Period-Fruit-art - 1/13/02
਀ഊ"Fruit of Period Times" by Baron Akim Yaroslavich.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Pattrn-Gardns-art, fruits-msg, apples-msg, fruit-pies-msg, berries-msg, fruit-citrus-msg, marmalades-msg, fruit-melons-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊFruit of Period Times
਀戀礀 䈀愀爀漀渀 䄀欀椀洀 夀愀爀漀猀氀愀瘀椀挀栀⸀ഊ
਀䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䘀愀氀氀 漀昀 䴀愀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䜀愀爀搀攀渀Ⰰ 洀愀渀 栀愀猀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀Ⰰ 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀戀椀搀搀攀渀 漀爀 渀漀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀攀愀猀漀渀愀氀 爀椀瀀攀渀椀渀最 漀昀 昀爀甀椀琀 栀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀渀 攀愀最攀爀氀礀 愀渀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀搀 攀瘀攀渀琀 戀礀 洀愀渀 愀猀 愀 搀攀氀椀挀椀漀甀猀 愀搀樀甀渀挀琀 琀漀 栀椀猀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 昀愀爀攀 漀昀 洀攀愀琀 愀渀搀 最爀愀椀渀⸀ 䔀砀挀攀瀀琀 昀漀爀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 挀漀猀琀氀礀 猀瀀椀挀攀Ⰰ 猀甀最愀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 攀氀猀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀愀琀椀猀昀礀 琀栀攀 挀爀愀瘀椀渀最 昀漀爀 猀眀攀攀琀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀昀 洀愀渀✀猀 昀椀瘀攀 戀愀猀椀挀 琀愀猀琀攀 猀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀渀 洀漀猀琀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 眀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 昀漀爀 䌀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 䄀渀愀挀栀爀漀渀椀猀洀 琀攀爀洀猀 ∀瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀∀Ⰰ 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 愀 昀漀漀搀 椀琀攀洀 漀昀 瀀爀椀瘀椀氀攀最攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀 漀昀 渀甀琀猀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 搀椀攀琀猀Ⰰ 挀漀猀琀氀礀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 搀愀椀氀礀 昀愀爀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 漀爀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 昀愀猀挀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 爀攀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 昀爀漀洀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀猀 渀甀琀猀 琀栀攀渀 栀攀氀搀 愀 昀愀爀 洀漀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀攀爀愀爀挀栀礀 漀昀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 昀漀漀搀猀⸀ഊFruits perhaps, are the least used and most misunderstood foods in all of SCA cookery. For the most part, period cooking in the SCA is firmly rooted in that of central Europe along with elements of Arabic and Indian cuisine "brought back" by Crusaders or traders. For various reasons, many fruits are wrongly considered "exotic" and "extremely late period" by a wide number of SCA cooks. Flavoursome and useful foods have always traveled with man since the beginnings of agriculture and animal domestication began some 15,000 years ago. As man spread across the world at the end of the Ice Ages, his food crops and animals spread with him. If growing conditions were such to allow it, fruits and nuts were grown; if not, they were imported as far as the limits of available preservative methods permitted.
਀䤀琀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 猀琀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀愀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 搀甀攀 琀漀 愀 挀氀椀洀愀琀椀挀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀渀挀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀䰀椀琀琀氀攀 䤀挀攀 䄀最攀∀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ琀爀漀瀀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 琀爀漀瀀椀挀愀氀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 愀渀搀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀猀㬀 栀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀挀愀爀挀椀琀礀 椀渀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 氀椀攀猀 愀琀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀猀 昀愀爀 渀漀爀琀栀 漀昀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀 愀渀搀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀氀礀 栀愀猀 椀琀猀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀 洀漀搀攀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀氀昀 匀琀爀攀愀洀 琀漀 愀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 爀愀渀最攀 眀栀椀挀栀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 挀漀洀昀漀爀琀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䜀爀漀眀椀渀最 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 ∀䰀椀琀琀氀攀 䤀挀攀 䄀最攀∀ 挀愀渀 漀渀氀礀 戀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀⸀ഊIt should be clearly understood therefore, that the European continent has very few indigenous fruits and vegetables other than berries, though its forests had several species of nuts in plenty. Almost all fruits and vegetables commonly eaten by Americans and Europeans then and now are natives of Asia Minor with only a few exceptions, such as pineapple. The conquests of Alexander the Great and subsequent conquests of Rome spread fruits and vegetables of Persia and India across Europe and North Africa, including apples, melons, citrus and even bananas. A number of these were lost and forgotten to Europe at the Fall of the Roman Empire to be rediscovered only in the fifteenth century with a new age of exploration. A curious effect of this rediscovery concurrent with the exploration of the New World has been the assumption by many SCA cooks that many of these fruits were therefore New World in origin as well. Actually, a number of Old World fruits taken to the tropics of the New World grew so successfully and bountifully with such superior size and flavour that modern supplies largely are grown there for export.
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀渀昀甀猀椀渀最 愀猀瀀攀挀琀 椀渀 愀猀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 甀猀攀 漀昀 漀渀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 漀爀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 昀爀甀椀琀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 椀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 渀漀渀猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 愀渀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 洀椀猀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀礀 䠀漀洀攀爀 椀渀 栀椀猀 伀搀礀猀猀攀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 眀漀爀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 眀愀猀 洀攀氀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 愀渀礀 爀漀甀渀搀 昀爀甀椀琀 最爀漀眀渀 漀渀 愀 琀爀攀攀℀ ⠀㄀⤀ 吀栀攀 䈀椀戀氀攀 眀愀猀 愀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀昀甀猀椀漀渀 愀氀猀漀Ⰰ 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 攀愀琀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀栀甀氀愀洀椀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀漀渀最 漀昀 匀漀氀漀洀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 焀甀椀渀挀攀猀 ⠀㈀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀攀氀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 䔀砀漀搀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀甀琀栀漀爀椀稀攀搀 嘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀椀戀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 洀椀猀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 昀爀甀椀琀Ⰰ 眀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀⸀ ⠀㌀⤀ 䤀琀 椀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀渀最氀攀 攀渀漀爀洀漀甀猀 挀氀甀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀挀栀 猀椀稀攀 愀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀渀 愀 猀琀愀昀昀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀眀漀 洀攀渀 ⠀一甀洀戀攀爀猀 ㄀㌀㨀㈀㌀ⴀ㈀㐀⤀ 眀愀猀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 猀琀愀氀欀 漀昀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 ⠀㐀⤀⸀ 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 戀椀戀氀椀挀愀氀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 漀昀 一甀洀戀攀爀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䈀⸀䌀⸀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 挀栀爀漀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 漀昀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 昀爀漀洀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 愀渀搀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 洀漀爀攀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀氀甀猀琀攀爀 漀渀 愀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀 愀戀攀爀爀愀渀琀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 最椀愀渀琀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 渀攀瘀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 琀漀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 漀爀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 愀最愀椀渀 椀渀 䌀愀渀愀愀渀⸀ഊA further problem faced by SCA cooks is that in the evolution of food crops, many fruits and vegetables have had mutations with such overwhelmingly desirable attributes that the original strain was so little cultivated afterwards that it was allowed to actually become extinct. Such is the case with modern carrots, all of which were originally white, and with fruits, allowing the unfortunate loss of the entire family of British Costard apples (5). 
਀䄀 最爀攀愀琀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 渀攀眀 昀爀甀椀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀攀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀猀 愀猀 渀攀眀 琀爀攀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀攀搀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 最爀愀昀琀猀 愀渀搀 挀甀琀琀椀渀最猀 愀猀 眀愀猀 挀甀猀琀漀洀愀爀礀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀琀攀爀戀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 眀椀氀搀 挀爀愀戀愀瀀瀀氀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 ⠀㘀⤀ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀⸀ 唀渀氀攀猀猀 漀渀攀 最爀漀眀猀 愀渀琀椀焀甀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀渀 漀渀攀✀猀 漀眀渀 琀爀攀攀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 昀漀爀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 匀䌀䄀 挀漀漀欀猀 琀漀 爀攀愀氀椀猀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 琀漀 搀甀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀⸀ 䌀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀洀漀渀最 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀欀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 匀䌀䄀 挀漀漀欀猀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀⸀ 䌀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀䄀 愀爀攀 猀攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀愀渀挀攀 ⠀㜀⤀ 琀栀愀渀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀Ⰰ 挀氀攀愀爀 爀攀搀 猀欀椀渀猀 戀攀椀渀最 瀀爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀栀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀猀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 甀渀椀昀漀爀洀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 戀爀甀椀猀椀渀最⸀ 吀栀攀 昀攀眀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀氀礀 最爀漀眀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀愀氀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀猀 昀爀攀猀栀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 漀爀挀栀愀爀搀猀 漀爀 椀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀琀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 氀愀爀最攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀⸀ 䄀渀礀 搀爀椀攀搀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 漀爀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀愀甀挀攀 猀漀氀搀 椀渀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀 椀猀 愀 最攀渀攀爀椀挀 愀瀀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 愀 渀愀洀攀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀愀氀⸀ 䄀猀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 戀漀琀栀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 攀愀琀椀渀最 ⠀㠀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 氀漀眀 椀渀 愀挀椀搀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 爀攀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀漀爀洀 眀栀攀渀 挀漀漀欀攀搀⸀ഊEuropean apples today, as they were in period, are not marketed as dual purpose fruit. Cooking apples, such as grown still in England, typically disintegrate into pureé in cooking due to a higher malic acid content (9) than American apples. Eating apples such as European 'dessert' apples are small and more tart than American tastes are now accustomed to. Even if period varieties were available to cooks of the American SCA, there would still be a significant difference from the original period recipes. Virtually all varieties of cooking apples in period times were preserved whole by drying peeled and cored apples and hanging them on strings (10), except for Norfork Baffins which were oven dried whole like prunes and packed in close layers (11). These varieties and preservation methods significantly alter the appearance and outcome of period recipes.
