14thC-Kitchen-art - 5/19/05 ਀ഊ"The Fourteenth Century Kitchen - A Guided Tour" by Baroness Minowara Kiritsubo (known as Kiri). ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: headcooks-msg, high-table-msg, kitchen-clean-msg, French-Tbl-Srv-art, Fst-Managemnt-art, Run-a-Feast-art, p-feasts-msg, Medieval-Cook-art. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ ਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous ਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊThe Fourteenth Century Kitchen-A Guided Tour ਀䈀礀 䈀愀爀漀渀攀猀猀 䴀椀渀漀眀愀爀愀 䬀椀爀椀琀猀甀戀漀ഊ ਀䜀漀漀搀 搀愀礀℀  䰀攀琀 洀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀 洀礀猀攀氀昀⸀  䤀 愀洀 䈀攀爀琀爀愀洀 漀昀 圀愀氀猀椀渀最栀愀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀洀 栀漀渀漀爀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀 愀猀 琀栀攀 䌀栀椀攀昀 䌀漀漀欀 昀漀爀 䠀椀猀 䔀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀挀礀Ⰰ 䈀愀爀漀渀 䨀漀栀渀 漀昀 䔀砀攀昀漀爀搀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 戀甀猀礀 氀椀昀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 䤀 攀渀樀漀礀 挀爀攀愀琀椀渀最 昀椀渀攀 昀漀漀搀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀甀爀渀Ⰰ 猀攀攀椀渀最  洀礀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀猀 攀渀樀漀礀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 攀愀琀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 愀 最漀漀搀 氀椀昀攀℀   䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 氀愀爀最攀 猀琀愀昀昀 愀猀 椀琀 椀猀 愀 戀椀最 樀漀戀 琀漀 昀攀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀栀漀 氀椀瘀攀 栀攀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 洀礀 洀愀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 最甀攀猀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 爀椀最栀琀 愀琀 洀攀愀氀 琀椀洀攀℀  䔀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀猀 ⠀倀愀渀琀爀礀Ⰰ 䈀甀琀琀攀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀愀爀瘀攀爀礀⤀ 栀愀猀 愀 挀栀椀攀昀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 眀椀琀栀 昀椀昀琀礀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀猀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 ㌀ 挀漀漀欀猀 眀栀漀 愀爀攀 椀渀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀 挀栀愀爀最攀 漀昀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 ㈀ 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 挀氀攀爀欀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 椀琀 椀猀 琀漀 漀爀搀攀爀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 最爀愀渀琀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀猀 愀渀搀 欀攀攀瀀 琀爀愀挀欀 漀昀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀猀⸀  伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 椀猀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 漀爀 䌀栀椀攀昀 䌀漀漀欀⸀  䤀 栀愀瘀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀栀愀椀爀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 爀攀猀琀 漀渀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 最爀漀眀 眀攀愀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀 椀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀甀昀昀攀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 欀攀攀瀀 琀爀愀挀欀 漀昀 愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 最漀椀渀最 漀渀⸀  䤀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 戀愀搀最攀 漀昀 漀昀昀椀挀攀Ⰰ 愀 氀愀爀最攀 眀漀漀搀攀渀 猀瀀漀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀 挀愀渀 甀猀攀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 琀愀猀琀攀 瀀漀琀琀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 戀爀漀甀攀琀猀 漀爀 琀漀 挀栀愀猀琀椀猀攀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀 眀栀漀 最攀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 昀漀漀琀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 瀀甀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 漀爀 挀栀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀⸀ 嬀㄀崀ഊ ਀䰀攀琀 洀攀 猀栀漀眀 礀漀甀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 洀礀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀⸀  䘀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀Ⰰ 洀礀 洀愀猀琀攀爀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 昀漀爀眀愀爀搀ⴀ琀栀椀渀欀椀渀最 洀愀渀Ⰰ 猀漀 椀琀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 洀漀搀攀爀渀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 椀渀 椀琀猀 搀攀猀椀最渀 愀渀搀 昀甀爀渀椀猀栀椀渀最猀⸀  吀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 栀愀氀氀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 愀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 昀椀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 