Scully-Opera-rev - 3/22/09
਀ഊ"Lost in Translation - a critical review of the Scully translation of Scappis 'Opera'" by Mistress Helewyse de Birkestad.
਀ഊNOTE: See also these files: Ital-cheese-art, fd-Italy-msg, Is-it-Pizza-art, p-Italy-food-bib, pasta-msg, p-cooks-msg, measures-art, measures-msg, popes-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊNote: You can find some more interesting articles and translations by this author on her website at: http://www.geocities.com/helewyse
਀ഊLost in Translation - a critical review of the Scully translation of Scappis 'Opera'
਀戀礀 䴀椀猀琀爀攀猀猀 䠀攀氀攀眀礀猀攀 搀攀 䈀椀爀欀攀猀琀愀搀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 最漀漀搀ഊ
਀䤀昀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 愀琀 愀氀氀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 愀 琀爀甀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 昀攀愀猀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 瀀攀爀椀漀椀搀 挀漀戀戀氀攀搀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀琀栀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 愀渀搀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 琀栀攀渀 戀甀礀 琀栀椀猀 戀漀漀欀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 漀瘀攀爀 ㄀　　　 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 瀀氀甀猀 瘀愀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀琀 愀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 挀漀猀琀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ␀㜀㔀 愀渀搀 ␀㤀　 ⠀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 甀瀀漀渀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀爀⤀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀挀爀攀搀椀戀氀礀 眀攀氀氀 瘀愀氀甀攀搀 戀漀漀欀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀攀砀琀猀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀琀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 戀礀 爀攀ⴀ攀渀愀挀琀漀爀猀 昀漀爀 ∀䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀∀ 昀攀愀猀琀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀漀 嬀㄀Ⰰ ㈀崀 愀渀搀 倀氀愀琀椀渀愀 嬀㌀崀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 氀愀琀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀爀甀氀礀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 挀漀漀欀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 戀礀 䴀攀猀猀椀猀戀甀最漀 嬀㐀崀 愀渀搀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 嬀㔀Ⰰ 㘀崀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀琀 猀愀椀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀ⴀ攀渀愀挀琀洀攀渀琀 挀漀漀欀 昀愀挀攀猀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 椀猀猀甀攀猀 戀漀琀栀 洀椀渀漀爀 愀渀搀 洀愀樀漀爀 椀渀 爀攀挀爀攀愀琀椀渀最 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀琀攀洀 昀爀漀洀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀  䤀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 漀瘀攀爀 㠀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 昀漀漀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 栀愀瘀攀 猀瀀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 最漀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 戀礀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 琀漀 猀瀀漀琀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 䤀 愀渀搀 匀挀甀氀氀礀 搀椀猀愀最爀攀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 戀愀搀ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㄀ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 㐀 ⴀ 猀琀爀甀琀琀漀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 最漀漀搀 爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀 昀愀琀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 愀猀 昀爀攀猀栀 欀椀搀渀攀礀 昀愀琀 洀攀氀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 挀氀愀爀椀昀椀攀搀 椀猀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 氀愀爀搀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 最漀漀搀 氀攀愀昀 氀愀爀搀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㄀ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 㘀 ⴀ 氀愀爀搀漀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 氀愀爀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 愀 猀愀氀琀攀搀 瀀漀爀欀 戀愀挀欀 昀愀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀栀攀渀 洀攀氀琀攀搀 椀猀 渀漀琀 氀愀爀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 戀愀挀漀渀 最爀攀愀猀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 