਀䘀爀甀椀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀攀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 琀漀搀愀礀 攀砀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 眀椀氀搀 猀琀漀挀欀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 椀渀琀攀爀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 渀愀洀攀搀 氀漀挀愀氀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 瀀攀愀爀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 攀砀椀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 猀琀椀氀氀 攀砀椀猀琀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀爀攀 爀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 愀猀 栀漀爀琀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 愀渀搀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 眀愀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 昀愀搀搀椀猀栀 椀渀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 渀攀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀漀猀猀 漀昀 洀愀渀礀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀稀攀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀氀攀 愀渀搀 瀀攀愀爀 琀爀攀攀猀 愀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 氀漀渀最 氀椀瘀攀搀 琀爀攀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀挀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀愀瘀攀搀 愀猀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 吀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 瀀氀愀渀琀 最攀渀攀琀椀挀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 戀爀攀攀搀椀渀最 渀攀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 栀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 昀漀爀 愀渀搀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀氀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 椀洀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀⸀ഊAPPLES
਀一愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䌀愀甀挀甀猀甀猀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䄀猀椀愀 䴀椀渀漀爀 ⠀㄀㈀⤀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 ⠀䴀愀氀甀猀 瀀甀洀椀氀愀 Ⰰ 䴀愀氀甀猀 猀礀氀瘀攀猀琀爀椀Ⰰ 䴀愀氀甀猀 搀漀洀攀猀琀椀挀愀⤀ 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㈀㔀　　 䈀⸀䌀⸀⸀ 䄀瀀瀀氀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 倀愀氀攀猀琀椀渀攀 椀渀 ㈀　　　 䈀⸀䌀⸀ 愀渀搀 椀渀 䔀最礀瀀琀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㌀　　 䈀⸀䌀⸀ ⠀㄀㌀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀愀猀琀 栀愀猀 愀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀 渀漀琀 眀攀氀氀 猀甀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 最爀漀眀椀渀最⸀ 吀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 愀攀瀀氀 漀爀 愀攀瀀瀀攀氀 ⠀㄀㐀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 最爀愀昀琀椀渀最 漀昀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 戀甀搀猀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 欀渀漀眀渀 猀椀渀挀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 戀礀 䌀愀琀漀 琀栀攀 䔀氀搀攀爀 椀渀 䐀攀 䄀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀渀搀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䈀⸀䌀⸀ ⠀㄀㔀⤀⸀ 倀氀椀渀礀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 ㈀㌀ 瘀愀爀椀琀椀攀猀 ⠀㄀㘀⤀ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 琀栀爀攀攀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀⸀ 䄀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 刀漀洀愀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䄀瀀椀 漀爀 䰀愀搀礀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 ⠀倀漀洀洀 搀✀䄀瀀椀⤀ ⠀㄀㜀⤀Ⰰ 愀 猀洀愀氀氀Ⰰ 栀愀爀搀Ⰰ 礀攀氀氀漀眀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 爀攀搀 挀栀攀攀欀⸀ 吀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 䐀攀挀椀漀 ⠀㄀㠀⤀ 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 挀爀攀愀洀 愀渀搀 爀攀搀 椀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 椀猀 猀洀愀氀氀Ⰰ 挀爀椀猀瀀 愀渀搀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 刀漀洀愀渀 漀爀椀最椀渀⸀ 倀漀猀猀椀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 䌀漀甀爀琀 瀀攀渀搀甀 瀀氀愀琀 ⠀㄀㤀⤀ 洀愀礀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀 愀 刀漀洀愀渀 氀攀最愀挀礀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 猀洀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 昀氀愀琀琀攀渀攀搀Ⰰ 最爀攀攀渀 眀椀琀栀 昀愀椀渀琀 爀攀搀 猀琀爀椀瀀攀猀 愀渀搀 爀椀挀栀氀礀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀㨀ഊCodlins (20), was class of cooking apples which are elongated, pale green or yellow with a reddish flush. British.
਀伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 倀攀愀爀洀愀椀渀 ⠀㈀㄀⤀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀搀 愀渀搀 最爀攀攀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 搀攀猀攀爀琀 愀渀搀 挀椀搀攀爀 甀猀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀猀 椀渀 ㄀㈀　㐀 ⠀㈀㈀⤀⸀ഊGolden Pippin (23), hard, long-keeping and acid apples, were popular for cider-making and dessert apples in the 16th century. English.
਀刀攀椀渀攀琀琀攀 ⠀㈀㐀⤀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀 昀椀爀洀Ⰰ 搀爀礀ⴀ昀氀攀猀栀攀搀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 漀昀 搀甀氀氀 最爀攀攀渀 猀欀椀渀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 洀愀琀琀 戀爀漀眀渀 爀甀猀猀攀琀椀渀最⸀ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀⼀ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀ഊGolden Rennett (25)(Reinette) was a firm dry-fleshed fruit with golden yellow skin russetted evenly with red speckling. English.
਀圀栀椀琀攀 䨀漀愀渀攀琀椀渀最 ⠀㈀㘀⤀ ⠀䨀攀渀渀攀琀椀渀最⤀Ⰰ 愀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 攀愀琀椀渀最 礀攀氀氀漀眀 愀瀀瀀氀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 爀攀搀 昀氀甀猀栀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 䔀氀椀稀愀戀攀琀栀愀渀猀⸀ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ഊBorsdoff (27), was a yellow apple with a red-flushed skin. The flesh was whitish-yellow, crisp and juicy with a very sweet flavour. It was first recorded in Saxony in 1561. German.
਀一漀渀瀀愀爀攀椀氀 ⠀㈀㠀⤀Ⰰ 愀 洀攀搀椀甀洀 猀椀稀攀搀 搀攀猀猀攀爀琀 愀瀀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 礀攀氀氀漀眀 愀渀搀 爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 爀甀猀猀攀琀 猀瀀攀挀欀氀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 ㄀㔀　　 䄀⸀䐀⸀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 ⼀ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀ഊMany dishes using apples date from mediaeval times; 14th century cookbooks give recipes for apples including applesauce, fritters, rissoles (29) and ciders. Apple butter was popular throughout Europe. The hardy crab-apple was a source for making verjus (30) in England instead of green grapes, which were ripened more usefully for winemaking.
਀倀䔀䄀刀匀ഊThough more highly regarded than the apple in Classical and mediaeval times, the pear (Pyrus communis linnaeus) shares its origin in the same Caucasus regions of Asia minor. (31) Pliny listed 41 varieties (32) of pears of which only the Jargonelle, his Numidianum Groecum , may be identified. The pear is named for Jargon, a city once known as Gergon, the name of which was corrupted from Groecum. (33) Jargonelles were yellow-green, flushed with gold and very tender.
਀䠀愀猀琀椀戀攀愀洀 ⠀愀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 瀀攀愀爀⤀Ⰰ 匀愀椀渀琀ⴀ刀椀攀甀氀Ⰰ 䈀漀渀 䌀栀爀琀椀攀甀 ⠀㌀㐀⤀ ⠀琀漀搀愀礀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀猀⤀ 愀渀搀 倀漀椀爀攀 搀✀䄀渀最漀椀猀猀攀 ⠀㌀㔀⤀ 眀攀爀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 洀攀搀椀愀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀愀爀猀⸀ഊOther period pears include the Colmar or Bergamot (36) pear, a smooth-skinned, tender yellow-green and very juicy, very sweet pear. Belgian.
਀䈀爀漀眀渀 䈀攀甀爀爀 眀愀猀猀 愀 最漀氀搀攀渀ⴀ爀甀猀猀攀琀 瀀攀愀爀 漀爀 ∀戀甀琀琀攀爀 瀀攀愀爀∀ 愀猀 椀琀猀 昀氀攀猀栀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 洀攀氀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 愀猀 搀漀攀猀 戀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 眀愀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䤀猀愀洀戀愀爀琀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀 琀漀 ㄀㘀　㠀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 ⠀㌀㜀⤀⸀ഊThe Crassene (38) pear was an old variety in France when first mentioned in the 17th century. It was a particularly unattractive, dumpy fruit, green-skinned with russet dots, of the butter-fleshed type, sweet and perfumed. 
਀倀愀猀猀攀 挀爀愀猀愀渀渀攀 ⠀㌀㤀⤀ 眀愀猀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 瀀攀愀爀Ⰰ 戀爀漀愀搀Ⰰ 搀甀氀氀 最爀攀攀渀椀猀栀ⴀ戀爀漀眀渀 戀甀琀 漀昀 挀漀愀爀猀攀 琀攀砀琀甀爀攀⸀ ഊThe Caillou (40) pear of Burgundy was a very hard pear, mainly suited for cooking, extensively grown on the estates of Henry III.
਀圀愀爀搀攀渀猀 ⠀㐀㄀⤀ 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 最爀漀眀渀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 瀀攀愀爀 漀昀 吀甀搀漀爀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 椀琀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䌀椀猀琀攀爀挀椀愀渀 䴀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀礀 漀昀 圀愀爀搀漀渀 椀渀 䈀攀搀昀漀爀搀猀栀椀爀攀⸀ഊPears, unlike apples, will not air dry whole. Pears were preserved uncooked in honey (42) in Roman times. Fresh pears were also packed in sand in amphorae and placed in a cool place (43); the fresh fruit would keep often until March. Cider made from pears was called perry. Warden pears were an important ingredient in the making of chardequynce, a form of quince marmelade, eaten at the end of mediaeval feasts to ease the stomach (44). 
਀䜀刀䄀倀䔀匀ഊBy far the largest fruit crop of both ancient and modern times is the grape. Of course it is for wine production that the bulk of grapes are now grown and for which some 10,000 modern varieties have been developed. Fortunately, the diversification of varieties occurred rather late, beginning in the 18th century when glass bottling developed. Virtually all period grape wine was available only in barrels and casks. Vintage wine was unknown and the most palatable wine was considered to be the newest (45). All period grapes of both table and wine grapes are varieties of Vitis vinifera which originated in the area of Mt. Ararat (46) in Turkey and Iran and which thrives in the temperate climate of Europe. English vinyards have been mentioned as early as Anglo-Saxon charters and in the Domesday Book (47), however English vinyards were centered in the monastic abbeys. After the dissolution of the English monastaries by Henry VIII, English vinyards quickly went into decline (48). The principal varieties grown in period times were the Pinot, the Tokay, the Muscat, the Traminer, the Sylvaner and the Riesling (49). All of these varieties are full-flavoured and seeded. Most grapes sold in the USA are seedless Thompson varieties or the principal American species, Concord or Catawba, none of which are period. Some varieties of these European grapevines recently are available through mail-order catalogues, one of the few avenues by which American SCA cooks can obtain period grapes.
਀伀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 昀漀爀 眀椀渀攀ⴀ洀愀欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 最爀愀瀀攀猀 愀爀攀 搀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 爀愀椀猀椀渀猀⸀ 唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 爀愀椀猀椀渀猀 愀爀攀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀攀攀搀氀攀猀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀㬀 爀愀椀猀椀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀攀搀攀搀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀挀愀琀 栀愀瘀攀 洀漀爀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀⸀ 䌀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 愀爀攀 爀愀椀猀椀渀猀 漀昀 愀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 瘀攀爀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 戀氀愀挀欀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 椀猀氀愀渀搀 漀昀 娀愀渀琀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 爀愀椀猀椀渀猀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀猀 ∀爀愀椀猀椀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀渀∀ ⠀㔀　⤀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 爀攀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀琀攀 愀渀搀 戀氀愀挀欀 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 愀琀 愀氀氀⸀ ഊGrapes in period cooking are largely limited to verjuice or verjus, made from the juice of unripened grapes, and to sweet syrups made from boiled down must (unfiltered fresh grape juice) (51). Period methods of preserving grapes involved storing them under must in a cool cellar, or dry in barley, or in airtight crocks sealed with pitch in boiled water (52).