焀甀愀爀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀琀氀攀⸀  䤀昀 礀漀甀✀氀氀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 洀攀 椀渀猀椀搀攀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 猀攀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 猀瀀愀挀椀漀甀猀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 瀀氀攀渀琀礀 漀昀 爀漀漀洀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀爀最攀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀栀攀猀 眀攀 猀攀爀瘀攀⸀   吀栀攀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀搀 愀瀀愀爀琀 琀漀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀 洀攀渀 挀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀愀猀欀攀琀猀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀 漀爀 挀愀爀挀愀猀猀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀渀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀漀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 瀀愀猀猀 昀爀攀攀氀礀⸀  吀栀攀 眀椀搀攀 搀漀漀爀 昀爀愀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀⸀  䄀 爀攀愀氀 瀀爀椀搀攀 愀渀搀 樀漀礀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 昀椀爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 眀攀 挀漀漀欀⸀  䄀猀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 猀攀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 攀渀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 爀攀挀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 眀愀氀氀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀愀氀氀 挀栀椀洀渀攀礀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀爀爀礀 琀栀攀 猀洀漀欀攀 甀瀀 愀渀搀 漀甀琀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀渀 漀瀀攀渀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀昀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀氀瀀猀 欀攀攀瀀 琀栀攀 猀洀漀欀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀洀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 氀攀琀琀椀渀最 昀爀攀猀栀 愀椀爀 椀渀⸀  䈀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 礀漀甀 洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 洀愀欀攀猀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 栀攀爀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀礀 洀漀爀攀 瀀氀攀愀猀愀渀琀⸀  吀栀攀 昀椀爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀瀀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀搀椀爀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀猀 琀漀 栀漀氀搀 瀀漀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀愀渀猀⸀  圀攀✀氀氀 琀愀欀攀 愀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 琀栀漀猀攀 氀愀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀伀渀攀 瘀攀爀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 愀渀礀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 椀猀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 漀昀  爀甀渀渀椀渀最 眀愀琀攀爀⸀  匀漀洀攀搀愀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 洀礀 栀漀瀀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 眀椀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 瀀椀瀀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 愀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀洀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀猀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀攀渀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 猀挀甀氀氀椀漀渀猀 栀愀甀氀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 昀漀爀 甀猀⸀  圀攀 搀漀 栀愀瘀攀 猀椀渀欀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 昀愀爀 眀愀氀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 栀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 漀甀琀 昀爀漀洀 猀琀漀渀攀 愀渀搀 昀椀琀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 搀爀愀椀渀猀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 爀甀渀 椀渀琀漀 愀 挀攀猀猀瀀漀漀氀 戀攀氀漀眀⸀  䠀攀爀攀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 甀琀攀渀猀椀氀猀 愀渀搀 瀀漀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀愀渀猀 愀爀攀 挀氀攀愀渀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀挀漀甀爀攀搀⸀  䬀攀攀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 挀氀攀愀渀 椀猀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 琀愀猀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀栀漀 愀爀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀⸀  伀渀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀 漀昀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀 挀氀攀愀渀 愀渀搀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 椀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀瀀漀猀愀氀 漀昀 最愀爀戀愀最攀⸀  