DYKIP-Frid-Fd-art - 7/4/09 ਀ഊ"Did You Know its Period? Part 4: Fried Foods" by HL Rowan Houndskeeper. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: easy-p-recip-msg, fried-foods-msg, fried-cheese-msg, frittours-msg, fried-breads-msg, Ital-Fnl-Caks-art, French-Toast-art, cooking-oils-msg. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ ਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous ਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊThis article was first published in "The Barge", the newsletter of the Barony of Three Rivers, Calontir. ਀ഊDid You Know its Period? Part 4: Fried Foods ਀戀礀 䠀䰀 刀漀眀愀渀Ⰰ 䠀漀甀渀搀猀欀攀攀瀀攀爀ഊ ਀吀栀攀礀 洀愀礀 渀漀琀 戀攀 最漀漀搀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀 ⠀漀爀 礀漀甀爀 一攀眀 夀攀愀爀✀猀 刀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 氀漀猀攀 眀攀椀最栀琀⤀ 戀甀琀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最氀礀 ∀洀漀搀攀爀渀∀ 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 昀漀漀搀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 椀琀攀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀渀✀琀 戀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 瀀氀愀挀攀 愀琀 愀 匀琀愀琀攀 䘀愀椀爀㨀  䘀甀渀渀攀氀 䌀愀欀攀猀Ⰰ 䐀漀渀甀琀猀 搀爀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 栀漀渀攀礀Ⰰ 䄀瀀瀀氀攀 䘀爀椀琀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䘀爀椀攀搀 䄀瀀瀀氀攀 吀甀爀渀漀瘀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䘀爀椀攀搀 䌀栀攀攀猀攀 匀琀椀挀欀猀 漀爀 䌀栀攀攀猀攀 䈀愀氀氀猀Ⰰ 䘀爀椀攀搀 䌀栀攀攀猀攀 䌀甀爀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀⸀  匀甀挀栀 搀攀攀瀀 昀爀椀攀搀 昀漀漀搀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 愀琀 愀氀氀 挀愀氀漀爀椀攀 漀爀 挀栀漀氀攀猀琀攀爀漀氀 挀漀渀猀挀椀漀甀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 愀搀洀椀琀 琀栀攀礀 琀愀猀琀攀 最漀漀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 愀爀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀漀漀⸀ഊ ਀䤀琀 椀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 眀栀愀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀漀 戀攀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ⴀ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀猀 漀爀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 ∀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀∀ 漀瘀攀爀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 昀甀渀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 洀漀猀琀 爀攀愀搀椀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 挀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀猀 ⴀ 䘀漀爀洀攀 漀昀 䌀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀㬀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 䌀甀爀礀攀 漀渀 䤀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀㬀 愀渀搀 吀眀漀 䘀椀昀琀攀攀渀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䌀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀猀⸀  倀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀眀漀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 琀眀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀爀椀攀搀 琀爀攀愀琀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䌀爀礀猀瀀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀爀椀猀瀀攀氀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 昀甀渀渀攀氀 挀愀欀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 愀 昀爀椀攀搀 瀀愀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 栀漀渀攀礀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 搀漀渀甀琀猀⸀ ഊ ਀ഊCRYSPES = FUNNEL CAKES ਀吀愀欀攀 眀栀椀琀攀 漀昀 攀礀爀漀甀渀Ⰰ 洀椀氀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀攀爀洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀愀琀 椀琀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀爀愀眀 椀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 猀琀爀愀椀渀攀爀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 