਀䌀䠀䔀刀刀䤀䔀匀ഊWild cherries, both sweet (Prunus avium) and sour (Prunus cerasus), are native to the same areas of western Asia (53) as the apple and pear, but had spread throughout Europe in Mesolithic times (54). Cherries were cultivated in Assyria from 800 B.C. (55) and in northern Mediterranean areas from 500 B.C. or so. In the 1st century A.D., Pliny the Elder listed eight varieties being grown in Italy (56). Improved varieties of sweet cherry came to Italy from Pontus in Armenia and were exported to Roman Britain in the 1st century A.D. 
਀吀栀攀 夀攀氀氀漀眀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 ⠀㔀㜀⤀ ⠀渀漀眀 䈀椀最愀爀爀攀愀甀⤀ 挀栀攀爀爀礀 眀愀猀 愀 栀攀愀爀琀ⴀ猀栀愀瀀攀搀Ⰰ 栀愀爀搀ⴀ昀氀攀猀栀攀搀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 挀栀攀爀爀礀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀栀攀爀爀礀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 倀氀椀渀礀✀猀 䐀甀爀愀挀椀渀愀 挀栀攀爀爀礀 ⠀氀愀琀攀爀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䄀洀戀攀爀 漀爀 䜀爀愀昀昀椀漀渀⤀ ⠀㔀㠀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀愀爀欀 戀氀愀挀欀椀猀栀ⴀ爀攀搀 䴀漀爀攀氀氀漀 ⠀㔀㤀⤀ 挀栀攀爀爀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 猀漀甀爀 挀栀攀爀爀礀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 瀀椀琀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀爀椀攀搀 昀漀爀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 甀猀攀⸀ 䜀攀爀愀爀搀 氀椀猀琀猀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 夀攀氀氀漀眀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 挀栀攀爀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀 䴀漀爀攀氀氀漀 椀渀 栀椀猀 䠀攀爀戀愀氀氀 漀昀 ㄀㔀㤀㜀⸀ 䄀 栀礀戀爀椀搀 猀眀攀攀琀ⴀ猀漀甀爀 挀栀攀爀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䴀愀礀 䐀甀欀攀 ⠀㘀　⤀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀㬀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 挀漀爀爀甀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 䴀搀漀挀 ⠀㘀㄀⤀ 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀猀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀 眀愀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀栀攀爀爀椀攀猀 瀀椀挀欀攀搀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀猀漀渀 眀攀爀攀 愀挀椀搀 ⠀猀漀甀爀⤀ 戀甀琀 氀愀琀攀爀 爀椀瀀攀渀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 樀甀椀挀礀Ⰰ 猀眀攀攀琀 昀爀甀椀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀 猀漀昀琀ⴀ昀氀攀猀栀攀搀Ⰰ 搀攀攀瀀 爀攀搀 挀栀攀爀爀礀Ⰰ 椀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 愀 搀攀猀挀攀渀搀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀椀氀搀 猀眀攀攀琀 挀栀攀爀爀礀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 䜀攀愀渀 ⠀䜀甀椀最渀攀⤀ ⠀㘀㈀⤀⸀ 匀眀攀攀琀 戀氀愀挀欀 挀栀攀爀爀椀攀猀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 䈀氀愀挀欀 吀愀爀琀愀爀椀愀渀 眀攀爀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䈀氀愀挀欀 匀攀愀 愀爀攀愀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㘀㌀⤀⸀ഊFresh sweet cherries, seasonally available throughout the USA, almost always are Bing cherries. An American variant of the Yellow Spanish, the Rainier, is sold fresh in the northwestern states and only in large eastern cities as a specialty fruit. In late 14th century France, sweet red cherries were used to make a cherry pottage (64); whereas in northern Europe, cherry soups were made with sour cherries (65). As today, cherries were popular in pies and tarts.
਀䈀䄀一䄀一䄀匀ഊBananas.... Yes. Bananas!.... are on example of an Old World fruit that has so sucessfully adapted to cultivation in the New World, that most persons have assumed it is native to the Americas. The Greek soldiers of Alexander the Great encountered the banana (Musa acuminata) in India where it had been cultivated since the 6th century B.C. (66). The Classical name for bananas was ,sapientium, known from the writings of Theophrastus (67). The Arabs grew bananas, in Arabic al vaneyra (68), throughout all of the Islamic regions as far west as Egypt before 650 A.D. and, by the 14th century, the fruit had been established across all of North Africa (69). Islamic myth has the banana being the original forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. The banana became known to Europeans through Portuguese sailors who discovered it in West Africa in 1402 (70). Cultivation of the fruit for consumption in Spain and Portugal began in the Portuguese-held Canary Islands. Friar Tomas de Berlanga, a Spanish missionary took banana roots to the West Indies in 1519 where growing them quickly spread throughout Spanish Central America (71).
਀䴀漀搀攀爀渀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 愀爀攀 漀昀 琀眀漀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 䜀爀漀猀 䴀椀挀栀攀氀 愀渀搀 䌀愀瘀攀渀搀椀猀栀Ⰰ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 椀猀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 猀甀瀀攀爀洀愀爀欀攀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀⸀ 倀攀爀椀漀搀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 愀爀攀 漀昀 愀 搀眀愀爀昀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀愀瘀攀渀搀椀猀栀 猀琀爀愀椀渀⸀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 搀椀昀昀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 愀猀 昀愀爀 愀猀 琀栀攀 攀搀椀戀氀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 椀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 猀椀稀攀Ⰰ 猀欀椀渀 琀栀椀挀欀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 挀漀氀漀甀爀 愀渀搀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 挀愀爀爀礀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 爀攀搀搀椀猀栀 䌀愀瘀攀渀搀椀猀栀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 愀猀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀琀礀 昀爀甀椀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀椀瘀攀⸀ 䈀礀 猀攀氀攀挀琀椀渀最 猀琀甀戀戀礀Ⰰ 猀洀愀氀氀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 愀渀搀 瀀氀愀挀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 愀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 戀漀砀 眀椀琀栀 最爀攀攀渀 琀漀洀愀琀漀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀欀椀渀猀 眀椀氀氀 琀甀爀渀 爀攀搀ⴀ戀爀漀眀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀猀 挀氀漀猀攀 愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 愀 洀愀琀挀栀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 戀愀渀愀渀愀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀愀渀愀爀礀 䤀猀氀愀渀搀猀 愀猀 椀猀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀愀氀氀礀 昀攀愀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 倀攀爀椀漀搀 挀漀渀猀甀洀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 倀漀爀琀甀最甀攀猀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 漀昀 昀爀攀猀栀 昀爀甀椀琀 漀渀氀礀㬀 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀琀漀 攀愀爀氀礀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 洀愀礀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀漀爀 挀漀漀欀攀搀 戀愀渀愀渀愀猀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 挀甀椀猀椀渀攀⸀ 唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 挀氀椀洀愀琀椀挀 挀栀愀渀最攀猀 猀椀渀挀攀 ㄀㘀　　 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 栀愀瘀攀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 爀攀搀甀挀攀搀 戀愀渀愀渀愀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀愀猀琀 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 猀漀 戀愀渀愀渀愀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 愀爀攀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 渀漀琀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀最椀漀渀⸀ 伀渀氀礀 椀渀 䤀猀爀攀愀氀Ⰰ 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 椀渀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 氀愀渀搀 爀攀挀氀愀椀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀愀渀愀 愀最愀椀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 昀爀甀椀琀 挀爀漀瀀⸀ഊCITRUS FRUITS
਀䌀椀琀爀甀猀 椀猀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 漀昀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 䌀栀椀渀愀 愀渀搀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 伀昀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀椀琀爀漀渀 ⠀挀椀琀爀甀猀 洀攀搀椀挀愀⤀ 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 爀攀愀挀栀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 愀渀搀 倀愀氀攀猀琀椀渀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 㔀琀栀 愀渀搀 㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 䈀⸀䌀⸀ ⠀㜀㈀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 最爀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 椀琀猀 昀爀愀最爀愀渀琀 瀀攀攀氀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀愀氀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 ㈀渀搀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ⠀㜀㌀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 戀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀礀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀挀攀 愀渀搀 䌀漀爀猀椀挀愀⸀ 䌀甀氀椀渀愀爀礀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀攀氀 戀攀最愀渀 眀椀琀栀 氀愀琀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀甀最愀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀猀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 挀椀琀爀漀渀 瀀攀攀氀 琀漀 戀攀 挀愀渀搀椀攀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 愀猀 椀琀猀 甀猀甀愀氀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 甀猀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 樀甀椀挀攀 椀猀 眀攀愀欀氀礀 氀攀洀漀渀ⴀ昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 愀猀 愀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 搀爀椀渀欀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 ∀愀挀焀甀愀挀攀搀爀愀琀愀∀ ⠀㜀㐀⤀⸀ഊOranges (citrus sinensis and citrus aurantium) were next to be introduced west, following the same route as the citron. Both semi-sweet and bitter oranges were known in classical times and had spread to Spain and Portugal by the Fall of the Roman Empire. Oranges have been grown at the Roman-built, clay pipe irrigated groves at Soukra near Tunis continuously since the 2nd century (75). After the Fall of Rome, European orange cultivation disappeared except in Spain and Portugal, but the Moors did not export citrus to Christian Europe. Bitter oranges or Bigarades (76), as well as lemons and limes, were reintroduced into Italy in the later Crusades. Sweet oranges from Palestine reappeared in Italy and Portugal in the 15th century and, in the 16th century, the Portuguese exported these sweet oranges, called "Portingalls", to neighboring France and England (77). An account of an enthronement feast for the Archbishop of Canterbury on March 9, 1505 had two dishes made with oranges, orange and quince pie and succade (78). Succade, sometimes called "wet sucket", was a wet sweetmeat of mixed citrus peel boiled in honey. Orange marmalade was first prepared in late Tudor times. A separate recipe appeared for "Conserve of Oranges" in the 1587 Book of Cookrye (79). Spain introduced citrus to the New World beginning with the second voyage of Columbus, whereupon later colonists would establish the great American citrus industry in Florida and California.
਀䰀攀洀漀渀猀 ⠀挀椀琀爀甀猀 氀椀洀漀渀椀愀⤀ 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 氀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀 挀椀琀爀甀猀 昀爀甀椀琀猀Ⰰ 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ⠀㠀　⤀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀攀洀漀渀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 挀甀氀椀渀愀爀礀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 愀猀 愀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 最愀爀渀椀猀栀 ⠀㠀㄀⤀⸀ 䰀攀洀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 氀椀洀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䄀爀愀戀 氀愀渀搀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀　琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㠀㈀⤀ 昀爀漀洀 猀攀攀搀猀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀攀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 渀愀洀攀 昀漀爀 氀攀洀漀渀 眀愀猀 氀椀 洀ff洀 愀猀 挀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀挀愀氀 吀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 漀昀 䔀戀攀洀戀椀琀愀爀 椀渀 ㄀㄀㠀㜀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ⠀㠀㌀⤀⸀ 䰀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 漀爀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 氀攀洀漀渀 搀椀猀愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 戀愀挀欀 昀爀漀洀 䄀爀愀戀 漀爀挀栀愀爀搀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀猀⸀ ഊLemon juice largely replaced verjus in late Renaissance cookery. Cristoforo di Messiburgo, an Italian chef, gives a recipe (1549) for marinated brill with lemon slices (84). Lemon and fish have maintained this happy culinary relationship ever since. 
