush pith, Juncus. ਀吀夀匀䬀 㨀 䘀氀愀琀琀攀爀椀最攀 䈀椀渀猀攀Ⰰ 䘀氀愀琀琀攀爀ⴀ䈀椀渀猀攀Ⰰ 䰀漀挀欀攀戀氀㼀琀椀最攀 䈀椀渀猀攀⸀ 䜀䔀刀䴀䄀一㨀ഊFlatterige bins, flat-bins, Lockebl?tige bins. ਀䘀刀䄀一匀䬀㨀 䨀漀渀挀 㼀 氀椀攀爀Ⰰ 䨀漀渀挀 㼀瀀愀爀猀⸀ 䘀刀䔀一䌀䠀㨀 樀漀渀挀 㼀 氀椀攀爀Ⰰ 樀漀渀挀 䔀倀䄀刀⸀  ഊSPANSK: Junco de esteras, junquera. SPANISH: Junco de ester, junquera. ਀䬀䤀一䔀匀䤀匀䬀㨀 䐀攀渀最 堀椀渀 䌀愀漀⸀ 䌀䠀䤀一䔀匀䔀㨀 䐀攀渀最 堀椀渀 䌀愀漀⸀  ഊ ਀䘀䄀䴀䤀䰀䤀䔀 䘀䄀䴀䤀䰀夀  ഊSivfamilien (Juncaceae). Sivfamilien (Juncaceae). ਀ഊFoto ?: Rolv Hjelmstad Photo ?: Rolv Hjelmstad ਀ഊ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ਀ഊBOTANISK BESKRIVELSE BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ਀䔀琀 昀氀攀爀㼀爀椀最 猀椀瘀 洀攀搀 㐀　ⴀ㄀㈀　 挀洀 栀㼀礀攀Ⰰ 昀爀椀猀欀琀 最爀㼀渀渀攀 猀琀爀㼀 猀漀洀 猀椀琀琀攀爀 椀ഊstore, tette tuer. Slirene m?rkebrune eller svartr?de. A perennial reed ਀眀椀琀栀 㐀　ⴀ㄀㈀　 挀洀 栀椀最栀Ⰰ 昀爀攀猀栀 最爀攀攀渀 猀琀爀愀眀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 椀渀 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 搀攀渀猀攀 栀椀欀攀猀⸀ഊSheath dark brown or black red. Str?ene er glatte, med 40-70 langsg?ende ਀猀琀爀椀瀀攀爀⸀ 匀琀爀㼀攀渀攀 椀猀 猀洀漀漀琀栀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 㐀　ⴀ㜀　 氀漀渀最椀琀甀搀椀渀愀氀 猀琀爀椀瀀攀猀⸀ഊBlomsterstanden er oftest et ?pent knippe med blekt brune blomster, 1? ਀㼀 ㌀ 洀洀 氀愀渀最攀⸀ 䘀氀漀眀攀爀猀 猀琀愀渀搀 椀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 愀渀 漀瀀攀渀 欀渀椀瀀瀀攀 眀椀琀栀 瀀愀氀攀 戀爀漀眀渀ഊflowers, 1 ? - 3 mm long. Vokser p? fuktig beitemark, i eng og gr?fter. ਀䜀爀漀眀猀 椀渀 搀愀洀瀀 瀀愀猀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 攀渀最 愀渀搀 搀椀琀挀栀攀猀⸀ 倀氀愀渀琀攀渀 攀爀 椀欀欀攀 欀愀氀欀欀爀攀瘀攀渀搀攀⸀ഊThe plant is not lime-consuming. ਀ഊand ਀ഊREVIEWS ਀䈀爀甀欀 愀瘀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀 椀 一漀爀最攀 唀猀攀 漀昀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀 椀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀 ഊ ਀䤀 一漀爀最攀 昀椀渀渀攀猀 搀攀琀 攀渀 愀渀渀攀渀 猀椀瘀愀爀琀Ⰰ 欀渀愀瀀瀀猀椀瘀 ⠀ 䨀甀渀挀甀猀 挀漀渀最氀漀洀攀爀愀琀甀猀 ⤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀ഊer temmelig lik lyssiv, og folk flest har neppe skilt mellom disse to ਀愀爀琀攀渀攀⸀ 䤀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀椀瘀愀爀琀Ⰰ 欀渀愀瀀瀀猀椀瘀 ⠀䨀甀渀挀甀猀ഊconglomeratus), which is fairly similar lyssiv, and most people have hardly ਀猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀眀漀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀⸀ 䐀攀琀 猀椀欀爀攀猀琀攀 欀樀攀渀渀攀琀攀最渀攀琀 昀漀爀 㼀ഊskille lyssiv og knappsiv er str?ets farge, som hos lyssiv er friskt ਀最爀㼀渀琀Ⰰ 洀攀渀猀 欀渀愀瀀瀀猀椀瘀 攀爀 洀攀爀 洀愀琀琀 最爀㼀最爀㼀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀愀昀攀猀琀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀稀攀搀 琀漀ഊdistinguish lyssiv and knappsiv is straw color, which at lyssiv is fresh ਀最爀攀攀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 欀渀愀瀀瀀猀椀瘀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 洀愀琀琀 最爀㼀最爀㼀渀琀⸀ 䬀渀愀瀀瀀猀椀瘀猀琀爀㼀攀渀攀 攀爀 搀攀猀猀甀琀攀渀ഊmer ru enn str?ene til lyssiv. Knappsivstr?ene is also more than ru ਀猀琀爀㼀攀渀攀 琀漀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀⸀ 䤀渀渀攀 椀 搀攀琀 爀甀渀搀攀 猀琀爀㼀攀琀 栀漀猀 戀攀最最攀 愀爀琀攀渀攀 昀椀渀渀攀猀 攀琀ഊsvampaktig vev som kan frigj?res og anvendes. Inside the round straw of ਀戀漀琀栀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 椀猀 愀 猀瀀漀渀最攀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 琀椀猀猀甀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀⸀ 䴀愀渀ഊ?pner str?et nederst med naglen og skyver margen ut. Monday open straw ਀戀漀琀琀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀愀椀氀 愀渀搀 瀀甀猀栀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀最椀渀 漀甀琀⸀ 䐀攀渀 栀瘀椀琀攀Ⰰ 猀瘀愀洀瀀愀欀琀椀最攀ഊ"tr?den" man da f?r ut ble i eldre tider brukt som veke i tranlamper. The ਀眀栀椀琀攀Ⰰ 猀瀀漀渀最攀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 ∀琀栀爀攀愀搀∀ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀渀 最攀琀 漀甀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀 漀氀搀攀爀 琀椀洀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀ഊwick in transnational lamps. Det het seg at man m?tte ta ut denne margen ਀瀀㼀 瘀漀欀猀攀渀搀攀 洀㼀渀攀Ⰰ 搀愀 瘀愀爀 搀攀渀 昀愀猀琀攀爀攀 漀最 琀礀欀欀攀爀攀 攀渀渀 攀氀氀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀攀琀 甀瀀ഊthat you had to take out the margin on the growing moon, when was the ਀昀椀爀洀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀挀欀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 攀氀猀攀眀栀攀爀攀⸀ ഊ ਀琀漀漀搀氀攀猀Ⰰ 洀愀爀最愀爀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 1 Apr 2009 14:32:17 -0500 (CDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀倀椀砀攀氀Ⰰ 䜀漀搀搀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 儀甀攀攀渀∀ 㰀瀀椀砀攀氀 愀琀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀ⴀ愀挀爀攀ⴀ眀漀漀搀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Viking Dining Light ਀吀漀㨀 䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀伀渀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㄀ 䄀瀀爀 ㈀　　㤀Ⰰ 匀栀愀爀漀渀 䜀漀爀搀漀渀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ<<< As a series of facts in a book about Vikings the author notes that Vikings ਀氀椀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀漀爀挀栀攀猀 漀昀  戀甀渀搀氀攀猀 漀昀 洀愀爀猀栀 最爀愀猀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 氀礀猀猀椀瘀 ⠀氀椀最栀琀ഊstraw). It has a central core of wicklike white pith. ਀ഊDoes anyone know if this was from an edible grain such as barley or flax? ਀䤀✀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀椀琀栀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 氀椀欀攀 愀 眀椀挀欀 椀渀 漀椀氀 漀爀ഊfat or whether it was used to soak up oil in a more sponge like way and then ਀氀椀琀 椀昀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 椀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀⸀ഊ ਀匀栀愀爀漀渀 㸀㸀㸀ഊ ਀䤀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 昀愀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 氀攀猀猀 猀漀氀椀搀 琀栀愀渀 猀愀礀Ⰰ 戀攀攀猀眀愀砀Ⰰ 漀爀 ഊliquid oils. Look up "rushlight" for an idea of what they're talking ਀愀戀漀甀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 ∀挀爀攀猀猀攀琀∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 愀渀 漀椀氀 氀愀洀瀀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀 猀漀愀瀀猀琀漀渀攀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 ഊmaterial. ਀ഊRushlights are also period for much of Europe--there's a wrought-iron ਀爀甀猀栀氀椀最栀琀 栀漀氀搀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䠀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀 戀漀漀欀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀攀甀洀 漀昀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 ഊthat looks for all the world like the rushlight holders that were used in ਀挀漀氀漀渀椀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀⸀ഊ ਀䴀愀爀最愀爀攀琀 䘀椀琀稀圀椀氀氀椀愀洀ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris torches-msg Page 12 of 12 ਀ഊ