戀攀 爀甀渀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 琀漀漀 猀琀椀昀昀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀愀猀琀 猀甀最攀爀 琀栀攀爀攀琀漀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀愀氀琀㬀 琀栀攀渀 琀愀欀攀 愀 挀栀愀昀攀爀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 昀爀攀猀栀 最爀攀愀猀攀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀琀 琀栀椀渀攀 栀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀攀琀 琀栀椀渀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 爀甀渀 搀漀眀渀 戀礀 琀栀礀 昀椀渀最攀爀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀昀攀爀㬀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 椀猀 爀甀渀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀昀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀猀 攀渀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 愀渀搀 渀礀洀 愀 猀欀椀洀洀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀愀欀攀 椀琀 甀瀀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀攀琀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀 爀甀渀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀琀 椀琀 漀渀 愀 昀愀椀爀 搀椀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀愀猀琀 琀栀攀爀攀漀渀 猀甀最愀爀 攀渀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 昀漀爀琀栀⸀ ഊ - Two Fifteenth Century Cook Books (15th c. English) ਀ഊTranslation ਀吀愀欀攀 攀最最 眀栀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 洀椀氀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀攀爀洀攀 嬀礀攀愀猀琀崀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀愀琀 椀琀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀爀愀眀 椀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 猀琀爀愀椀渀攀爀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 爀甀渀渀礀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 琀漀漀 猀琀椀昀昀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀搀搀 猀甀最愀爀 愀渀搀 猀愀氀琀㬀 琀栀攀渀 琀愀欀攀 愀 瀀漀琀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 昀爀攀猀栀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 最爀攀愀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀琀 礀漀甀爀 栀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 氀攀琀 椀琀 爀甀渀 搀漀眀渀 礀漀甀爀 昀椀渀最攀爀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 漀椀氀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 椀猀 爀甀渀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 嬀琀栀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀 椀猀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 戀愀琀琀攀爀崀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀猀 攀渀漀甀最栀 嬀挀漀漀欀攀搀 琀椀氀氀 搀漀渀攀崀Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 愀 猀欀椀洀洀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀愀欀攀 椀琀 甀瀀 愀渀搀 氀攀琀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀猀攀 爀甀渀 漀昀昀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀琀 漀渀 愀 搀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 猀瀀爀椀渀欀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀最愀爀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 椀琀 昀漀爀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀ഊ4 egg whites ਀㄀ 挀 昀氀漀甀爀ऀऀഊ2/3 c milk ਀㄀ 吀戀猀瀀 搀爀椀攀搀 礀攀愀猀琀ഊ3 Tbsp sugar ਀㄀⼀㈀ 琀猀瀀 猀愀氀琀 ഊ~3 c vegetable oil ਀ഊTake the egg whites, milk, flour, and yeast and whisk them together to make a runny batter (no lumps!). Add sugar and salt and continue to whisk until smooth. Drizzle batter into your pan of hot vegetable oil (~350º to 375º) using a funnel, pastry bag, or slotted spoon to make a lacy web on the surface of the grease. Fry until it puffs up and browns (~2 minutes) then flip them to allow both sides to brown (~1 minute more). Remove them, drain them on paper towels, and sprinkle with sugar to serve. ਀ഊModern recipes for funnel cakes typically