愀猀 瀀漀爀欀 昀愀琀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 椀琀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 猀愀氀琀攀搀 瀀漀爀欀 昀愀琀Ⰰ 椀琀 戀爀椀渀最猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀 瀀爀漀昀椀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀栀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 猀愀氀琀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 㠀 ⴀ 洀攀氀愀渀最漀氀攀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 漀爀愀渀最攀 樀甀椀挀攀⸀  匀挀甀氀氀礀 搀攀昀椀渀攀猀 琀栀椀猀 樀甀椀挀攀 愀猀 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀洀 猀漀甀爀 漀爀愀渀最攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 攀愀挀栀 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀 甀猀攀 椀琀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 最椀瘀攀渀 愀猀 漀爀愀渀最攀 樀甀椀挀攀⸀  吀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 漀爀愀渀最攀 甀猀攀 椀渀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 椀猀 猀漀甀爀 漀爀愀渀最攀⸀  匀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 栀愀氀昀 猀眀攀攀琀 漀爀愀渀最攀猀 愀渀搀 猀眀攀攀琀 漀爀愀渀最攀猀 愀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 愀猀 洀攀氀愀渀最漀氀攀 搀攀 洀攀稀漀 猀愀瀀漀爀攀 漀爀 洀攀氀愀渀最漀氀攀 搀漀氀挀攀⸀  䄀最愀椀渀 愀 栀甀最攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 昀氀愀瘀漀爀 瀀爀漀昀椀氀攀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㄀㔀ⴀ 挀漀猀挀椀愀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 洀攀愀琀 挀甀琀 椀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 愀猀 戀攀攀昀 猀栀愀渀欀Ⰰ 最椀瘀攀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 椀琀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 戀攀 爀漀甀渀搀 猀琀攀愀欀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㄀㤀 ⴀ 挀椀瀀漀氀氀攀琀琀攀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 匀挀甀氀氀礀 愀猀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 漀渀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀搀 戀礀 洀漀猀琀 琀漀 洀攀愀渀 最爀攀攀渀 漀渀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 椀渀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 琀栀椀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀氀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 洀攀愀渀猀 猀洀愀氀氀 漀渀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀琀 琀漀 愀 猀栀愀氀氀漀琀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 漀渀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 猀琀攀眀攀搀 漀爀 昀爀椀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 昀漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀渀搀攀爀 最爀攀攀渀 漀渀椀漀渀猀 猀氀椀洀礀Ⰰ 戀攀猀琀 琀漀 甀猀攀 猀眀攀攀琀 漀渀椀漀渀猀 漀爀 猀栀愀氀氀漀琀猀 渀漀琀 最爀攀攀渀 漀渀椀漀渀猀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㄀㘀㤀 ⴀ 最椀甀渀挀愀琀愀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 挀甀爀搀氀攀搀 洀椀氀欀Ⰰ 戀攀猀琀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 樀甀渀欀攀琀 漀爀 爀攀渀渀攀琀 猀攀琀 洀椀氀欀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㄀㠀㔀 ⴀ 昀漀爀洀攀渀琀漀渀攀 ⴀ 椀渀 ㈀　　㘀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 愀 氀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 䌀甀椀猀椀渀攀 嬀㜀崀 䤀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀爀礀 愀渀搀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 椀昀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 洀愀椀稀攀 漀爀 渀漀琀⸀  䄀渀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 嬀㠀崀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 昀漀爀洀攀渀琀漀渀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀 渀愀洀攀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 洀愀椀稀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 搀愀礀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 戀椀愀搀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀攀渀琀漀 椀渀搀椀愀渀漀Ⰰ 昀漀爀洀攀渀琀漀 琀甀爀挀漀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀攀渀琀漀 最椀愀氀氀漀Ⰰ 最爀愀渀 琀甀爀挀漀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀椀愀瘀愀⸀  䄀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 猀琀椀氀氀 䤀 愀最爀攀攀 眀椀琀栀 䌀愀瀀愀琀琀椀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 昀漀爀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀氀搀 洀愀椀稀攀 愀渀搀 䤀 搀椀猀愀最爀攀攀 眀椀琀栀 匀挀甀氀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 攀椀渀欀漀爀渀⸀  䘀漀爀 愀 昀甀氀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 洀愀椀稀攀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀氀搀 昀漀漀搀猀 