਀吀栀攀 䰀椀洀攀 ⠀䌀椀琀爀甀猀 愀甀爀愀渀琀椀昀漀氀椀愀⤀ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 爀漀甀琀攀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀椀琀爀甀猀 昀爀甀椀琀 昀爀漀洀 匀漀甀琀栀攀愀猀琀 䄀猀椀愀 琀漀 䤀渀搀椀愀 琀漀 倀攀爀猀椀愀⸀ 䰀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 愀猀 氀椀洀愀栀Ⰰ 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 匀瀀愀椀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䴀漀漀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㠀㔀⤀⸀ 䰀椀洀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 圀攀猀琀 䤀渀搀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㠀㘀⤀⸀ 圀栀漀氀攀 搀爀椀攀搀 氀椀洀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 氀漀渀最 戀攀攀渀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 猀攀愀猀漀渀椀渀最 椀渀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 挀甀椀猀椀渀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀栀愀爀瀀 琀愀猀琀攀 漀昀 氀椀洀攀 眀愀猀 眀攀氀氀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 渀漀琀 愀猀 栀椀最栀氀礀 愀猀 氀攀洀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 挀漀漀欀攀爀礀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀攀 愀琀琀愀椀渀攀搀 椀琀猀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀猀 愀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀椀瘀攀 昀漀爀 猀挀甀爀瘀攀礀 漀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 猀愀椀氀椀渀最 猀栀椀瀀猀⸀ 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 猀愀椀氀漀爀猀 琀栀甀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 ∀氀椀洀洀攀礀猀∀⸀ഊPomelos (Citrus maxima) or Shaddock followed lemons and limes to Arab lands and to Spain, in the 13th century, where they were cultivated on a small scale (87). The largest of citrus fruits, the pomelo did not reach the rest of Europe during the Crusades. It was also late to the West Indies, arriving in the mid-17th century. It is of importance only because a mutation occurred which produced a new smaller fruit which was named the grapefruit (88).
਀倀䰀唀䴀匀ഊPlums (Prunus domestica) also originated around Armenia in Asia Minor and are only botanically distinguished from cherries by their size. Plums were first cultivated in western China (89). Wild plums, the Bullace (90) (Prunus instititia), Cherry Plums (91) (Prunus cerasifera) and the Sloe (92) (Prunus spinosa) now grow wild throughout Europe and have hybridized extensively. Cultivated plums arose as a cross between the sloe and the cherry plum in the Caucasus region (93). Damsons are a variety of bullace plum well known in Roman times, and imported from Damascus in Syria, hence its name (94). At the time of Cato, Romans were familiar with prunes but not the plum tree itself (95). Besides the Damson, Pliney described 12 varieties of plums growing in Italy in the 1st century A.D. (96). Plums have been cultivated in Europe since the 8th century and are recorded in England from the 13th century. Chaucer described a garden with "ploumes and bulaces" in 1369 (97); "Damaske or damassons" (damson) plums are mentioned in the 1526 Grete Herball of Peter Treveris (98).
਀吀栀攀 匀愀椀渀琀攀 䌀愀琀栀攀爀椀渀攀Ⰰ 愀 眀栀椀琀攀 瀀氀甀洀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀渀 漀氀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 最爀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 搀爀礀椀渀最 愀渀搀 猀漀氀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 倀爀甀渀攀愀甀砀 搀攀 吀漀甀爀猀 ⠀㤀㤀⤀⸀ഊThe Morocco plum was a sweet black plum listed by Parkinson in 1629 (100) as an old plum of unknown origin.
਀䈀氀甀攀 倀爀爀椀最漀渀 漀爀 琀栀攀 倀爀挀漀挀攀 搀攀 吀漀甀爀猀 眀愀猀 戀漀琀栀 愀 戀氀甀攀ⴀ戀氀愀挀欀 瀀爀甀渀攀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀猀攀爀琀 瀀氀甀洀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀礀 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 䈀愀猀猀攀 䄀氀瀀猀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㠀㈀⸀ ⠀㄀　㄀⤀ഊThe Mirabelle de Nancy was a bullace plum grown in France in the 15th century. (102)
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 戀甀氀氀愀挀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 刀攀椀渀攀 䌀氀愀甀搀攀 ⠀㄀　㌀⤀Ⰰ 搀愀琀椀渀最 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 爀攀椀最渀 漀昀 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀 䤀 ⠀㄀㐀㤀㐀ⴀ㄀㔀㐀㜀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 䤀琀愀氀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 嘀攀爀搀漀挀挀栀椀愀 ⠀㄀　㐀⤀㬀 椀琀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 䤀琀愀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 䄀爀洀攀渀椀愀 瘀椀愀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀氀甀洀 椀猀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 欀渀漀眀渀 戀礀 椀琀猀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 渀愀洀攀 漀昀 䜀爀攀攀渀最愀最攀⸀ഊAPRICOTS
਀吀栀攀 眀椀氀搀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 氀漀猀琀Ⰰ 漀昀 䄀瀀爀椀挀漀琀猀 ⠀倀爀甀渀甀猀 愀爀洀攀渀椀愀挀愀⤀ 最爀攀眀 椀渀 䌀栀椀渀愀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 㐀　　　 礀攀愀爀猀 愀最漀⸀ ⠀㄀　㔀⤀ 匀椀氀欀 琀爀愀搀攀爀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 猀攀攀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀瀀爀椀挀漀琀 琀漀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀渀搀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䈀⸀䌀⸀㬀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 琀漀 䄀爀洀攀渀椀愀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀挀攀 愀渀搀 刀漀洀攀⸀ 倀氀椀渀礀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀瀀爀椀挀漀琀 愀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 愀 瀀氀甀洀 愀渀搀 愀 瀀攀愀挀栀Ⰰ 爀攀昀攀爀爀椀渀最 琀漀 椀琀 愀猀 愀渀 䄀爀洀攀渀椀愀渀 瀀氀甀洀 ⠀㄀　㘀⤀⸀ 䄀 刀漀洀愀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 瀀氀甀洀Ⰰ 刀漀洀愀渀 漀爀 䌀漀洀洀漀渀Ⰰ 椀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀搀愀礀 愀猀 䈀爀甀猀猀攀氀猀 ⠀㄀　㜀⤀⸀ 伀爀愀渀最攀 眀愀猀 愀渀 漀氀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 ⠀㄀　㠀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 最愀爀搀攀渀猀 漀昀 䠀攀渀爀礀 嘀䤀䤀䤀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀瀀爀椀挀漀琀猀 琀漀 戀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㐀㈀ ⠀㄀　㤀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 搀爀椀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀⸀ 䐀爀椀攀搀 愀瀀爀椀挀漀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 刀漀洀愀渀 琀椀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䐀愀洀愀猀挀甀猀 愀渀搀 唀瀀瀀攀爀 䔀最礀瀀琀 ⠀㄀㄀　⤀ 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀礀⸀ഊApricots are often stuffed with sweetmeats in traditional Arabic cookery. The pits contain kernels which when roasted are used as almonds are used in Italian pasteries.
਀倀䔀䄀䌀䠀䔀匀 䄀一䐀 一䔀䌀吀䄀刀䤀一䔀匀ഊPeaches (Prunus persica) followed much the same path to Persia as did the apricot. Greeks brought them from Persia at the time of Alexander according to Theophrastus (c. 370-286 B.C.) (111), hence the species name, persica. By Roman times, peaches were known across the Empire; peach juice was drunk with wine or vinegar (112). The fruit reached Roman sites on the Thames near London. Peach cultivation had begun in France by the 6th century and had spread across Europe by the 9th (113). First planted in England in Anglo-Saxon times, by 1216 A.D. an overindulgence of peaches and ale reputedly caused the death of King John (114). Peach trees were recorded planted in the gardens of the Tower of London in 1275 A.D. (115). By the 14th century, peaches were a common fruit sold on the streets of London (116). 
਀倀攀愀挀栀攀猀 戀爀攀攀搀 琀爀甀攀 洀漀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 琀栀愀渀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 昀攀眀攀爀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 漀昀琀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 栀愀搀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 漀渀攀 渀愀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 瀀攀愀挀栀Ⰰ 挀氀椀渀最猀琀漀渀攀 愀渀搀 昀爀攀攀猀琀漀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 眀栀椀琀攀 漀爀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 昀氀攀猀栀⸀ 䜀攀爀愀爀搀 椀渀 栀椀猀 䠀攀爀戀愀氀氀 漀昀 ㄀㔀㤀㜀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 昀漀甀爀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ ∀眀栀椀琀攀Ⰰ 爀攀搀Ⰰ 礀攀氀氀漀眀 愀渀搀 搀✀愀瘀愀渀琀∀ ⠀㄀㄀㜀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 渀愀洀攀猀 栀攀 洀攀愀渀琀 愀爀攀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀⸀ ഊSome of the 16th century varieties named were Red Nutmeg (118), a very small, yellow-fleshed freestone peach and Noblesse (119), a large pale fleshed peach. 
਀䜀爀漀猀猀攀 䴀椀最渀漀渀渀攀 ⠀㄀㈀　⤀ 眀愀猀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 爀攀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 瀀攀愀挀栀 眀椀琀栀 礀攀氀氀漀眀 昀氀攀猀栀 愀渀搀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 最爀漀眀渀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 琀漀搀愀礀⸀ഊSyon and Orleans (121) were 16th century French peaches being grown in England which were mentioned by John Evelyn in the mid 17th century. 
਀一攀挀琀愀爀椀渀攀猀 ⠀倀爀甀渀甀猀 瀀攀爀猀椀挀愀 渀攀挀琀愀爀椀渀愀⤀ 氀愀挀欀 琀栀攀 渀愀瀀 漀昀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 瀀攀愀挀栀攀猀Ⰰ 愀 洀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 漀昀 椀琀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀⸀ 一攀挀琀愀爀椀渀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 渀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㠀㜀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ⠀㄀㈀㈀⤀⸀ 䄀 渀愀洀攀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 椀渀 䜀攀爀愀爀搀✀猀 䠀攀爀戀愀氀氀 椀猀 刀攀搀 刀漀洀愀渀 ⠀㄀㈀㌀⤀⸀ഊPeaches were preserved for short periods by cooking and storing in a honey syrup, though drying was the most common practice. In the early 16th century, a form of conserve was made in England as described in the translated The Secrets of Alexis of Piedmont in 1562 (124). In the 1587 A Book of Cookrye, a dry moulded marmalade of peaches and rosewater (125) was recorded.