sprinkle with confectioners (powdered) sugar. Although there is some evidence for a medieval "powdered" sugar - probably the finest white sugar available ground in a mortar and pestle then sifted - I suggest using plain white sugar for a more medieval dish. Also, even though the recipe says you should make your Cryspes by letting"thine batter run down by thine fingers into the chafer [pot]" - I recommend you use one of the suggested implements for a less messy endeavor (or make sure no one is watching you play with your food). ਀ഊCRISPELS = DONUTS ਀㄀㜀㄀⸀ 䌀爀椀猀瀀攀氀猀⸀ 吀愀欀攀 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 愀 昀漀椀氀攀 漀昀 最漀搀攀 瀀愀猀琀 愀猀 琀栀礀渀渀攀 愀猀 瀀愀瀀攀爀㬀 欀攀爀甀攀 椀琀 漀甀琀 眀礀琀 愀 猀愀甀挀攀爀 ☀ 昀爀礀攀 椀琀 椀渀 漀椀氀攀㬀 漀︀攀爀 椀渀 最爀攀挀攀㬀 愀渀搀 ︀攀 爀攀洀渀愀甀渀琀Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 栀漀渀礀 挀氀愀爀椀昀椀攀搀 愀渀搀 昀氀愀洀洀攀 ︀攀爀眀椀琀栀⸀ 䄀氀礀攀 栀攀洀 瘀瀀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀甀攀 栀攀洀 昀漀爀琀栀⸀ ഊ - Forme of Cury (14th c. English) ਀ഊTranslation ਀䌀爀椀猀瀀攀氀猀⸀ 吀愀欀攀 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀 愀 猀栀攀攀琀 漀昀 最漀漀搀 瀀愀猀琀爀礀 愀猀 琀栀椀渀 愀猀 瀀愀瀀攀爀㬀 挀愀爀瘀攀 椀琀 漀甀琀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀愀甀挀攀爀 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 椀琀 椀渀 漀椀氀 漀爀 椀渀 最爀攀愀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 昀椀渀椀猀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 挀氀愀爀椀昀椀攀搀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 戀愀猀琀攀 琀栀攀爀攀眀椀琀栀⸀  䐀漀 琀栀攀洀 甀瀀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 琀栀攀洀 昀漀爀琀栀ഊ ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀ഊ~3 c flour ਀㈀ 琀猀瀀 洀攀氀琀攀搀 戀甀琀琀攀爀ऀऀഊ3 tsp sugar ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀 洀椀氀欀ऀऀऀഊ2 eggs ਀㄀⼀㐀 琀猀瀀 猀愀氀琀ഊ1 Tbsp yeast ਀縀㌀ 挀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀 漀椀氀ഊ~1 c Honey ਀ഊMake your pastry dough by combining butter, milk, sugar, salt, and eggs. Knead in flour until you get a good dough. Allow dough to rise for ~2 hours. Punch down risen dough. Roll out the pastry dough thin and cut into circles. Fry the pastry circles in hot oil (~350º to 375º) until lightly browned on both sides. Remove them and drain them on paper towels. Meanwhile in a separate pot warm your honey and skim off any scum that rises. Liberally brush your drained crispels with warm honey and serve. ਀ഊYou'll notice that the original recipe for Crispels only calls for you to roll the pastry dough thin, but does not tell you how to make the dough. This is quite common in period manuscripts - there are rarely recipes for doughs. It seems it was just assumed that everyone knew how to make pastry dough and bread dough. The recipe I give in the redaction is just a suggestion - try your favorite pie or pastry dough as well. Just remember that (as I mentioned in the previous article) there was no baking power or baking soda in the time periods we re-create. Therefore you'll want to find a pastry recipe that doesn't use either of these, such as a pie dough or the sweet dough used for sopapillas (which is what the above dough is based on). ਀ഊFRUTOURS = APPLE FRITTERS ਀堀䤀堀 ⴀ 䘀漀爀 琀漀 䴀愀欀攀 䘀爀甀琀甀爀猀⸀ഊNym flower and eyryn and grynd peper and safroun and mak therto a batour and par aplyn and kyt hem to brode penys and kest hem thryn and fry hem in batour with fresch grees and serve it forthe. ਀ऀⴀ 䘀漀爀洀攀 漀昀 䌀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㐀琀栀 挀⸀ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀ഊ ਀吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊTake flour and eggs and ground pepper and saffron and make a batter, and peel apples and