猀攀攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最攀漀挀椀琀椀攀猀⸀挀漀洀⼀栀攀氀攀眀礀猀攀⼀渀攀眀眀漀爀氀搀⸀瀀搀昀ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㄀㤀㠀 ⴀ 挀愀瘀漀氀椀 挀愀瀀瀀甀挀挀椀 ⴀ 栀攀愀搀攀搀 挀愀戀戀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 愀 猀洀漀漀琀栀 氀攀愀瘀攀搀 瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 栀攀愀搀 挀愀戀戀愀最攀Ⰰ 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 瀀氀愀椀渀 最爀攀攀渀 挀愀戀戀愀最攀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 愀 猀愀瘀漀礀 漀爀 挀爀椀渀欀氀礀 琀礀瀀攀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㄀㔀 ⴀ  ⴀ 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 䌀愀猀琀攀氀瘀攀琀爀漀 嬀㤀Ⰰ ㄀　崀 愀猀 琀栀攀 匀琀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最攀猀 洀甀猀栀爀漀漀洀Ⰰ 匀挀甀氀氀礀 最椀瘀攀猀 琀眀漀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 洀甀猀栀爀漀漀洀猀 愀猀 攀焀甀椀瘀愀氀攀渀琀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 吀爀椀挀栀漀氀漀洀愀 最攀漀爀最椀椀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 氀愀琀椀渀 渀愀洀攀 昀漀爀 䌀愀氀漀挀礀戀攀 最愀洀戀漀猀甀洀⸀  䈀甀琀 琀栀攀 洀甀猀栀爀漀漀洀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 椀猀渀✀琀 愀渀 愀最愀爀椀挀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㄀㠀 ⴀ 稀甀挀挀栀攀 渀漀猀琀爀愀氀攀 ⴀ 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 氀愀最渀愀爀椀愀 猀焀甀愀猀栀 愀猀 挀爀漀漀欀 渀攀挀欀 猀焀甀愀猀栀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 洀愀欀椀渀最 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀氀搀 猀焀甀愀猀栀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㌀㌀ ⴀ 猀漀琀琀漀猀琀愀爀攀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 戀爀愀椀猀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 甀渀搀攀爀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 椀猀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 戀甀琀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 椀猀 椀渀愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 洀攀琀栀漀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀渀 戀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 ✀琀漀 挀漀漀欀 甀渀搀攀爀✀ 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 甀渀搀攀爀 愀 氀椀搀 漀爀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 瀀漀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 挀漀愀氀猀⸀  䄀 戀爀愀椀猀攀 椀猀 愀 洀漀椀猀琀 栀攀愀琀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 洀攀琀栀漀搀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 愀氀氀 搀椀猀栀攀猀 瀀甀琀 ✀猀漀琀琀漀猀琀愀爀攀✀ 栀愀瘀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 愀渀搀 猀漀 挀愀渀 渀漀琀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 愀 戀爀愀椀猀攀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㔀㔀 瀀椀最渀漀挀愀琀琀椀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 瀀椀渀攀渀甀琀 瀀愀猀琀攀Ⰰ 最椀瘀攀渀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀猀琀 戀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 愀 瀀椀渀攀 渀甀琀 挀愀渀搀礀Ⰰ 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 瀀爀愀氀椀渀攀⸀ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㈀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㜀　 ⴀ 氀椀洀漀渀挀攀氀氀椀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 氀椀洀攀 戀礀 匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 氀攀洀漀渀⸀  䄀琀 渀漀 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀渀 伀瀀攀爀愀 搀漀攀猀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 挀愀氀氀 昀漀爀 愀 氀攀洀漀渀 ⠀氀椀洀漀渀攀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀欀攀猀 洀攀 眀漀渀搀攀爀⸀  䐀椀最最椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 愀渀搀 搀椀攀琀攀琀椀挀 琀攀砀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 栀愀猀 氀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀最椀漀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀猀 挀椀琀爀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀甀洀攀氀氀漀Ⰰ 猀漀甀爀 漀爀愀渀最攀 愀渀搀 氀攀洀漀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 渀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀 攀氀猀攀 漀昀 氀椀洀攀猀⸀  吀漀 琀栀椀猀 搀愀琀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀爀甀猀 挀爀漀瀀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀礀 椀猀 氀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 氀椀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 最爀漀眀渀 椀渀 洀漀爀攀 琀爀漀瀀椀挀愀氀 氀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀  一漀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀漀欀 戀漀漀欀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 漀爀 愀昀琀攀爀 甀猀攀 氀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 甀猀攀 氀攀洀漀渀猀⸀  䤀 眀漀渀搀攀爀 椀昀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 氀椀洀漀渀挀攀氀氀椀 戀礀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 椀猀 愀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 猀洀愀氀氀 氀攀洀漀渀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 䄀洀愀氀昀椀 氀攀洀漀渀⸀ ഊ