䄀猀 椀琀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀瀀 愀猀 猀栀漀爀琀 愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 猀漀 愀猀 渀漀琀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 琀愀猀欀 愀渀礀 眀漀爀猀攀 琀栀愀渀 椀琀 栀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀⸀  匀漀Ⰰ 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀攀渀 爀椀最栀琀 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀琀氀攀 眀愀氀氀猀⸀  伀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀搀漀爀 最攀琀猀 漀昀昀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀攀渀 挀氀攀愀渀攀搀 漀甀琀 愀渀搀 栀愀甀氀攀搀 愀眀愀礀⸀  伀渀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀愀搀猀 栀愀瘀攀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 搀甀洀瀀 琀栀攀 爀攀昀甀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 栀愀瘀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀氀礀 昀漀爀戀椀搀搀攀渀 琀栀愀琀⸀  匀漀 渀漀眀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 洀甀猀琀 昀椀渀搀 愀 猀瀀漀琀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 愀渀礀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 搀眀攀氀氀椀渀最⸀ 嬀㈀崀ഊ ਀唀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀椀搀攀 爀漀漀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 栀攀爀攀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 倀愀渀琀爀礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 琀栀攀 圀愀昀攀爀攀爀 愀渀搀 䰀愀甀渀搀爀攀猀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䈀甀琀氀攀爀礀 漀爀 䈀甀琀琀攀爀礀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 愀氀攀 愀渀搀 眀椀渀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 琀愀戀氀攀⸀  吀栀攀 䰀愀爀搀攀爀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 眀攀 栀愀渀搀氀攀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀愀琀猀 愀渀搀 昀椀猀栀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 倀漀甀氀琀爀礀 琀愀欀攀猀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 愀氀氀 猀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 戀椀爀搀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 瀀攀搀攀猀琀爀椀愀渀 挀栀椀挀欀攀渀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 攀砀漀琀椀挀 猀眀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 瀀攀愀挀漀挀欀猀⸀  䄀氀氀 漀昀 漀甀爀 猀攀愀猀漀渀椀渀最猀 挀漀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀瀀椀挀攀爀礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀洀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ∀䜀爀攀愀琀 圀愀爀搀爀漀戀攀∀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀愀甀挀攀爀礀 椀猀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 洀愀欀椀渀最 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 猀愀甀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 甀猀攀⸀  吀栀攀 䈀愀欀攀爀礀 琀愀欀攀猀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀椀渀最 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀爀攀愀搀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 洀攀愀氀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 猀漀爀琀猀 漀昀  瀀愀猀琀爀礀⸀  嬀㌀崀  匀漀洀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀猀 愀爀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀瀀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 漀瘀攀渀 昀漀爀 戀爀攀愀搀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀猀 漀甀爀猀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 氀愀爀最攀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀Ⰰ 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 昀漀爀 戀爀攀愀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀 瀀愀猀琀爀椀攀猀⸀ 嬀㐀崀  吀栀攀 匀挀甀氀氀攀爀礀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 愀氀氀 漀昀 漀甀爀 瀀漀琀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 瘀攀猀猀攀氀猀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀漀爀洀漀甀猀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 挀栀愀爀挀漀愀氀 愀渀搀 眀漀漀搀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 甀猀攀 昀漀爀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最⸀  䨀甀猀琀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 礀漀甀 愀渀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 眀攀 洀愀礀 甀猀攀Ⰰ 愀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 漀昀 洀椀渀攀 椀渀 匀愀瘀漀礀 漀渀挀攀 挀漀漀欀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀 琀眀漀ⴀ搀愀礀 攀瘀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 愀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 挀愀爀琀ⴀ氀漀愀搀猀 漀昀 搀爀礀 眀漀漀搀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀漀 焀甀漀琀攀 栀椀洀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀Ⰰ 愀 ∀氀愀爀最攀 戀愀爀渀昀甀氀 漀昀 挀漀愀氀⸀∀ 嬀㔀崀ഊ ਀䤀渀 