cut them to broad pieces and cast them therein [into the batter], and fry them in batter with fresh grease and serve it forth. ਀ഊFrutours. ਀吀愀欀攀 礀漀氀欀攀猀 漀昀 攀最最攀猀Ⰰ 搀爀愀眀攀 琀栀攀洀 琀栀漀爀最栀 愀 猀琀爀攀礀渀漀甀爀Ⰰ 挀愀猀琀攀 琀栀攀爀攀琀漀 昀愀椀爀攀 昀氀漀甀爀攀Ⰰ 戀攀爀洀攀 愀渀搀 愀氀攀㬀 猀琀攀爀攀 椀琀 琀漀最攀搀爀攀 琀椀氀 栀椀琀 戀攀 琀栀椀挀欀⸀  吀愀欀攀 瀀愀爀攀搀 愀瀀瀀攀氀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀甀琀 栀攀洀 琀栀礀渀 氀椀欀攀 漀戀氀攀椀攀猀Ⰰ 氀攀礀 栀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀甀爀㬀 琀栀攀渀 瀀甀琀 栀攀洀 椀渀琀漀 愀 昀昀爀礀椀渀最 瀀愀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 栀攀洀 椀渀 昀愀椀爀攀 最爀攀挀攀 漀爀 戀甀琀琀甀爀 琀椀氀 琀栀攀椀 戀攀渀 戀爀漀眀渀攀 礀攀氀漀眀攀㬀 琀栀攀渀 瀀甀琀 栀攀洀 椀渀 搀椀猀栀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀琀爀愀眀攀 匀甀最甀爀 漀渀 栀攀洀 礀渀漀最栀Ⰰ 䄀渀搀 猀攀爀甀攀 栀攀洀 昀漀爀琀栀攀⸀ഊ - Two Fifteenth Century Cook Books (15th c. English) ਀ഊTranslation ਀吀愀欀攀 攀最最 礀漀氀欀猀 愀渀搀 搀爀愀眀 琀栀攀洀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 猀琀爀愀椀渀攀爀Ⰰ 挀愀猀琀 琀栀攀爀攀琀漀 昀愀椀爀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 戀攀爀洀攀 嬀礀攀愀猀琀崀 愀渀搀 愀氀攀㬀 猀琀椀爀 椀琀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 琀椀氀氀 椀琀 昀漀爀洀猀 愀 琀栀椀挀欀 戀愀琀琀攀爀⸀  吀愀欀攀 瀀愀爀攀搀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀甀琀 琀栀攀洀 琀栀椀渀 氀椀欀攀 漀戀氀攀椀攀猀 嬀猀愀挀爀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 眀愀昀攀爀猀崀⸀  䰀愀礀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 琀栀攀渀 瀀甀琀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀琀漀 愀 昀爀礀椀渀最 瀀愀渀 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 昀愀椀爀 最爀攀愀猀攀 漀爀 戀甀琀琀攀爀 琀椀氀氀 琀栀攀礀 戀攀 礀攀氀氀漀眀ⴀ戀爀漀眀渀 嬀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 戀爀漀眀渀攀搀崀㬀 琀栀攀渀 瀀甀琀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 搀椀猀栀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀攀眀 攀渀漀甀最栀 猀甀最愀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 䄀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 琀栀攀洀 昀漀爀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀刀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀ഊ1-2 large apples ਀㄀ 攀最最ऀऀऀऀഊ1 c flour ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀 戀攀攀爀 ഊ1 Tbsp dried yeast ਀縀㄀ 挀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀 漀椀氀ഊ ਀䴀椀砀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 攀最最Ⰰ 戀攀攀爀Ⰰ 猀甀最愀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 礀攀愀猀琀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀 猀洀漀漀琀栀Ⰰ 琀栀椀挀欀 戀愀琀琀攀爀⸀  倀攀攀氀 愀渀搀 挀漀爀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀氀椀挀攀 椀渀琀漀 爀椀渀最猀 漀爀 眀攀搀最攀猀⸀  䐀椀瀀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 爀椀渀最猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 椀渀 栀漀琀 漀椀氀 甀渀琀椀氀 氀椀最栀琀氀礀 戀爀漀眀渀 ⠀縀㐀 洀椀渀甀琀攀猀⤀⸀  匀攀爀瘀攀 栀漀琀 猀瀀爀椀渀欀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀最愀爀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 愀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 ∀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀∀ 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䘀漀爀洀攀 漀昀 䌀甀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 吀眀漀 䘀椀昀琀攀攀渀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䌀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀猀⸀  䈀漀琀栀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 愀 搀椀猀栀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 匀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 昀爀椀攀搀 琀爀攀愀琀 漀昀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 昀爀椀琀琀攀爀猀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 漀搀搀 ⠀琀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀愀猀琀攀猀⤀ 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀愀昀昀爀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 甀猀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 戀攀攀爀 