਀儀唀䤀一䌀䔀匀ഊQuinces (Cydonia oblonga) arose in the now familiar mountains of Transcaucasia where they still grow wild. They were first cultivated in Mesopotamia and in Palestine from 1000 B.C. (126) and, as mentioned before, were probably the "apples" in the Song of Solomon. The Greeks called them "honeyapples"or Cydonian apples (mëla Kudönia) (127); the Romans, melimelum (128), because they were perserved in honey. Another method used by the Romans was to store quinces in sealed amphorae in honey and water. The Portuguese called such preserved quinces marmelo from which the word marmalade is derived. 
਀䐀椀猀挀漀爀搀椀搀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ㄀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀愀渀Ⰰ 瀀愀挀欀攀搀 甀渀挀漀漀欀攀搀Ⰰ 瀀攀攀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 瀀椀瀀瀀攀搀 焀甀椀渀挀攀猀 琀椀最栀琀氀礀 椀渀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀漀爀 愀戀漀甀琀 愀 礀攀愀爀Ⰰ 搀甀爀椀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 猀漀昀琀攀渀攀搀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 洀攀氀椀洀攀氀愀 ⠀㄀㈀㤀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀Ⰰ 倀愀氀氀愀搀椀甀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 昀漀爀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 愀 焀甀椀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 栀漀渀攀礀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 樀攀氀氀椀攀搀⸀ 倀攀瀀瀀攀爀 愀渀搀 最椀渀最攀爀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 洀愀欀椀渀最 猀瀀椀挀攀搀 挀椀搀漀渀椀琀甀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀愀攀瘀愀氀 昀漀爀攀爀甀渀渀攀爀 漀昀 挀栀愀爀搀攀渀焀甀礀渀挀攀 ⠀㄀㌀　⤀⸀ 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 䤀 栀愀搀 焀甀椀渀挀攀 琀爀攀攀猀 瀀氀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 吀漀眀攀爀 漀昀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㜀㔀 䄀⸀䐀 ⠀㄀㌀㄀⤀㬀 焀甀椀渀挀攀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀愀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 㔀　　 礀攀愀爀猀 愀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀猀⸀ഊMEDLARS
਀吀栀攀 甀渀甀猀甀愀氀 䴀攀搀氀愀爀 ⠀䴀攀猀瀀椀氀甀猀 最攀爀洀愀渀椀挀愀⤀ 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀挀愀甀挀愀甀猀椀愀 爀攀最椀漀渀 氀椀欀攀 猀漀 洀愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀爀甀椀琀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀漀甀最栀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 愀渀搀 刀漀洀愀渀猀 ⠀㄀㌀㈀⤀ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 洀攀搀氀愀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 甀渀瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀 愀渀搀 猀挀愀爀挀攀氀礀 攀愀琀攀渀 愀琀 愀氀氀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀⸀ 䐀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀氀愀爀Ⰰ 氀椀琀琀氀攀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 琀漀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀 椀琀 戀礀 猀攀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 戀爀攀攀搀椀渀最 愀猀 眀愀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 洀漀猀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀爀甀椀琀猀⸀ 伀渀氀礀 琀眀漀 刀漀洀愀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 匀攀琀愀渀椀愀 愀渀搀 䄀琀栀攀搀漀渀 ⠀㄀㌀㌀⤀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 渀愀洀攀搀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀 爀攀渀愀洀攀搀 琀漀搀愀礀 愀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 搀攀猀挀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 一漀琀琀椀渀最栀愀洀 洀攀搀氀愀爀Ⰰ 氀椀猀琀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 一攀愀瀀漀氀椀琀愀渀 ⠀㄀㌀㐀⤀ 戀礀 䜀攀爀愀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䐀甀琀挀栀 ⠀㄀㌀㔀⤀ 洀攀搀氀愀爀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀攀搀氀愀爀 椀猀 最爀漀眀渀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀氀礀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 昀愀爀 渀漀爀琀栀 愀猀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀 ⠀㄀㌀㘀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 䌀栀愀爀氀攀洀愀最渀攀✀猀 䌀愀瀀椀琀甀琀愀爀攀 搀攀 嘀椀氀氀椀猀 ⠀䐀攀挀爀攀攀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀漀眀渀猀⤀ 愀猀 愀 洀愀渀搀愀琀漀爀礀 瀀氀愀渀琀 昀漀爀 刀漀礀愀氀 攀猀琀愀琀攀猀 ⠀㄀㌀㜀⤀⸀ 刀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 圀攀猀琀洀椀渀椀猀琀攀爀 䄀戀戀攀礀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 最爀漀眀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀欀猀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㜀　 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ⠀㄀㌀㠀⤀⸀ 䴀攀搀氀愀爀猀 愀爀攀 猀攀攀渀 漀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀挀漀爀渀 吀愀瀀攀猀琀爀椀攀猀⸀ഊThe medlar is stored in moist bran until winter when the fruit has half rotted to a brown mush. Like the persimmon, it is inedible even when ripened on the tree. Medlars and quinces were used in a form of French cidonitum called condoignac made in Orleans (139). Condoignac or cotignac was ceremonially presented to the French Sovereigns when entering a city. It was given to Joan of Arc when she first entered Orleans (140). The medlar is grown in the southern US mainly as a hedging plant.
਀倀伀䴀䔀䜀刀䄀一䄀吀䔀匀ഊThe Pomegranate (Punica granatum), a native of Persia and Afganistan, has naturalized throughout southern Europe. The pomegranate has been cultivated since biblical times throughout the Middle East. The fruit first reached Europe with the Greeks and Romans by way of Carthage, so it was known as the Carthaginian apple (Mala Punica) (141). The many seeds or grains account for the species name granatum . Pomegranates are unusual in that the edible pulp surrounds numerous seeds which are encased in a honeycomb of inedible interior mebranes. Consuming a pomegranate can be a laborious task. Pomegarnate seeds have been used since classical Greek times to eliminate tapeworms (142). The rind and bark of the pomegranate were used to dye leather in North Africa (143). Pomegranates are largely a novelty fruit in America but remain of significant importance in Middle East cookery. Syrup made from the juice is called Grenadine (144).
਀匀伀刀䈀匀ഊSorbs (Sorbus torminalis), or sorb apples, grow wild in eastern and northern Europe. Cato, in the 2nd century B.C., advisd the wife of the bailiff to keep dried sorbs in quantity (145). Pliny mentioned four varieties including both apple-shaped and pear-shaped fruit (146). Gerard, in 1597, described the fruit as edible only after post ripening in a manner similar to the medlar (147). The early 17th century author Hulme, in his The Fruits of the Countryside , quotes Gerard as to their nourishment value being "very little, grosse, and cold" (148). The principal use in cooking sorb apples is in tarts.
਀䌀伀刀一䔀䰀匀ഊThe Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas) or Cornel, a fruit of a European dogwood, grows wild in southern Europe where it has been picked since before Roman times (149). Ovid mentioned the fruit in his Metamorphoses (150) and the Gorgon knot of antiquity cut by Alexander was formed from its bark (151). Cornels were commonly grown in monastary gardens in the Middle Ages (152). The acid and slightly bitter fruit has been traditionally used in western European cookery to make pies, sauces and confections (153).
਀䘀䤀䜀匀ഊFigs (Ficus carica) are native to the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia around the Transcaucaus region. Figs were recorded in the earliest records of civilization and in Egypt from 2700 B.C. (154). The original Mediterranean fig was the caprifig, noted by Aristotle in the 4th century B.C. (155). At the begining of the Christian era, a mutation occurred in Smyrna (Calimyrna) type figs; what was to be known as the Common (156) fig, where the fruits ripened without fertilization and hence, without seeds, was first discovered. This type has been the main variety cultivated since. The original variety, the caprifig, required fertilization by the tiny fig wasp which could not stand the cooler climate of northern Europe (157). The common fig fruited parthenocarpically, needing no pollinating insect, spread northwards, reaching Britain by the early 16th century (158). Fig seeds (of caprifigs) have been found in sites of Roman Britain (159); figs were imported to mediaeval England as early as 1290 for the table of Edward I (160). 
਀䘀椀最猀 眀攀爀攀 攀愀琀攀渀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 䰀攀渀琀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀漀洀攀爀愀琀攀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀✀猀 氀愀猀琀 爀椀搀攀 椀渀琀漀 䨀攀爀甀猀愀氀攀洀 ⠀㄀㘀㄀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 琀爀攀愀琀 椀渀 洀攀搀椀愀攀瘀愀氀 洀漀渀愀猀琀愀爀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀漀渀欀猀 愀渀搀 渀甀渀猀⸀ 刀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀漀爀 昀椀最 挀漀洀瀀漀琀攀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 昀爀椀攀搀 昀椀最 瀀愀猀琀爀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 䌀甀爀礀攀 漀渀 䤀渀最氀礀猀挀栀 ⠀㄀㘀㈀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 愀 昀椀最 挀漀渀昀攀挀琀椀漀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 愀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 ⠀㄀㘀㌀⤀⸀ഊLarge Blue, a fig of Italian origin is known today as Brown Turkey (164). Another period variety is white fig or White Marseilles. 
਀䴀䔀䰀伀一匀 䄀一䐀 圀䄀吀䔀刀䴀䔀䰀伀一匀ഊMelons (Cucumis melo) are native to the Near East where the Arabs have cultivated them since the collapse of the Roman Empire (165). Melons were unknown to the Greeks, but Pliny mentioned them in the 1st century A.D. (166). Melons were grown in Moorish Spain and Andalusia as documented in the writings of Ibn Al Awam (1145 A.D.) (167). Melon cultivation was introduced into France at the end of the fifteenth century (168) attaining great and immediate popularity. Succinét wrote a treatise on melons in 1583 (169). In a cookbook by Jacque Pons, 50 ways to prepare and eat melons are listed, including soup, fritters, salt and peppered, and rinds in compote (170). Melons were cultivated in England by 1570 and were mentioned by Gerard as growing at the Queen's House at St. James Court (171). Pope Paul II died of apoplexy after overeating iced melon in the Vatican gardens in July of 1471 (172). Cantaloupe melons are named for the Italian town of Canalupo near Rome (173). Winter melons, the Cavaillon (melons d'hiver de Provence) (174) and the Casaba melon, are a second type of dessert melon grown in period times. Another old variety is the Black Rock (175), a large, knobby, sweet-fleshed melon. The principal melon grown in the USA is the netted musk or nutmeg melon. 