਀䈀漀漀欀 ㌀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀瀀攀 ㈀㌀㠀 ⴀ 挀愀瘀漀氀漀 渀攀爀漀 ⴀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 搀愀爀欀 挀爀椀猀瀀礀 挀愀戀戀愀最攀Ⰰ 欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀 愀渀搀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 戀氀愀挀欀 欀愀氀攀 漀爀 搀椀渀漀猀愀甀爀 欀愀氀攀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 甀最氀礀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 漀渀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 琀栀愀琀 攀挀氀椀瀀猀攀猀 愀氀氀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀⸀  伀瀀攀爀愀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀琀攀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 挀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀猀 愀爀攀 甀渀椀焀甀攀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 戀漀漀欀猀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 愀洀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 椀渀最爀攀搀椀攀渀琀猀 愀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 戀礀 眀攀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀昀 礀漀甀 最攀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀爀漀渀最 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 琀栀爀漀眀 漀昀昀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 昀漀爀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 椀渀 甀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀礀椀渀最 挀椀琀礀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 瀀攀渀椀渀猀甀氀愀 ⠀眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀渀✀琀 愀 甀渀椀昀椀攀搀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⤀ 椀猀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 戀礀 娀甀瀀欀漀 嬀㄀㄀崀⸀  匀愀搀氀礀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 戀漀漀欀 椀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀搀 戀礀 匀挀甀氀氀礀 椀渀 栀椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀⸀  䌀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 漀渀 瀀愀最攀 㠀㐀 匀挀甀氀氀礀 愀猀猀甀洀攀猀 ⠀栀椀猀 眀漀爀搀⤀ 愀 瀀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 猀椀砀琀攀攀渀 漀甀渀挀攀猀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 娀甀瀀欀漀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 ✀氀椀戀爀愀✀ 眀愀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀氀礀 琀眀攀氀瘀攀 漀甀渀挀攀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 昀漀爀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 挀椀琀椀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 愀 ✀氀椀戀爀愀 最爀漀猀猀愀✀ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 ㄀㠀ⴀ㈀㐀 漀甀渀挀攀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀 最爀漀猀猀愀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 愀氀漀渀最 猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 氀椀戀爀愀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 愀猀 猀甀挀栀 椀渀 琀攀砀琀猀⸀  一漀 氀椀戀爀愀 最爀漀猀猀愀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 刀漀洀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 渀漀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 瀀漀甀渀搀 ⠀攀瘀攀渀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀 最爀漀猀猀愀⤀ 眀愀猀 攀瘀攀爀 ㄀㘀漀稀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀⸀  匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ✀昀漀最氀椀攀琀琀愀✀ 椀猀 愀 氀椀戀爀愀 愀渀搀 愀 栀愀氀昀 椀渀 眀攀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 愀 戀漀挀挀愀氀攀 椀猀 昀漀甀爀 昀漀最氀椀攀琀琀愀⸀ ഊThus if we compare the various weights and measures we find this: 
਀ഊMeasurement
਀娀甀瀀欀漀 ⠀爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀搀⤀ഊScully (assumed)
਀䰀椀戀爀愀 ⠀瀀漀甀渀搀⤀ഊ12 oz; 317 -325g
਀㄀㘀 漀稀㬀 㐀㔀㐀最ഊBicchiero
਀㄀ 挀甀瀀㬀 　⸀㈀ⴀ　⸀㈀㐀䰀ഊ2 cups; 0.5L
਀䘀漀最氀椀攀琀琀愀ഊ1 pint; 450ml
਀㄀⸀㔀 瀀椀渀琀㬀 㘀㘀㜀 洀氀 ⠀㈀⼀㌀ 䰀⤀ഊBoccale
਀㐀 瀀椀渀琀猀㬀 ㄀⸀㠀㈀䰀ഊ6 pints; 2.7 L
਀ഊBe careful then when using Scullys measurements, when he gives 2/3 liter that is a foglietta and should be less than 1/2 liter and so on. 