戀愀琀琀攀爀⸀  一漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 戀攀攀爀 眀椀氀氀 挀栀愀渀最攀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀 漀昀 礀漀甀爀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 礀漀甀爀 昀爀椀琀琀攀爀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 戀椀琀⸀  夀漀甀✀氀氀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 戀攀攀爀Ⰰ 猀琀漀甀琀Ⰰ 漀爀 愀氀攀 戀爀愀渀搀猀 ⠀漀爀 栀漀洀攀戀爀攀眀⤀ 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 猀甀椀琀猀 礀漀甀爀 漀眀渀 琀愀猀琀攀猀 ⠀䤀 琀攀渀搀 琀漀 甀猀攀 挀栀攀愀瀀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 戀攀攀爀⤀⸀ ഊ ਀吀伀 䘀刀夀 䄀倀倀䰀䔀倀䤀䔀匀 㴀 䘀刀䤀䔀䐀 䄀倀倀䰀䔀 吀唀刀一伀嘀䔀刀匀ഊTake Apples and pare them, and chop them very small, beat in a little Cinnamon, a little Ginger, and some Sugar, a little Rosewater; take your paste [pastry], roul it thin, and make them up as big Pasties as you please, [in order] to hold a spoonful or a little lesse of your Apples; and so stir [fry] them with Butter not to hastily least they be burned. ਀ⴀ 䄀 吀爀甀攀 䜀攀渀琀氀攀眀漀洀愀渀猀 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀 ⠀㄀㘀㔀㌀Ⰰ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀ഊ ਀吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊIt's post-Elizabethan English, London dialect - I shouldn't need to translate it for anyone ☺ ਀ഊRedaction ਀㌀ 洀攀搀⸀ 琀愀爀琀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 ⠀䜀爀愀渀渀礀 匀洀椀琀栀猀 漀爀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀⤀ഊ1 Tbsp rosewater ਀㄀⼀㠀 琀猀瀀 挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀ഊ1/8 tsp ginger ਀㄀ 挀 猀甀最愀爀ഊ1 Tbsp flour ਀倀愀猀琀爀礀 搀漀甀最栀 ⠀甀猀攀 礀漀甀爀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 瀀椀攀 搀漀甀最栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀⤀ഊ~3 c vegetable oil ਀ഊCombine apples and rosewater in a saucepan and cook over low heat 10-15 minutes or until tender. Mix together sugar, flour, and spices and add to apples in saucepan. Cook ~10 minutes more until thick. Roll out pastry dough fairly thin (~1/8" to 1/4") and cut into 5" circles. Spoon ~2-1/2 tablespoons of the apple filling into each circle. Fold pastry circle in half and seal with a fork. Drop into hot oil and fry until golden brown. Drain on paper towels and serve warm or cold (warn people about the hot filling if serving hot). ਀ഊThis recipe from a 1653 cookbook is slightly out of period for the SCA, but the results would be familiar to anyone who frequents either a County Fair or a fast food restaurant. Due to the rosewater, the resulting flavor of the fried pies is just different enough to modern tastes to be a pleasant surprise. And once again, as mentioned earlier, the original recipe just assumes that you know how to make pastry dough. Try experimenting with different types of pie dough to obtain the results that best suit your tastes (I use a simple oil pie crust recipe). ਀ഊ You can also "short-cut" this recipe by using canned apple pie filling and canned refrigerator biscuits. Simply flatten the biscuits, spoon filling into the center and fold over, pinching the edges to seal, then drop into hot oil to fry. This shortcut is certainly not what I would suggest for an experience in medieval cooking, but it is useful for when you are short on time, would like to serve a treat at a camping event, or have children helping you prepare your treats. ਀ഊDOUGH TO MAKE PIPES = FRIED CHEESE BALLS ਀䐀攀攀最 漀洀 ∀瀀椀樀瀀樀攀猀∀ 琀攀 洀愀欀攀渀⸀  一攀攀洀 欀愀愀猀 甀椀琀 䜀漀甀搀愀 攀渀 攀椀攀爀攀渀⸀ 匀琀愀洀瀀 猀愀洀攀渀 嬀昀椀樀渀崀 洀攀琀 眀椀琀琀 洀攀攀氀⸀ 䰀攀最 栀攀琀 漀瀀 搀爀漀最攀 戀氀漀攀洀 攀渀 洀愀愀欀 攀爀 欀漀攀欀樀攀猀 瘀愀渀⸀ ഊ - Wel ende edelike spijse (15th c. Dutch) ਀ഊTranslation ਀䐀漀甀最栀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 ∀瀀椀瀀攀猀∀ഊTake