਀圀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀 ⠀䌀漀氀漀挀礀渀琀栀椀猀 挀椀琀爀甀氀氀甀猀⤀ 椀猀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 洀攀氀漀渀猀 ⠀䌀甀挀甀洀椀猀⤀ 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 愀 氀漀渀最攀爀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀爀椀猀椀渀最 椀渀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀Ⰰ 眀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䔀最礀瀀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 ㈀　　　 䈀⸀䌀⸀ 昀爀漀洀 眀椀氀搀 瘀椀渀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀爀甀椀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 漀爀愀渀最攀 ⠀㄀㜀㘀⤀⸀ 圀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀猀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䠀漀氀礀 䰀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 渀攀瘀攀爀 愀琀琀愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 洀攀氀漀渀猀 ⠀㄀㜀㜀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀猀 眀愀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 ⠀㔀ⴀ㄀　 瀀漀甀渀搀猀⤀㬀 氀愀爀最攀爀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀椀渀攀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 昀漀爀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 洀愀爀欀攀琀椀渀最⸀ 䤀渀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 眀愀琀攀爀洀攀氀漀渀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 爀攀猀攀洀戀氀攀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀猀⸀ഊBERRIES AND SOFT FRUITS
਀䄀 氀愀爀最攀 挀氀愀猀猀 漀昀 猀漀昀琀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 挀氀愀猀猀攀搀 愀猀 戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 猀漀甀最栀琀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 眀椀氀搀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀渀搀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 最愀琀栀攀爀攀搀 椀渀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 甀渀琀椀氀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 栀攀渀挀攀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 氀愀琀攀⸀ഊSTRAWBERRRIES
਀匀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 攀愀最攀爀氀礀 最愀琀栀攀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 眀椀氀搀 戀礀 洀愀渀 猀椀渀挀攀 䴀攀猀漀氀椀琀栀椀挀 琀椀洀攀猀 ⠀㄀㜀㠀⤀⸀ 䤀渀搀椀最攀渀漀甀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 眀椀氀搀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 琀栀攀 䄀氀瀀椀渀攀 ⠀䘀爀愀最愀爀椀愀 瘀攀猀挀愀 猀攀洀瀀攀爀昀氀漀爀攀渀猀⤀Ⰰ 椀渀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀 愀渀搀 眀栀椀琀攀 昀漀爀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀甀猀欀礀 最爀攀攀渀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀礀 ⠀䘀爀愀最愀爀椀愀 瘀椀爀椀搀椀猀⤀ ⠀㄀㜀㤀⤀⸀ 圀栀椀琀攀 愀氀瀀椀渀攀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 猀洀愀氀氀Ⰰ 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀 漀昀 洀甀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 搀攀氀椀挀愀琀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀㬀 琀栀攀 最爀攀攀渀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀礀 椀猀 愀挀欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀眀攀攀琀攀猀琀 漀昀 愀氀氀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 ⠀㄀㠀　⤀⸀ 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 䤀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 眀椀氀搀 ⠀䄀氀瀀椀渀攀⤀ 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀氀愀渀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 眀椀氀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㠀㄀⤀⸀ 伀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ∀昀爀愀椀猀攀猀 搀攀猀 戀漀椀猀∀ 漀渀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 猀挀愀氀攀 戀攀最愀渀 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㠀㈀⤀⸀ 䌀爀攀愀洀 椀猀 愀 氀漀渀最ⴀ猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀猀 渀漀琀攀搀 戀礀 䄀渀搀爀攀眀 䈀漀漀爀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀㨀 ∀刀愀眀攀 挀爀愀礀洀攀 甀渀搀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 攀愀琀攀渀 眀椀琀栀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀礀猀⸀⸀⸀ 椀猀 愀 爀甀爀愀氀 洀愀渀渀攀猀 戀愀渀欀攀琀⸀∀ ⠀㄀㠀㌀⤀ഊThe modern strawberry results from the hybrid crossing of North and South American species in the late 17th century. The native European varieties are now a costly delicacy, rarely available in the US unless homegrown. 
਀刀䄀匀倀䈀䔀刀刀䤀䔀匀Ⰰ 䈀䰀䄀䌀䬀䈀䔀刀刀䤀䔀匀Ⰰ 䌀唀刀刀䄀一吀匀 䄀一䐀 䜀伀伀匀䔀䈀䔀刀刀䤀䔀匀ഊRaspberries (Rubus idaeus), like strawberries, have been gathered from the wild since the Neolithic (184). The first to cultivate raspberries were the classical Greeks who called the fruit "idaeus", as the wild fruit grew thickly on the slopes of Mount Ida (185). In the 13th century, gardeners of Edward I grew raspberies transplanted from the wild (186); the Old English name for the fruit was "raspis" (187). Blackberries (Rubus fruticosus) are closely related to raspberries and share similar growing habits. The only major difference in the fruits are that the recepticle, or rasp, of trhe raspberry cleanly parts from the druplets when picked, leaving a hollow fruit; the blackberry recepticle is attached and eaten with the fruit (188).
਀䜀漀漀猀攀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 ⠀刀椀戀攀猀 爀攀琀椀挀甀氀愀琀愀⤀ 愀渀搀 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 ⠀刀椀戀攀猀 渀椀最爀甀洀 愀渀搀 刀椀戀攀猀 爀甀戀爀甀洀⤀ 愀爀攀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀搀愀礀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 琀渀攀 唀匀⸀ 䄀猀 琀栀攀礀 最爀攀眀 眀椀氀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀攀爀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 稀漀渀攀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 戀甀琀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 猀漀甀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 氀愀琀攀 琀漀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀洀攀爀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 最漀漀猀攀戀攀爀爀礀 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 戀礀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 䤀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㈀㜀㘀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 眀愀猀 最爀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 搀攀猀猀攀爀琀 戀攀爀爀礀 ⠀㄀㠀㠀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 栀愀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 愀猀 愀 猀愀甀挀攀 昀漀爀 昀椀猀栀 ⠀㄀㠀㤀⤀⸀ 䜀漀漀猀攀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀琀攀渀 最爀攀攀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 漀挀挀甀爀 椀渀 眀栀椀琀攀Ⰰ 礀攀氀氀漀眀Ⰰ 爀攀搀 愀渀搀 瀀甀爀瀀氀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䐀攀猀猀攀爀琀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 最漀漀猀攀戀攀爀爀礀 昀漀漀氀Ⰰ 最漀漀猀攀戀攀爀礀 琀愀渀猀礀 愀渀搀 最漀漀猀攀戀攀爀爀礀 瀀椀攀 ⠀㄀㤀　⤀⸀ 刀攀搀 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 渀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 愀渀搀 椀渀 搀漀洀攀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㤀㄀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 一攀琀栀攀爀氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 䐀攀渀洀愀爀欀⸀ 䌀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 愀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 椀渀 猀愀甀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 樀攀氀氀椀攀猀㬀 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀Ⰰ 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 愀猀 愀 昀爀甀椀琀 樀甀椀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 洀愀欀攀 愀 挀漀爀搀椀愀氀Ⰰ 挀爀洀攀 搀攀 挀愀猀猀椀猀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 戀氀愀挀欀 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀⸀ഊLINGONBERRIES
਀䌀爀愀渀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 ⠀嘀愀挀挀椀渀椀甀洀 瘀椀琀甀猀 椀搀愀攀愀⤀ 戀攀琀琀攀爀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀 愀猀 氀椀渀最漀渀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 戀攀爀爀礀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 愀爀攀愀猀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 樀攀氀氀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀愀甀挀攀猀 ⠀㄀㤀㈀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 漀昀 一漀爀琀栀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 挀爀愀渀戀攀爀爀礀 ⠀嘀愀挀挀椀渀椀甀洀 洀愀挀爀漀挀愀爀瀀漀渀⤀ 椀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀眀椀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀椀稀攀⸀ 䰀椀渀最漀渀戀攀爀爀礀 猀愀甀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀 愀爀攀愀猀 愀渀搀 刀甀猀猀椀愀 ⠀㄀㤀㌀⤀㬀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 搀椀昀昀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 挀爀愀渀戀攀爀爀礀 猀愀甀挀攀猀⸀ഊBLUEBERRIES
਀吀栀攀 䈀氀甀攀戀攀爀爀礀 漀爀 䈀椀氀戀攀爀爀礀 ⠀嘀愀挀挀椀渀椀甀洀 洀礀爀琀椀氀氀甀猀⤀ 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 眀椀氀搀 椀渀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 一攀漀氀椀琀栀椀挀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 䈀椀氀戀攀爀爀礀 猀攀攀搀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 匀眀椀猀猀 愀爀挀栀愀攀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 攀砀挀愀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀 搀愀琀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 ㌀　　　 䈀⸀䌀⸀ ⠀㄀㤀㐀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 眀栀椀渀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 漀爀 戀氀愀攀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 戀氀愀攀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 䌀漀甀渀琀礀 䐀漀眀渀 椀渀 氀愀琀攀 䨀甀氀礀 ⠀漀渀 䈀椀氀戀攀爀爀礀 匀甀渀搀愀礀⤀ 猀椀渀挀攀 搀爀甀椀搀椀挀 琀椀洀攀猀 ⠀㄀㤀㔀⤀⸀ 䰀攀猀猀 愀挀椀搀 琀栀愀渀 氀椀渀最漀渀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 漀爀 挀甀爀爀愀渀琀猀Ⰰ 戀椀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 瀀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀愀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 樀愀洀猀⸀ഊMULBERRIES
਀䴀甀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 ⠀䴀漀爀甀猀 渀椀最爀愀⤀ 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 琀椀洀攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 戀攀攀渀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀愀甀挀愀猀甀猀 爀攀最椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀猀椀愀 洀椀渀漀爀⸀ 倀氀椀渀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 洀甀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 刀漀洀愀渀 瀀爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 昀爀漀洀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀猀 愀猀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 ⠀㄀㤀㘀⤀⸀ 䄀猀 琀栀攀 洀甀氀戀攀爀爀礀 椀猀 愀 氀漀渀最ⴀ氀椀瘀攀搀 琀爀攀攀 愀渀搀 戀爀攀攀搀猀 琀爀甀攀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ 䄀 䈀氀愀挀欀 洀甀氀戀攀爀爀礀 瀀氀愀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㘀㐀 氀椀瘀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 ㄀㤀㘀㤀 ⠀㄀㤀㜀⤀⸀ 䴀甀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 攀愀琀攀渀 愀猀 昀爀攀猀栀 戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 漀爀 椀渀 瀀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀爀攀 猀攀氀搀漀洀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 愀猀 愀 挀愀渀渀攀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀⸀ 䘀爀攀猀栀 洀甀氀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 昀爀愀最椀氀攀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀椀猀栀愀戀氀攀⸀ഊDATES AND MANGOES
਀䰀攀猀猀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀愀猀琀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 眀愀猀 甀渀猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 渀攀椀琀栀攀爀 搀愀琀攀猀 渀漀爀 洀愀渀最漀攀猀⸀ഊDates, the fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), are of North African origin and range throughout Egypt and the Middle East wherever a desert oasis provided sufficient water. Dates have been cultivated since prehistoric times and were staples in both Egypt and Mesopotamia. Romans were very fond of dates and imported them in great quantities as sweetmeats (198).