攀焀甀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 洀礀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀Ⰰ 䤀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀攀搀 愀 洀愀猀琀攀爀 挀漀漀欀 眀栀漀猀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀琀椀猀攀 椀猀 戀攀礀漀渀搀 爀攀瀀爀漀愀挀栀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 䌀栀椀焀甀愀爀琀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀甀欀攀 漀昀 匀愀瘀漀礀⸀  䠀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀攀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 漀昀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 愀 戀愀渀焀甀攀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀㨀ഊ ਀ठ☀挀愀甀氀搀爀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀氀氀 猀椀稀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀愀渀猀 ⠀㈀　 漀昀 琀栀攀洀⤀Ⰰ 瀀漀琀猀 ⠀㔀　 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 愀渀搀 㘀　 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 琀眀漀ⴀ栀愀渀搀氀攀搀ഊ models), kettles (one dozen large), hampers, baskets (to move raw and semi-cooked ਀昀漀漀搀猀琀甀昀昀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 欀椀琀挀栀攀渀⤀Ⰰ 最爀椀氀氀猀Ⰰ 最爀愀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 爀愀猀瀀猀Ⰰ 眀漀漀搀攀渀 猀琀椀爀爀椀渀最ⴀ猀瀀漀漀渀猀 ഊ(some one hundred of those), holed spoons (25 large and small), knives (several dozen, ਀戀漀琀栀 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 漀昀 愀 琀眀漀ⴀ栀愀渀搀氀攀搀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀洀愀氀氀⤀Ⰰ 瀀漀琀 栀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 漀瘀攀渀 猀栀漀瘀攀氀猀Ⰰ 爀漀愀猀琀椀渀最 猀瀀椀琀猀ഊand supports (20 of several varieties), and iron skewers (120 of them, 13 ft/4 m long, a ਀昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 ㌀ 搀漀稀攀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 氀攀渀最琀栀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 愀猀 琀栀椀挀欀Ⰰ 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 嬀℀崀 昀漀甀爀 搀漀稀攀渀 ഊthat are even more slender). [6] ਀ഊHe also mentioned that it would be necessary to have at least 200 yards of bolting cloth, a white somewhat loosely woven fabric that we use for all sorts of things, including straining gravies and sauces. [7] Now I know that sounds like a lot of equipment, but given the amount of food we prepare for the number of guests that are served, it barely suffices. But enough of my trying to impress you with the size of my kitchen and the wealth of its equipment! Let's walk around and see how we do things in each area. ਀ഊNow this is one of my ovens. You will note that, as I mentioned earlier, it is quite large and well-vented with funnel-shaped chimneys to the outside. In addition to providing us with a heat source for cooking, it also provides some light, in addition to the windows, later in the day, torches and candles. We try to avoid the latter as they add to the smoke and heat. The fireplace is equipped with all sorts of modern conveniences for controlling the heat that is applied to various dishes. This is very important as we don't want things over- or undercooked. It is a little easier now that we are using coal rather than wood. It is a little more expensive, but well worth it is the heat is much more even and lasts longer. [8] ਀ഊThere are pothooks at various heights, from which we suspend various sizes of pots and cauldrons over the fire. We have some pots which stand on three legs or on a trivet over the fire. Our blacksmith has devised an ingenious device using chains and hooks that actually allows me to raise or lower a pot over the fire, even when it is full! He has also mounted the bracket on a vertical pivot, which allows us to swing the pot away from the heat or to locate a better position for the pot over the heat. [9] The pots and cauldrons are used mainly for boiling meats, primarily beef, as it offers a constant heat. We also prepare stews and other dishes of that sort in this manner. Of course, we use large spoons to stir the contents of the pot, and, to help in getting large portions of meat in and out of the pot, we have these wonderful large forks or flesh-hooks. They have been used for many years, but still are very useful. [10] ਀ഊThe andirons provide us with a way to use spits for roasting meat. As you can see, there are hooks on the andiron which allow the spit to be mounted at various levels