cheese from Gouda and eggs. Grind together with white flour. Lay it on dry flour and make small biscuits of it. ਀ഊRedaction ਀㄀ 攀最最ഊ1/2 c grated gouda cheese ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀 昀氀漀甀爀 ഊ~3 c vegetable oil ਀ഊMix all ingredients together to form a paste-like dough. Drop balls or spoonfuls of the dough into hot oil. Fry until they float up and are both stiff and nicely browned. Drain on paper towels and serve. Can be kept warm in a chaffing dish fairly well. ਀ഊPIPEFARCES = FRIED CHEESE STICKS ਀吀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 礀漀氀欀猀 漀昀 攀最最猀 愀渀搀 昀氀漀甀爀 愀渀搀 猀愀氀琀 愀渀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 眀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 戀攀愀琀 琀栀攀洀 眀攀氀氀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀琀 椀渀琀漀 猀琀爀椀瀀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 爀漀氀氀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀椀瀀猀 漀昀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀猀琀攀 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 愀渀 椀爀漀渀 瀀愀渀 眀椀琀栀 昀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀椀渀⸀ 伀渀攀 搀漀攀猀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 戀攀攀昀 洀愀爀爀漀眀⸀ ഊ - The Goodman of Paris (1395, French) ਀ഊRedaction ਀㠀 攀最最 礀漀氀欀猀ഊ2 Tbsp flour ਀㄀⼀㈀ 琀猀瀀 猀愀氀琀ഊ1 1/2 Tbsp wine (enough to make thick paste) ਀愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀⼀㈀ 瀀漀甀渀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 ⠀眀漀爀欀猀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀愀爀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 挀栀攀搀搀愀爀⤀ഊ~3 c vegetable oil ਀ഊMix egg, flour, wine, and salt to form your batter. Cut cheese into thin slices about as long and thick as your pinkie finger. Dip into batter and fry in hot oil to evenly brown (~1 minute on each side). Drain on paper towels and serve warm (careful - hot cheese burns!). ਀ഊTO MAKE CURD-CAKES = DEEP FRIED CHEESE CURDS ਀吀漀 洀愀欀攀 䌀甀爀搀ⴀ䌀愀欀攀猀⸀ഊTake a pint of Curds, four Eggs, take out two of the whites, put in some Sugar, a little Nutmeg, and a little flour, stir them well together, and drop them in, and fry them with a little Butter. ਀ⴀ 䄀 吀爀甀攀 䜀攀渀琀氀攀眀漀洀愀渀猀 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀 ⠀㄀㘀㔀㌀Ⰰ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀ഊ ਀吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊOnce again, post-Elizabethan English, London dialect - no translation necessary ਀ഊRedaction ਀㈀ 攀最最 礀漀氀欀猀ഊ2 eggs ਀㄀ 琀猀瀀 猀甀最愀爀ഊ1/8 tsp nutmeg ਀㄀⼀㈀ 琀猀瀀 猀愀氀琀ഊ1 c flour ਀㄀⼀㈀ 挀 洀椀氀欀 漀爀 戀攀攀爀ഊ1 lb fresh cheese curds ਀縀㌀ 挀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀 漀椀氀ഊ ਀圀栀椀猀欀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 攀最最猀Ⰰ 攀最最 礀漀氀欀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀椀氀欀⸀  䴀椀砀 椀渀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 猀甀最愀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 猀洀漀漀琀栀 戀愀琀琀攀爀⸀ 䐀爀漀瀀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀爀搀猀 椀渀琀漀 戀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 挀漀愀琀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀⸀  䐀爀漀瀀 挀漀愀琀攀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀爀搀猀 愀 昀攀眀 愀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 栀漀琀 漀椀氀 愀渀搀 昀爀礀 甀渀琀椀氀 戀爀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 瀀甀昀昀攀搀Ⰰ 琀甀爀渀椀渀最 琀漀 戀爀漀眀渀 漀渀 愀氀氀 猀椀搀攀猀 ⠀縀㄀ 洀椀渀甀琀攀⤀⸀  䐀漀 渀漀琀 漀瘀攀爀挀漀漀欀 漀爀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀爀搀猀 眀椀氀氀 洀攀氀琀 愀渀搀 漀漀稀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 挀漀愀琀椀渀最⸀  刀攀洀漀瘀攀 昀爀漀洀 漀椀氀 愀渀搀 搀爀愀椀渀 漀渀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 