਀䴀愀渀最漀攀猀 ⠀洀愀渀最椀昀攀爀愀 椀渀搀椀挀愀⤀ 愀爀攀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 漀爀椀最椀渀Ⰰ 猀瀀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀漀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 戀礀 琀栀攀 ㄀　琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䌀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀愀猀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 倀漀爀琀甀最攀猀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀琀 琀漀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 ⠀㄀㤀㤀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀猀⸀ഊPINEAPPLE
਀䄀 氀愀猀琀 昀爀甀椀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀椀渀攀愀瀀瀀氀攀 ⠀䄀渀愀渀愀猀 挀漀洀漀猀甀猀⤀ 椀猀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 戀礀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀 琀漀 眀愀爀爀攀渀琀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀昀漀爀攀洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀猀⸀ 䤀琀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䈀爀愀稀椀氀椀愀渀 氀漀眀氀愀渀搀猀 戀甀琀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 戀礀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 䌀愀爀爀椀戀攀愀渀 椀猀氀愀渀搀猀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀甀猀 ⠀㈀　　⤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 椀渀 ㄀㐀㤀㌀ 戀礀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀甀猀 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 ㌀　 礀攀愀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀攀愀渀 最愀爀搀攀渀猀 愀渀搀 栀漀琀栀漀甀猀攀猀 愀猀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 倀椀渀攀愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀爀愀爀搀 椀渀 栀椀猀 䠀攀爀戀愀氀氀 漀昀 ㄀㔀㤀㜀⸀ 匀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀Ⰰ 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀瀀椀挀 挀漀氀漀渀椀攀猀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀猀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 最爀漀眀渀 猀甀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 最氀愀猀猀 栀漀琀栀漀甀猀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀洀攀猀琀 愀爀攀愀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀愀渀攀愀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 瀀椀渀攀愀瀀瀀氀攀 昀爀甀椀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 愀猀 愀 氀甀砀甀爀礀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 愀渀搀 猀洀愀氀氀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 眀攀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀愀渀愀爀礀 䤀猀氀愀渀搀猀 昀漀爀 攀砀瀀漀爀琀 琀漀 爀漀礀愀氀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ 倀椀渀攀愀瀀瀀氀攀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 猀甀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 ㄀㘀㘀㄀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀椀最渀 漀昀 䌀栀愀爀氀攀猀 䤀⸀ഊAVACADOS
਀䄀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 氀愀琀攀 琀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀爀甀椀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 愀瘀漀挀愀搀漀 瀀攀愀爀 ⠀倀攀爀猀攀愀 搀爀礀洀椀昀漀氀椀愀⤀ 愀渀搀 ⠀倀攀爀猀攀愀 最爀愀琀椀猀猀椀洀愀⤀Ⰰ 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀氀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀攀爀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀瘀漀挀愀搀漀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀瘀漀挀愀搀漀 眀愀猀 戀礀 䜀漀渀稀愀氀漀 䠀攀爀渀愀渀搀攀稀 搀攀 伀瘀椀攀搀漀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㈀㘀 ⠀㈀　㄀⤀⸀ 䰀愀爀最攀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀瘀漀挀愀搀漀 瀀攀愀爀 眀愀猀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 漀渀氀礀 琀漀 猀愀椀氀漀爀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 瘀椀猀椀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀 挀漀氀漀渀椀攀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 琀漀 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 猀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀 椀渀 ㄀㘀　㄀ ⠀㈀　㈀⤀⸀ഊEXOTIC FRUITS
਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀渀 栀攀洀椀猀瀀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 漀昀 䌀栀椀渀愀Ⰰ 漀昀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀 眀栀椀挀栀 渀攀瘀攀爀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 戀甀琀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 氀愀渀搀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 搀甀爀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 戀愀漀戀愀戀猀Ⰰ 樀愀挀欀昀爀甀椀琀 ⠀戀爀攀愀搀昀爀甀椀琀⤀Ⰰ 樀愀洀戀漀氀愀渀猀Ⰰ 爀漀猀攀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 戀攀氀椀洀戀椀猀Ⰰ 挀愀爀愀洀戀漀氀愀猀 ⠀猀琀愀爀昀爀甀椀琀猀⤀Ⰰ 欀愀欀椀猀Ⰰ 欀椀眀椀猀Ⰰ 愀欀攀戀椀愀猀Ⰰ 氀愀渀最猀愀琀猀Ⰰ 氀漀焀甀愀琀猀Ⰰ 樀甀樀甀戀攀猀Ⰰ 猀愀渀琀漀氀猀Ⰰ 氀礀挀栀攀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀洀戀爀椀挀猀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀氀 栀愀搀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 挀甀椀猀椀渀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀椀氀氀攀渀椀愀㬀 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 搀攀猀挀攀渀琀⸀ 䄀 昀攀眀 愀爀攀 渀漀眀 戀攀椀渀最 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 欀椀眀椀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀昀爀甀椀琀 愀爀攀 渀漀眀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀⸀ 䴀漀爀攀 洀愀礀 昀椀渀搀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀愀爀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 愀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 漀甀爀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀⸀ 匀甀挀栀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 漀昀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 甀猀攀 椀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 漀戀猀挀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 攀砀漀琀椀挀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 挀甀椀猀椀渀攀猀⸀ഊSUMMARY
਀伀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 昀爀甀椀琀 最爀漀眀渀 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 椀洀瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀爀愀挀欀 搀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 昀爀甀椀琀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 甀瀀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 漀昀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 眀愀猀 昀漀甀渀搀攀搀⸀ 䤀昀 渀漀琀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 昀漀爀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀Ⰰ 椀琀 戀攀栀漀漀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 挀漀漀欀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 搀椀猀挀爀椀洀椀渀愀琀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䘀爀甀椀琀猀 搀攀猀攀爀瘀攀 愀 洀漀爀攀 瀀爀漀洀椀渀攀渀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 洀攀搀椀愀攀瘀愀氀 昀攀愀猀琀 琀栀愀渀 椀猀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 最椀瘀攀渀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䌀愀渀渀攀搀 瀀椀攀 昀椀氀氀椀渀最猀 愀渀搀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 昀爀攀猀栀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 最椀瘀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀 瀀愀氀氀椀搀 琀愀猀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀椀挀栀 瀀愀氀愀琀琀攀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀爀甀椀琀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 甀渀爀椀瀀攀渀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 氀椀欀攀 最爀攀攀渀 最爀愀瀀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀愀欀椀渀最 瘀攀爀樀甀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 焀甀椀渀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀愀欀椀渀最 洀愀爀洀愀氀愀搀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀甀挀栀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀搀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 昀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀瘀漀甀爀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀攀愀猀琀猀⸀ 䤀昀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀Ⰰ 最爀漀眀 琀栀攀洀℀ 唀琀椀氀椀稀攀 洀椀渀漀爀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 攀瘀攀渀 椀昀 琀栀攀礀 瀀爀漀瘀攀 琀漀 戀攀 渀漀琀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 眀攀氀氀 氀椀欀攀搀 戀礀 愀氀氀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 猀漀洀攀 洀漀爀攀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀甀爀漀甀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀猀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀礀 琀漀 猀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 匀䌀䄀 昀攀愀猀琀猀 挀愀渀 渀攀瘀攀爀 搀甀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 昀漀眀氀 愀渀搀 最愀洀攀Ⰰ 渀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 漀搀搀 猀瀀椀挀椀渀最 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀 攀瘀攀爀 戀攀 瘀攀爀礀 搀攀猀椀爀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 搀甀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀 攀椀琀栀攀爀㬀 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 昀爀甀椀琀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 愀爀攀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 戀漀甀渀搀猀 漀昀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀洀攀 攀昀昀漀爀琀⸀ഊOf considerable importance to the future of SCA cookery is the growing interest in preserving antique and wild fruits in seed and gene banks for future generations. Through these efforts and the preservation of mutations, sports and the process of back breeding, original, or at least close copies of original period fruits, may become available. As storage and shipping technology becomes more sophisticated, more fruits may become marketed for their flavour rather than their size or handling characteristics. Delicious apples may become something other than an oxymoron. Often antique varieties or the original wild species (speciosa) are available in specialty catalogues, most often from seeds. Unlike vegetables, most fruits require a number of years before yielding a crop, so plant now and later enjoy the rich tastes of period fruits.
਀䔀一䐀一伀吀䔀匀ഊ1. Charlotte Knox, Fruit ( New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 10.
਀㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ3. Ibid., p. 80.
਀㐀⸀ 䴀愀最甀攀氀漀渀渀攀 吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䘀漀漀搀 ⠀ 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀㨀 䈀氀愀挀欀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㐀⤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㜀㤀⸀ഊ5. Knox., p. 183.
਀㘀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀⸀ഊ7. Ibid.
਀㠀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ9. Ibid.
਀㄀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ11. Ibid.
਀㄀㈀⸀ 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 䠀漀漀欀攀爀✀猀 䘀椀渀攀猀琀 䘀爀甀椀琀猀 ⠀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 倀爀攀渀琀椀挀攀 䠀愀氀氀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㤀⤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㐀⸀ഊ13. Ibid.
਀㄀㐀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀攀 倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ 䘀氀漀眀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 吀爀攀攀猀 漀昀 吀甀搀漀爀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 ⠀䜀爀攀攀渀眀椀挀栀 䌀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀挀甀琀琀㨀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 䜀爀愀瀀栀椀挀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 䰀琀搀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㈀⤀Ⰰ 倀氀愀琀攀 ㄀⸀ഊ15. Knox, p. 10.
਀㄀㘀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㐀⸀ഊ17. Knox, p. 10.
਀㄀㠀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㠀㌀⸀ഊ19. Ibid., p. 184.
਀㈀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㠀㌀⸀ഊ21. Roach, p. 24.
਀㈀㈀⸀ 倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ 倀氀愀琀攀 ㄀⸀ഊ23. Ibid., p. 36.
਀㈀㐀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㠀㘀⸀ഊ25. Richard Mabey, The Frampton Flora (New York: Prentice Hall, 1985), 
਀瀀⸀ ㄀㜀㄀⸀ഊ26. Knox, p. 186.
਀㈀㜀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀　⸀ഊ28. Ibid., p. 52.
਀㈀㤀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀⸀ഊ30. Hugh Johnston, Encyclopedia of Trees (New York: Gallery Books, 1984),
਀瀀⸀ ㄀㤀㔀⸀ഊ31. Knox, p. 14.
਀㌀㈀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㘀⸀ഊ33. Ibid.
਀㌀㐀⸀ 吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㌀㠀⸀ഊ35. Ibid., p. 637.
਀㌀㘀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㠀⸀ഊ37. Ibid., p. 70.