above the fire. Some use metal stands for this, but I prefer the clips on the andirons as they keep the meat from being directly over the fire. Usually fowl and pork are cooked in this manner. The larger spits are used to skewer the meat, whereas smaller cuts of pork and small birds are tied to the spit. We have a handle attached to the spit so that a scullery boy can turn the spit, thereby cooking the meat evenly, and he is protected from the heat by a low metal shield. [11] ਀ഊAnother method of cooking directly over the open fire is the use of grills. Mainly we cook flat items of food, such as fish on grills as they are too thin to be mounted on a spit. These can present special problems if we don't keep an eye on them and remember to turn them! ਀ഊFinally, we often fry foods in large 3-legged frying pans. Ours are flat bottomed and can be used directly over the fire. [12] Sometimes we even borrow the long-handled shovels from the bakery and cook food directly on them over the fire. [13] In the case where the pan does not have legs, we have trivets and gridirons to support the pan over the fire. [14] ਀ഊAnother method of cooking that we use is to bake it in an oven. As I mentioned earlier, we are fortunate that we have two ovens in our kitchens. Both are in the Bakery, where breads and other baked goods are prepared. If we wish to make a meat or vegetable pie, the crust is prepared in the bakery, while the filling is done by the cooks in the main kitchen. The filling is placed in the crust, and the bakers add the top crust and baked. It would then be returned to the kitchen for final garnishing and serving. [15] Our original kitchen did not have actual ovens, so we used covered dishes to bake things. However, our new kitchen does have them, and they are constructed of stone. What we do is to insert coals into the oven. Once it has become hot enough, we remove the coals to a smaller chamber below the main oven, replacing them with the food we wish to bake.[16] ਀ഊOne problem we are still working on solving is determining a way to tell how long to cook something. Right now, if I try to tell one of my cooks how long to cook a dish, I use some sort of normal activity. For example, we make a sauce that must be cooked for exactly the length of time that it takes to say three Paternosters! [17] ਀ഊA very important item in our inventory of equipment is the mortar and pestle. Often we are required to pound a food into a pulp for serving. It may be a gruel-type dish or perhaps a sauce or gravy. We use knives to cut up food when we want to serve it in smaller morsels, perhaps in a stew, in addition to the large, two-handled knives that are used for cutting up oxen. We have lots of baskets that are used to carry raw and cooked meat from one place to another in the kitchen. The large quantities of white cloth have many uses, from serving as table covers to their use as strainers for hippocras, jellies, sauces and gravies. [18] ਀ഊAnd so, it appears that we have come back around to where we started. As you can see, preparing food for a large household is a considerable undertaking, with a lot of responsibility. However, if one is fortunate, as I am, they can find themselves in an establishment as modern and well-equipped as this one…and with a master as reasonable as Baron John is. All in all, it's a very good life! ਀ഊI hope you enjoyed looking around. Sometime you will have to return and I'll try to get you in the Great Hall to try one of our feasts. ਀ഊFOOTNOTES: ਀㄀ 吀攀爀攀渀挀攀 匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 䄀爀琀 漀昀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㐀㌀ⴀ㈀㐀㐀⸀ഊ2 Ibid., p. 87. ਀㌀ 倀⸀ 圀⸀ 䠀愀洀洀漀渀搀Ⰰ 䘀漀漀搀 愀渀搀 䘀攀愀猀琀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀㈀⸀ഊ4 Elizabeth David, English Bread and Cookery, p. 184. ਀㔀 䠀愀洀洀漀渀搀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀㌀⸀ഊ6 Terence Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages, p. 38. ਀㜀 䤀戀椀搀⸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㤀⸀ഊ8 Eleanor Scully and Terence Scully, Early French Cookery, p. 31. ਀㤀 匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㤀㌀⸀ഊ10 London Museum Medieval Catalogue., p. 125. ਀㄀㄀ 匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ  瀀⸀ 㤀㐀⸀ഊ12 Ibid., p. 95. ਀㄀㌀  䠀愀洀洀漀渀搀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀㌀⸀ഊ14 Ibid. ਀㄀㔀   匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㠀㠀⸀ഊ16 Ibid., p. 95. ਀㄀㜀   匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䔀氀攀愀渀漀爀 愀渀搀 吀攀爀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀㈀⸀ഊ18 Hammond, pp. 124-125. ਀ഊBIBLIOGRAPHY ਀ഊ__________. London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940. Capel St. Mary, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK: ਀ऀ䄀渀最氀椀愀 倀甀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⸀ഊ ਀䈀甀爀欀攀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀⸀  䰀椀昀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀愀猀琀氀攀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀  一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀  䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䠀攀爀椀琀愀最攀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㠀⸀ഊ ਀䈀氀愀挀欀Ⰰ 䴀愀最最椀攀⸀  吀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䌀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀  吀栀愀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 䠀甀搀猀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㈀⸀ഊ ਀䈀爀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 倀攀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䴀愀最最椀攀 䈀氀愀挀欀Ⰰ 䜀椀氀氀 䌀漀爀戀椀猀栀氀攀礀Ⰰ 䨀愀渀攀 刀攀渀昀爀攀眀 愀渀搀 䨀攀渀渀椀昀攀爀 匀琀攀愀搀⸀  䄀 吀愀猀琀攀 漀昀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀ഊ London: British Museum Press, 1994. ਀ഊHammond, P.W. Food and Feast in Medieval England. Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, ਀              唀䬀㨀 䄀氀愀渀 匀甀琀琀漀渀 倀甀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最 䰀椀洀椀琀攀搀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⸀ഊ ਀䠀攀渀椀猀挀栀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀搀最攀琀 䄀渀渀⸀  䘀愀猀琀 愀渀搀 䘀攀愀猀琀Ⰰ 䘀漀漀搀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀  唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀愀爀欀Ⰰ 倀䄀㨀  吀栀攀 ഊ Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. ਀ഊRedon, Odile, Francoise Sabban and Silvano Serventi. The Medieval Kitchen. Trans. Edward ਀ऀ匀挀栀渀攀椀搀攀爀⸀   䌀栀椀挀愀最漀㨀  唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㠀⸀ഊ ਀匀愀猀猀Ⰰ 䰀漀爀渀愀 䨀⸀  吀漀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最✀猀 吀愀猀琀攀⸀  一夀㨀  吀栀攀 䴀攀琀爀漀瀀漀氀椀琀愀渀 䴀甀猀攀甀洀 漀昀 䄀爀琀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㔀⸀ഊ ਀匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䐀⸀ 䔀氀攀愀渀漀爀 愀渀搀 吀攀爀攀渀挀攀 匀挀甀氀氀礀⸀  䔀愀爀氀礀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 䌀漀漀欀椀渀最⸀  䄀渀渀 䄀爀戀漀爀Ⰰ 䴀䤀㨀  吀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀ഊ Michigan Press, 1995. ਀ഊScully, Terence. The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell ਀ऀ倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㔀⸀ഊ ਀匀挀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 吀攀爀攀渀挀攀⸀  䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䘀漀漀搀 䄀渀搀 䐀爀椀渀欀 䴀椀砀椀渀最 䤀琀 唀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䬀椀琀挀栀攀渀⸀ 䔀搀⸀ 䴀愀爀礀ⴀ䨀漀 䄀爀渀⸀ഊ Binghampton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University ਀ऀ漀昀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㔀⸀ഊ ਀吀愀渀渀愀栀椀氀氀Ⰰ 刀攀愀礀⸀  䘀漀漀搀 椀渀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀  一攀眀 夀漀爀欀㨀  䌀爀漀眀渀 吀爀愀搀攀 倀愀瀀攀爀戀愀挀欀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㠀⸀ഊ ਀吀漀甀猀猀愀椀渀琀ⴀ匀愀洀愀琀Ⰰ 䴀愀最甀攀氀漀渀渀攀⸀  䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䘀漀漀搀⸀  吀爀愀渀猀⸀ 䄀渀琀栀攀愀 䈀攀氀氀⸀  伀砀昀漀爀搀Ⰰ 唀䬀㨀  ഊ Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1994. ਀ഊWheaton, Barbara Ketcham. Savoring the Past. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. ਀ഊ------ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ㈀　　　 戀礀 䔀氀愀椀渀攀 䬀漀漀最氀攀爀Ⰰ ㄀㘀　　 䌀氀愀礀 䠀愀洀洀漀渀搀 刀搀⸀Ⰰ 倀爀椀渀挀攀 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀Ⰰ 䴀䐀 ㈀　㘀㜀㠀⸀ 㰀攀欀漀漀最氀攀爀㄀ 愀琀 挀漀洀挀愀猀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀⸀ 倀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 爀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀ⴀ爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀猀 挀爀攀搀椀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀猀 愀 挀漀瀀礀⸀ഊ ਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris 14thC-Kitchen-art Page 5 of 5 ਀ഊ