琀漀眀攀氀猀⸀  䄀氀氀漀眀 琀漀 挀漀漀氀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 ⠀栀漀琀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 戀甀爀渀猀℀⤀⸀ഊ ਀䠀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀礀 琀漀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀猀⸀  䄀氀氀 琀栀爀攀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 愀爀攀 昀漀爀 䐀攀攀瀀 䘀爀椀攀搀 䌀栀攀攀猀攀⸀  吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀猀 愀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䐀甀琀挀栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 昀爀椀攀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 搀漀甀最栀 戀愀氀氀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 椀猀 愀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 昀爀椀攀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 猀琀椀挀欀猀 ⠀愀猀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀✀猀 䴀椀猀挀攀氀氀愀渀礀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 愀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 漀甀琀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 昀爀椀攀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀爀搀猀⸀ ഊ ਀ऀ唀渀氀攀猀猀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 圀椀猀挀漀渀猀椀渀 漀爀 愀 昀攀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 昀爀椀攀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀甀爀搀猀 愀爀攀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀愀猀琀礀ⴀ戀甀琀ⴀ戀愀搀ⴀ昀漀爀ⴀ礀漀甀 猀渀愀挀欀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 琀栀攀 漀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 昀攀攀氀 洀漀猀琀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 愀渀搀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 椀猀 琀栀攀 倀椀瀀攀昀愀爀挀攀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀⸀  一漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 挀栀攀搀搀愀爀 椀猀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀愀戀氀攀 椀昀 挀栀攀搀搀愀爀 眀愀猀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 ⴀ 愀 眀栀椀琀攀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 氀椀欀攀 洀漀稀稀愀爀攀氀氀愀 愀氀猀漀 眀漀爀欀猀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 挀愀渀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 愀昀昀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀椀渀最 攀渀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 ⴀ 琀漀漀 洀漀椀猀琀 愀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 猀漀最最礀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 猀琀椀挀欀猀⸀  匀漀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 礀漀甀爀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 栀愀爀搀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 琀漀 猀攀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 礀漀甀 氀椀欀攀 戀攀猀琀⸀ ഊ ਀ऀ吀栀攀 䐀甀琀挀栀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀搀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 䰀愀搀礀 䔀洀攀氀椀渀攀 搀攀 䴀漀甀氀椀渀攀愀甀砀 ⠀䔀爀椀渀 䴀甀氀愀渀愀砀⤀ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 ㈀　　㜀 䰀椀氀椀攀猀 吀愀猀琀攀 漀昀 䌀愀氀漀渀琀椀爀 吀愀戀氀攀⸀  吀栀攀 倀椀瀀攀昀愀爀挀攀猀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀搀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 愀渀搀 椀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀✀猀 䴀椀猀挀攀氀氀愀渀礀⸀ഊ ਀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀㨀ഊ ਀䌀甀爀礀攀 漀渀 䤀渀最氀椀猀栀㨀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䌀甀氀椀渀愀爀礀 䴀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䘀漀甀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀ⴀ䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀䤀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䘀漀爀洀攀 漀昀 䌀甀爀礀⤀⸀ 䠀椀攀愀琀琀Ⰰ 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 䈀⸀ 愀渀搀 匀栀愀爀漀渀 䈀甀琀氀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 