਀㌀㠀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㜀㈀⸀ഊ39. Knox, p. 16.
਀㐀　⸀ 吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㌀㜀⸀ഊ41. Ibid.
਀㐀㈀⸀ 䌀⸀ 䄀渀渀攀 圀椀氀猀漀渀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 䈀漀漀欀 漀昀 䴀愀爀洀愀氀愀搀攀 ⠀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 匀琀⸀ 䴀愀爀琀椀渀✀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㔀⤀ ഊp. 22.
਀㐀㌀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㠀⸀ഊ44. Wilson, pp. 26-28.
਀㐀㔀⸀ 䄀氀攀砀椀猀 䰀椀挀栀椀渀攀Ⰰ 䜀甀椀搀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 圀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 嘀椀渀礀愀爀搀猀 漀昀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 ⠀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 䬀渀漀瀀昀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㈀⤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㜀⸀ഊ46. Knox, p. 40.
਀㐀㜀⸀ 倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ 倀氀愀琀攀 ㌀㄀⸀ഊ48 Ibid.
਀㐀㤀⸀ 䰀椀挀栀椀渀攀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㘀㈀⸀ഊ50. Knox, p. 40.
਀㔀㄀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ52. Wilson, p. 18.
਀㔀㌀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　⸀ഊ54. Roach, p. 140.
਀㔀㔀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ56. Knox, p. 20.
਀㔀㜀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㐀　⸀ഊ58. Ibid.
਀㔀㤀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㐀㈀⸀ഊ60. Ibid., p. 144.
਀㘀㄀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　⸀ഊ62. Ibid.
਀㘀㌀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㔀㐀⸀ഊ64. Maggie Black, The Medieval Cookbook (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1992), pp. 78-79.
਀㘀㔀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　⸀ഊ66. Knox, p. 100.
਀㘀㜀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ68. Tousssaint-Samat, p. 679.
਀㘀㤀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀　㈀⸀ഊ70. Ibid.
਀㜀㄀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ72. Knox, p. 72.
਀㜀㌀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ74. Ibid.
਀㜀㔀⸀ 吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㘀㌀⸀ഊ76. Jay Jacobs, Gastronomy (New York: Newsweek Books, 1975), p. 64.
਀㜀㜀⸀ 圀椀氀猀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㜀⸀ഊ78. Ibid., p. 38.
਀㜀㤀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ80. Knox, p. 74.
਀㠀㄀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ81 Toussaint-Samat, p. 662.
਀㠀㌀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ84. Knox, p. 74.
਀㠀㔀⸀ 匀栀攀爀椀搀愀渀 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 䌀漀漀欀✀猀 䜀愀爀搀攀渀 ⠀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㈀⤀Ⰰ ഊp. 174.
਀㠀㘀⸀ 吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㘀㘀㈀⸀ഊ87. Knox, p. 66.
਀㠀㠀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ89. Knox, p. 18.
਀㤀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ91. Ibid.
਀㤀㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ93. Roach, p. 118.
਀㤀㐀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㌀㘀⸀ഊ95. Putnam, Plate 26.
਀㤀㘀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㄀㠀⸀ഊ97. Knox, p. 18.
਀㤀㠀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㌀㘀⸀ഊ99. Ibid., p. 122.
਀㄀　　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀㠀⸀ഊ101. Ibid., p. 134.
਀㄀　㈀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㠀⸀ഊ103. Ibid.
਀㄀　㐀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀　⸀ഊ105. Knox, p. 26.
਀㄀　㘀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㤀㠀⸀ഊ107. Ibid., p. 100.
਀㄀　㠀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀　㈀⸀ഊ109. Knox, p. 26.
਀㄀㄀　⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㤀㠀⸀ഊ111. Ibid., p. 82.
਀㄀㄀㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ113. Ibid.
਀㄀㄀㐀⸀ 倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ 倀氀愀琀攀 ㈀㘀⸀ഊ115. Roach, p. 82.
਀㄀㄀㘀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ117. Knox, p. 28.
਀㄀㄀㠀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀㘀⸀ഊ119. Ibid., p. 94.
਀㄀㈀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀㐀⸀ഊ121. John Feltwell, The Naturalist's Garden (Topsfield, Massachusetts: Salam House, 1987), p. 74.
਀㄀㈀㈀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㠀⸀ഊ123. Roach, p. 106.
਀㄀㈀㐀⸀ 圀椀氀猀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㔀⸀ഊ125. Ibid., p. 148.
਀㄀㈀㘀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㈀⸀ഊ127. Wilson, p. 19. 
਀㄀㈀㠀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㈀⸀ഊ129. Wilson, p. 19.
਀㄀㌀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　⸀ഊ131. Roach, p. 138.
਀㄀㌀㈀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㈀⸀ഊ133. Roach, p. 160.
਀㄀㌀㐀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㈀⸀ഊ135. Ibid., p. 160.
਀㄀㌀㘀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㈀⸀ഊ137. Lee Reigh, Uncommon Fruits Worthy of Attention: A Gardener's Guide ( Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1991) p. 46.
਀㄀㌀㠀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ139. White, p. 26.
਀㄀㐀　⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ141. Knox, p. 42.
਀㄀㐀㈀⸀ 䘀攀氀琀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀㘀⸀ഊ143. Ibid.
਀㄀㐀㐀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㈀⸀ഊ145. Wilson, p. 18.
਀㄀㐀㘀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㐀⸀ഊ147. Ibid.
਀㄀㐀㠀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㐀⸀ഊ149. Reich, p. 213.
਀㄀㔀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ151. Knox, p. 54.
਀㄀㔀㈀⸀ 刀攀椀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㄀㐀⸀ഊ153. Knox, p. 54.
਀㄀㔀㐀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　　⸀ഊ155. Knox, p. 56.
਀㄀㔀㘀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ157. Ibid.
਀㄀㔀㠀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　　⸀ഊ159. Ibid.
਀㄀㘀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ161. Black, p. 66.
਀㄀㘀㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 㐀㤀ⴀ㔀　⸀ 愀渀搀 瀀瀀⸀ 㘀㘀ⴀ㘀㜀⸀ഊ163. John Anderson, A Fifteenth Century Cookry Boke, (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1962), p. 53.
਀㄀㘀㐀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　㈀⸀ഊ165. Knox, p. 78.
਀㄀㘀㘀⸀ 刀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　㘀⸀ഊ167. Ibid.
਀㄀㘀㠀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀　㔀⸀ഊ169. Ibid.
਀㄀㜀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ171. Knox, p. 206.
਀㄀㜀㈀⸀ 䜀椀氀氀椀愀渀 刀椀氀攀礀Ⰰ 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 刀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 ⠀匀愀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀挀漀㨀 倀漀洀攀最爀愀渀愀琀攀 䄀爀琀戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⤀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㐀ⴀ㈀㔀⸀ഊ173. Knox, p. 78.
਀㄀㜀㐀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ175. Roach, p. 206.
਀㄀㜀㘀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀　⸀ഊ177. Ibid.
਀㄀㜀㠀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ179. Ibid. p. 162.
਀㄀㠀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ181. Ibid. p. 160.
਀㄀㠀㈀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀　⸀ഊ183. Ibid.
਀㄀㠀㐀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ185. Knox, p. 32.
਀㄀㠀㘀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ187. Knox, p. 32.
਀㄀㠀㠀⸀ 䬀渀漀砀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀㘀⸀ഊ189. Ibid.
਀㄀㤀　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀ഊ191. Ibid., p. 38.
਀㄀㤀㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㘀⸀ഊ193. Ibid.
਀㄀㤀㐀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀　⸀ഊ195. Knox, p. 48.
਀㄀㤀㘀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㔀㠀⸀ഊ197. Ibid.
਀㄀㤀㠀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀　㐀⸀ഊ199. Ibid. p. 118.
਀㈀　　⸀ 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀㘀⸀ഊ201. Linda Doeser, The Little Green Avocado Book (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981), p. 11.
਀㈀　㈀⸀ 䤀戀椀搀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀⸀ഊ 
਀䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀ഊAnderson, John. A Fifteenth Century Cookry Boke. New York: Scribner's Sons, 1962.
਀䈀氀愀挀欀Ⰰ 䴀愀最最椀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䌀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 吀栀愀洀攀猀 ☀ 䠀甀搀猀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㈀⸀ഊDoeser, Linda. The Little Green Avocado Book. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.
਀䘀攀氀琀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 一愀琀甀爀愀氀椀猀琀✀猀 䜀愀爀搀攀渀⸀ 吀漀瀀猀昀椀攀氀搀 䴀䄀㨀 匀愀氀愀洀 䠀漀甀猀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㜀⸀ഊJacobs, Jay. Gastronomy . New York: Newsweek Books, 1975.
਀䨀漀栀渀猀琀漀渀Ⰰ 䠀甀最栀⸀ 䔀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀 漀昀 吀爀攀攀猀⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 䜀愀氀氀攀爀礀 䈀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㐀⸀ഊKnox, Charlotte. Fruit . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
਀䰀椀挀栀椀渀攀Ⰰ 䄀氀攀砀椀猀⸀ 䜀甀椀搀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 圀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 嘀椀渀礀愀爀搀猀 漀昀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 䬀渀漀瀀昀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㈀⸀ഊMabey, Richard. The Frampton Flora. New York: Prentice Hall, 1985.
਀倀甀琀渀愀洀Ⰰ 䌀氀愀爀攀⸀ 䘀氀漀眀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 吀爀攀攀猀 漀昀 吀甀搀漀爀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ 䜀爀攀攀渀眀椀挀栀 䌀吀㨀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 䜀爀愀瀀栀椀挀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 䰀琀搀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㈀⸀ഊReigh, Lee. Uncommon Fruits Worthy of Attention: A Gardener's Guide . Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
਀刀椀氀攀礀Ⰰ 䜀椀氀氀椀愀渀⸀ 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 刀攀挀椀瀀攀猀⸀匀愀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀挀漀㨀 倀漀洀攀最爀愀渀愀琀攀 䄀爀琀戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⸀ഊRoach, Frederick. Hooker's Finest Fruits. New York: Prentice Hall, 1989.
਀刀漀最攀爀猀Ⰰ 匀栀攀爀椀搀愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 䌀漀漀欀✀猀 䜀愀爀搀攀渀⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㈀⸀ഊSimon, André L.. Wines of the World. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
਀吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 䴀愀最甀攀氀漀渀渀攀⸀ 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䘀漀漀搀⸀ 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀㨀 䈀氀愀挀欀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㐀⸀ ഊWilson, C. Anne. The Book of Marmalade. New York: St. Martin's, 1985.
਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊCopyright 2000 by Randall W. Diamond, 3407 Gillespie Lane, Columbia, Tennessee 38401. Email: ringofkings at mindspring.com . Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited and receives a copy.
਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ<the end>
਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ倀攀爀椀漀搀ⴀ䘀爀甀椀琀ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 ㈀㈀ 漀昀 ㈀㈀ഊ
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