਀吀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀 椀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 昀爀攀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 愀琀㨀 ഊhttp://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=X533351951&idioma=0 So the original recipes can be checked for the original term. 
਀ഊIf you have any questions about a recipe and you think that there is something odd about the instructions then I am more than happy to look it up and let you know what I think. 
਀ ഊWhy this matters:
਀ഊBook 5, recipe 45 is a recipe for a French cream pie.  A filling is made of flour, milk and eggs (very much like a crème patisserie). 
਀ഊIngredient
਀娀甀瀀欀漀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀ഊScully measurements
਀䴀椀氀欀 ⠀挀漀眀 漀爀 最漀愀琀ഊ1.5 pints
਀㈀ 瀀椀渀琀猀ഊSugar
਀㐀 漀稀ഊ4 oz
਀䈀甀琀琀攀爀ഊlittle
਀氀椀琀琀氀攀ഊRosewater
਀氀椀琀琀氀攀ഊlittle
਀匀愀氀琀ഊlittle
਀氀椀琀琀氀攀ഊFlour
਀㐀 漀稀ഊ4 oz
਀䔀最最猀ഊ6
਀㘀ഊ
਀ഊBook 7 recipe 142 for biscotti, the basic proportions are essentially those of a sponge cake as shown below.
਀ഊIngredient
਀娀甀瀀欀漀ഊScully
਀匀瀀漀渀最攀ഊEggs
਀㄀㔀ഊ15
਀㄀ഊSugar 2.5 libra
਀㌀　 漀稀 ⠀㈀㨀㄀⤀ഊ42 oz (2.8:1)
਀㈀ 漀稀 ⠀㈀㨀㄀⤀ഊFlour 2.5 libra
਀㌀　 漀稀 ⠀㈀㨀㄀⤀ഊ42 oz (2.8:1)
਀㈀ 漀稀 ⠀㈀㨀㄀⤀ഊAniseed
਀봀 漀稀ഊ½ oz
਀渀⼀愀ഊ
਀ഊReferences
਀㄀⸀    䴀愀爀琀椀渀漀Ⰰ 䴀⸀Ⰰ 刀椀挀攀琀琀愀爀椀漀 搀椀 䴀愀攀猀琀爀漀 䴀愀爀琀椀渀漀Ⰰ 椀渀 唀爀戀椀渀愀琀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀漀 ㄀㈀　㌀⸀ 䴀椀搀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀㨀 嘀愀琀椀挀愀渀⸀ഊ2.    Martino, M., Ricettario di Maestro martino, in Riva del Garda. Mid 15th century.
਀㌀⸀    倀氀愀琀椀渀愀 愀渀搀 䴀⸀䔀⸀ 䴀椀氀栀愀洀Ⰰ 倀氀愀琀椀渀愀Ⰰ 漀渀 爀椀最栀琀 瀀氀攀愀猀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 最漀漀搀 栀攀愀氀琀栀 㨀 愀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䐀攀 栀漀渀攀猀琀愀 瘀漀氀甀瀀琀愀琀攀 攀琀 瘀愀氀攀琀甀搀椀渀攀⸀ ㄀㤀㤀㠀Ⰰ 吀攀洀瀀攀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀稀⸀㨀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 ☀ 刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 吀攀砀琀猀 ☀ 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀⸀ 椀砀Ⰰ 㔀㄀㄀ 瀀⸀ഊ4.    Messisbugo, C., Libro Novo Nel Qual S'insegna a' far d'ogni Sorte de Vivanda. 1557, Venetia.