吀攀砀琀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 戀礀 琀栀攀 伀砀昀漀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㔀⸀ ഊ ਀吀眀漀 䘀椀昀琀攀攀渀琀栀ⴀ䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀ⴀ䈀漀漀欀猀⸀ 䠀愀爀氀攀椀愀渀 䴀匀⸀ ㈀㜀㤀 ☀ 䠀愀爀氀⸀ 䴀匀⸀ 㐀　㄀㘀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀猀栀洀漀氀攀 䴀匀⸀ ㄀㐀㈀㤀Ⰰ 䰀愀甀搀 䴀匀⸀ 㔀㔀㌀Ⰰ ☀ 䐀漀甀挀攀 䴀匀 㔀㔀⸀ 䄀甀猀琀椀渀Ⰰ 吀栀漀洀愀猀⸀ 䰀漀渀搀漀渀㨀 昀漀爀 吀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 吀攀砀琀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 戀礀 一⸀ 吀爀ﰀ戀渀攀爀 ☀ 䌀漀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㠀㠀⸀ ഊ ਀圀攀氀 攀渀搀攀 攀搀攀氀椀欀攀 猀瀀椀樀猀攀㨀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 唀䈀 䜀攀渀琀 ㄀　㌀㔀⸀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀渀攀 䴀甀甀猀攀爀猀  愀琀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀挀漀焀甀椀渀愀爀椀愀⸀渀氀⼀欀漀漀欀琀攀欀猀琀⼀䔀搀攀氀椀欀攀猀瀀椀樀猀攀　⸀栀琀洀ഊ ਀䄀 吀爀甀攀 䜀攀渀琀氀攀眀漀洀愀渀猀 䐀攀氀椀最栀琀Ⰰ ㄀㘀㔀㌀⸀ 䄀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 瘀椀愀 ㄀㜀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 刀攀挀椀瀀攀猀  愀琀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最漀搀攀挀漀漀欀攀爀礀⸀挀漀洀⼀攀渀最爀攀挀⼀攀渀最爀攀挀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ ਀䰀攀 䴀攀渀愀最椀攀爀 搀攀 倀愀爀椀猀Ⰰ ㄀㌀㤀㔀⸀ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 䨀愀渀攀琀 䠀椀渀猀漀渀 ⠀䰀愀搀礀 䴀愀椀爀漀氀椀 䈀栀愀渀⤀㬀 愀氀猀漀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 吀栀攀 䜀漀漀搀洀愀渀 漀昀 倀愀爀椀猀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 倀漀眀攀爀 愀渀搀 䌀漀甀氀琀漀渀Ⰰ 䄀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 瘀椀愀 䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀✀ 䴀椀猀挀攀氀氀攀渀礀⸀ഊ ਀䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀✀猀 䴀椀猀挀攀氀氀愀渀礀㨀 䄀 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 刀攀挀椀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 㤀琀栀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀 愀渀搀 䔀氀椀稀愀戀攀琀栀 ⠀䐀愀瘀椀搀 䘀爀椀攀搀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 䈀攀琀琀礀 䌀漀漀欀⤀  愀琀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀瀀戀洀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀氀椀渀搀愀栀氀⼀挀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀⼀洀椀猀挀攀氀氀愀渀礀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ ਀倀氀攀礀渀 䐀攀氀椀琀㨀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀 昀漀爀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䌀漀漀欀猀⸀  䌀䈀 䠀椀攀愀琀琀Ⰰ 䈀 䠀漀猀椀渀最琀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀 䈀甀琀氀攀爀⸀ 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 吀漀爀漀渀琀漀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㘀⸀ഊ ਀䜀漀搀攀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀 眀攀戀猀椀琀攀  愀琀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最漀搀攀挀漀漀欀攀爀礀⸀挀漀洀⼀最漀搀攀戀漀欀攀⼀最漀搀攀戀漀欀攀⸀栀琀洀ഊ ਀䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀 眀攀戀猀椀琀攀  愀琀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀挀漀漀欀攀爀礀⸀挀漀洀ഊ------ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ㈀　　㤀 戀礀 吀攀爀攀猀愀 刀漀戀攀爀琀猀Ⰰ 㤀㤀　　 䨀甀渀椀瀀攀爀 䌀琀⸀ 匀琀 䰀漀甀椀猀 䴀伀 㘀㌀㄀㈀㌀⸀ 㰀琀欀爀漀戀攀爀琀猀 愀琀 琀漀愀猀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀⸀ 倀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 爀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀ⴀ爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀猀 挀爀攀搀椀琀攀搀⸀  䄀搀搀爀攀猀猀攀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀 爀攀愀猀漀渀愀戀氀攀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 琀漀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀猀 渀漀琀椀昀椀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 椀昀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀猀 愀 挀漀瀀礀⸀ഊ ਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊ?? ਀ഊ?? ਀ഊ?? ਀ഊ?? ਀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris DYKIP-Frid-Fd-art Page 8 of 8 ਀ഊ