਀㔀⸀    匀挀愀瀀瀀椀Ⰰ 䈀⸀Ⰰ 伀瀀攀爀愀 㨀 ⠀搀攀氀氀✀ 愀爀琀攀 搀攀氀 挀甀挀椀渀愀爀攀⤀⸀  刀攀瀀爀椀渀琀⸀ 䘀椀爀猀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀㨀 伀瀀攀爀愀 搀椀 䴀⸀ 䈀愀爀琀漀氀漀洀攀漀 匀挀愀瀀瀀椀⸀ 嘀攀渀椀挀攀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㜀　⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㄀Ⰰ 䈀漀氀漀最渀愀㨀 䄀爀渀愀氀搀漀 䘀漀爀渀椀⸀ 嬀㈀　崀Ⰰ 㐀㌀㘀 氀攀愀瘀攀猀 嬀挀愀⸀ 㠀㠀㠀 瀀⸀崀Ⰰ 嬀㈀㠀崀 瀀⸀ 漀昀 瀀氀愀琀攀猀⸀ഊ6.    Scappi, B. and T. Scully, The Opera of Bartolomeo Scappi (1570) : l'arte et prudenza d'un maestro cuoco. 2008, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
਀㜀⸀    䌀愀瀀愀琀琀椀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ 愀渀搀 䴀⸀ 䴀漀渀琀愀渀愀爀椀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 挀甀椀猀椀渀攀 㨀 愀 挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀ 䄀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀愀戀氀攀⸀ ㈀　　㌀Ⰰ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀椀愀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀ 砀砀Ⰰ ㌀㐀㠀 瀀⸀ഊ8.    Gasparini, D., Polenta e formenton: Il mais nelle campagne venete tra XVI e XX secolo. 2002, Verona: Cierre edizioni.
਀㤀⸀    䌀愀猀琀攀氀瘀攀琀爀漀Ⰰ 䜀⸀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀攀瘀攀 爀愀挀挀漀渀琀漀 搀椀 琀甀琀琀攀 氀攀 爀愀搀椀挀椀Ⰰ 搀椀 琀甀琀琀攀 氀✀攀爀戀攀 攀 搀椀 琀甀琀琀椀 椀 昀爀甀琀琀椀 挀栀攀 挀爀甀搀椀 漀 挀漀琀琀椀 椀渀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀 猀椀 洀愀渀最椀愀渀漀⸀ ㄀㘀㄀㐀Ⰰ 䤀渀 䰀漀渀搀爀愀Ⰰ 䴀⸀䐀䌀⸀堀䤀嘀⸀ഊ10.    Castelvetro, G. and G. Riley, The fruit, herbs & vegetables of Italy : an offering to Lucy, Countess of Bedford. 1989, London, England New York, N.Y., USA
਀㄀㄀⸀    娀甀瀀欀漀Ⰰ 刀⸀䔀⸀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀椀渀攀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 䴀攀洀漀椀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 倀栀椀氀漀猀漀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 瘀⸀ ㄀㐀㔀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㄀Ⰰ 倀栀椀氀愀搀攀氀瀀栀椀愀㨀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 倀栀椀氀漀猀漀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ⴀ 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 漀昀 䴀椀猀琀爀攀猀猀 䠀攀氀攀眀礀猀攀 搀攀 䈀椀爀欀攀猀琀愀搀 ⠀䰀漀甀椀猀攀 匀洀椀琀栀猀漀渀⤀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 攀琀挀  搀漀渀攀 椀渀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㈀　　㤀⸀  倀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 甀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 挀爀攀搀椀琀⸀  倀氀攀愀猀攀 愀氀猀漀 氀攀琀 洀攀 欀渀漀眀 椀昀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 甀猀椀渀最 洀礀 猀琀甀昀昀Ⰰ 䤀 昀椀渀搀 椀琀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 眀栀愀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 愀爀攀 搀漀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 昀攀愀猀琀猀 愀渀搀 挀氀愀猀猀 渀漀琀攀猀⸀  䴀礀 攀洀愀椀氀 椀猀 栀攀氀攀眀礀猀攀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀 搀漀琀 挀漀洀⸀ഊ
਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ
਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris	Scully-Opera-rev	Page 4 of 4
਀ഊ