languages-msg - 9/5/09 ਀ഊSources for learning old languages. Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Gaelic. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Latin-msg, literacy-msg, universities-msg, Latin-online-art, Ital-Phrases-art, Hist-English-lnks. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀 渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 愀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous ਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊFrom Fuzzy Sapiens by H. Beam Piper (1964) ਀ഊ"English is the result of Norman soldiers attempting to pick up ਀䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 戀愀爀洀愀椀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀猀 渀漀 洀漀爀攀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀ഊresults." ਀ഊ ਀吀伀㨀 匀椀洀漀渀 吀栀攀 匀瀀攀愀欀攀爀 伀昀 一ഊFROM: Lord Beelzebub ਀匀唀䈀䨀䔀䌀吀㨀 刀攀㨀 䴀漀爀攀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 匀琀甀昀昀ഊ ਀圀漀甀氀搀 琀栀愀琀 戀攀 匀挀漀琀猀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 漀爀 䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀㼀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀 戀漀漀欀猀 ഊthat do a decent job of teaching you Gaelic if you are phonetically ਀椀渀挀氀椀渀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀    ✀吀攀愀挀栀 夀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀✀ 戀礀 刀漀搀攀爀椀挀欀 䴀愀挀欀椀渀渀漀渀Ⰰ 䴀⸀䄀⸀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 匀挀漀琀猀 ഊGaelic. There is also another book, same title but different author, ਀琀栀愀琀 琀攀愀挀栀攀猀 䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀⸀  吀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 椀渀 ഊabout the 491.xx area. I hope that that helps a little. ਀ ഊ * Origin: The Dragons Doom / Dumfries, VA / (703) 221-3258 (RBBS 1:265/109) ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 樀愀礀洀椀渀 愀琀 洀愀琀栀猀⸀琀挀搀⸀椀攀 ⠀䨀漀 䨀愀焀甀椀渀琀愀⤀ഊDate: 6 Nov 91 14:22:32 GMT ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 䐀攀瀀琀⸀ 漀昀 䴀愀琀栀猀Ⰰ 吀爀椀渀椀琀礀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 䐀甀戀氀椀渀Ⰰ 䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀⸀ഊ ਀倀䄀䴀䌀䌀伀夀 愀琀 䜀䄀䰀䰀唀䄀⸀䈀䤀吀一䔀吀 ⠀∀倀愀琀 䴀挀䌀漀礀 愀⸀欀⸀愀⸀ 䈀漀渀攀猀∀⤀ 眀爀椀琀攀猀㨀ഊ>Is there more than one type of Gaelic? ਀㸀圀栀愀琀✀猀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 愀渀搀 匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀㼀ഊ ਀        䄀愀愀愀愀愀愀愀爀爀爀爀爀爀最栀℀ ഊ [Pat, you should know better :-] ਀        䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀猀眀攀爀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 猀漀 洀愀渀礀 琀椀洀攀猀 䤀 眀椀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 挀爀攀愀琀攀 愀 昀椀氀攀 䤀ഊcan automatically upload. ਀ഊ There is no such language officially known as Gaelic. More property ਀䜀愀攀氀椀挀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 愀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀⸀ 䄀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀ഊsub-groups known as P-Celtic and Q-Celtic. These can be broken up ਀爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 愀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀㨀ഊ ਀        䤀爀攀氀愀渀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 椀猀 ⨀䤀爀椀猀栀⨀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀ഊdifferent regional dialects of which the two most prevelant are Donegal ਀䤀爀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 䴀甀猀琀攀爀 䤀爀椀猀栀⸀ 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀 氀攀最愀氀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 椀猀 䐀漀渀攀最愀氀 䤀爀椀猀栀⸀ഊ ਀        匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 ⨀匀挀漀琀猀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀⨀ ⠀瀀爀漀渀 䜀栀愀氀ⴀ氀椀挀欀⤀⸀ഊAs Celtic Scotland is a colony of Ireland Scots Gaelic is an offshoot of ਀漀氀搀 䤀爀椀猀栀 ⠀愀爀挀栀愀椀挀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䔀爀猀攀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀搀 愀 氀漀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀ഊprevious inhabitants (Picts?). ਀ഊ Isle of Man. The language spoken here is *Manx*. It is a relatively ਀爀攀挀攀渀琀 漀昀昀猀栀漀漀琀 漀昀 䤀爀椀猀栀 ⠀㄀㌀　　猀 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 栀愀猀 猀漀洀攀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 漀戀猀挀甀爀攀 眀漀爀搀猀ഊin it (like verb: "To strike with a beetle"). ਀ഊ Wales: The language spoken here is *Welsh*. There is no legal ਀爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 圀愀氀攀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀 戀椀氀椀渀最甀愀氀⸀ 䌀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀ഊmany Welsh are rather sensitive about their language and tear down English ਀爀漀愀搀猀椀最渀猀⸀ഊ ਀        䈀爀椀琀琀愀渀礀㨀 吀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 栀攀爀攀 椀猀 ⨀䈀爀攀琀漀渀⨀⸀ 䄀猀 椀渀 圀愀氀攀猀 琀栀攀ഊFrench would rather they didn't speak it and adopt their culture but they ਀栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 椀搀攀愀猀 ⠀焀甀椀琀攀 爀椀最栀琀氀礀⤀⸀ഊ ਀        䌀漀爀渀眀愀氀氀㨀 吀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 栀攀爀攀 椀猀 ⨀䌀漀爀渀椀猀栀⨀⸀ഊThe language died out but there has been some recent revival. ਀ഊ I think Irish, Manx, and Scots Gaelic are P-Celtic and Welsh, ਀䈀爀攀琀漀渀 愀渀搀 䌀漀爀渀椀猀栀 愀爀攀 儀ⴀ䌀攀氀琀椀挀 ⠀戀甀琀 䤀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 洀礀 倀✀猀 愀渀搀 儀✀猀 洀椀砀攀搀⤀⸀ഊ As you can see though there is quite a variety of flavour of Celtic ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 愀氀氀 焀甀椀琀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 洀甀琀甀愀氀氀礀 甀渀椀渀琀攀氀氀椀最椀戀氀攀 ⠀䤀 挀愀渀ഊbarely understand the Scots when they are speaking English :-). ਀        伀渀攀 猀愀搀 琀栀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀琀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ∀漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀∀ഊlanguages of the Europen Community. Without Community funds I fear that ਀琀栀攀猀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 瘀愀爀椀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 氀漀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀ഊan Irish saying "Ti'r gan teanga i's ti'r gan anam" -- "A country without ਀愀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 愀 猀漀甀氀∀⸀ഊ ਀                                        匀攀愀洀甀猀ഊ ਀    ─           匀攀愀洀甀猀 䐀漀渀渀Ⰰ 匀攀渀攀猀挀栀愀氀          匀漀爀挀栀愀 唀椀✀ 䘀氀愀栀愀椀爀琀攀愀椀最栀ഊ %|% Jo Jaquinta Lesley Grant, Chronicler ਀⼀尀尀 簀 ⼀⼀尀       樀愀礀洀椀渀 愀琀 氀愀渀挀稀漀猀⸀洀愀琀栀猀⸀琀挀搀⸀椀攀     氀最爀愀渀琀 愀琀 氀愀渀挀稀漀猀⸀洀愀琀栀猀⸀琀挀搀⸀椀攀ഊ ===== 49 Russell Avenue, Clonliffe Road, Dublin 3, Ireland. ਀   ⼀簀尀                  昀漀爀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀攀 漀昀 䰀漀甀最栀 䐀攀瘀渀愀爀攀攀 ⠀䰀漀甀最栀 䐀愀洀栀 渀愀 刀椀✀最栀⤀ഊ ਀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 渀漀猀琀爀愀渀搀 愀琀 䠀倀ⴀ唀堀⸀礀漀爀欀甀⸀挀愀 ⠀ 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀⤀ഊSubject: Re: Source needed... ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 夀漀爀欀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䴀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀ഊDate: Tue, 30 Nov 1993 01:12:57 GMT ਀ഊNoble Cousins! ਀ഊMaster Arval mentions the spread of litteracy as a force promoting linguistic ਀猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀⸀  䤀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀爀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀㄀⤀ 吀栀椀猀 漀渀攀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 琀漀 眀栀愀琀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 䄀爀瘀愀氀 瀀漀猀琀攀搀⸀  吀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀琀椀渀最 瀀爀攀猀猀ഊ as it makes thousands of exact copies does promote linguistic stability in ਀   愀 眀愀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀瀀礀椀猀琀猀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀Ⰰ 爀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 漀昀 氀椀琀琀攀爀愀挀礀⸀ഊ ਀㈀⤀ 䰀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀搀 戀礀 搀攀洀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀⸀  䰀椀渀最甀椀猀琀猀ഊ have found that neologisms and other linguistic inventions are most common ਀   愀洀漀渀最 椀洀洀椀最爀愀渀琀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀琀攀爀猀琀椀渀最 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最ഊ the formation of trade Jargon and Pigin forms of extant languages. The ਀   昀椀爀猀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 愀 氀椀渀最甀愀 昀爀愀渀挀愀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 愀渀 愀洀愀氀最愀洀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀ഊ extant languages. Pigin tends to develop when a large linguistic community ਀   漀渀氀礀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀氀礀 氀攀愀爀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 瘀椀欀椀渀最 椀渀挀甀爀猀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 氀攀昀琀ഊtraceable linguistic footprints. Later, the normans conquored England ਀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 愀 眀栀椀氀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀愀氀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀  吀栀甀猀Ⰰഊmuch "upper class" and "governmental" vocabulary in English can be traced ਀搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 琀漀 一漀爀洀愀渀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀⸀  䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀猀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 瀀漀攀琀椀挀ഊform and grammar such as pluralization. Currently, English is undergoing ਀愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 挀栀愀渀最攀猀 ⠀椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 挀甀氀瀀爀椀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀ഊgrammar teachers with a faulty understanding of English syntax, semantics ਀愀渀搀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀⤀  吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 琀攀渀搀攀渀挀礀 琀漀 琀爀礀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀ഊthe number of loanwords such as "data" taken from Latin. Try counting ਀㄀ 搀愀琀甀洀Ⰰ ㈀ 搀愀琀愀Ⰰ ㌀ 搀愀琀愀 㐀Ⰰ 㔀 搀愀琀愀Ⰰ 㘀 搀愀琀愀Ⰰ 㜀 搀愀琀愀Ⰰ 洀漀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀⸀  䤀琀 爀攀愀氀氀礀ഊdoes not make sense in English. The problem is that "data" like many other ਀琀栀椀渀最猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀猀 甀渀挀漀甀渀琀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 椀猀 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀愀戀氀攀⸀  吀栀甀猀Ⰰഊengineers (despite the protestations of their cousins in English departments) ਀眀攀爀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀礀 眀爀漀琀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 氀椀欀攀 ∀⸀⸀⸀ 琀栀攀 搀愀琀愀 椀猀 ⸀⸀⸀∀ 愀猀ഊthey were talking about a collective entity. However, this linguistic ਀搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 愀渀搀 眀攀 栀攀愀爀 愀戀漀甀琀 ∀眀愀琀攀爀猀∀ 椀渀 猀攀渀猀攀猀 漀琀栀攀爀ഊthan "glasses of water" (old usage), "soups", "soaps", "fruits" (old signs ਀爀攀愀搀 ∀昀爀甀椀琀 愀渀搀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀猀∀ 渀攀眀 猀椀最渀猀 爀攀愀搀 ∀昀爀甀椀琀猀 愀渀搀 瘀攀最攀琀愀戀氀攀猀∀ 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最ഊa linguistic shift). Actually, drift due to poor education on the part of ਀琀栀攀 ∀攀搀甀挀愀琀攀搀∀ 椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 瘀攀挀琀漀爀猀 昀漀爀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 搀爀椀昀琀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀ഊsociety. Examples are "inflamible" (originally meaning something which ਀挀愀渀 一伀吀 戀甀爀渀⤀ 搀爀椀昀琀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 漀昀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 爀愀琀栀攀爀 攀砀瀀氀漀猀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀ഊthe word "irregardless" often used by educated people when the historical ਀眀漀爀搀 椀猀 ∀爀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀∀⸀ഊ ਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 搀爀椀昀琀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀ഊspurious rule against the split infinitive which was derived from Latin. ਀䤀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀Ⰰ 瘀攀爀戀猀 挀漀渀樀甀最愀琀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀椀渀椀琀椀瘀攀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 琀愀欀椀渀最 愀渀 愀甀砀椀氀椀愀爀礀ഊword. Thus, it is impossible to split inifinitives in Latin, but quite ਀椀琀 椀猀 攀愀猀礀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 瀀漀攀琀椀挀 琀漀 眀爀椀琀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 ∀琀漀 戀漀氀搀氀礀 最漀∀ 椀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ഊ ਀伀渀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 渀漀琀攀⸀  圀栀攀渀 搀椀搀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀椀稀攀搀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最 戀攀挀漀洀攀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 椀渀 ഊEnglish? I believe that it occured in the 19th century with the ਀瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 圀攀戀猀琀攀爀✀猀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀ഊ(as the name indicates) was intended as an eloquition guide and NOT as ਀愀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最 最甀椀搀攀⸀  䤀爀漀渀挀椀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 攀氀漀焀甀椀琀椀漀渀 最甀椀搀攀 愀渀搀ഊdiverse dialects remain in America. What it has become is a reference for ਀挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀椀漀渀ഊby one room schoolhouses. ਀ഊFinally, why are English spelling and American (U.S.) spelling different? ਀䤀 猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀渀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀ഊon the part of U.S. dictionary makers to spell words in a rather German ਀昀愀猀栀椀漀渀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 唀⸀䬀⸀ 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 洀愀欀攀爀猀 琀攀渀搀 琀漀 猀瀀攀氀氀 眀漀爀搀猀 椀渀 愀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀ഊfasion (especially for French loanwords.) ਀ഊ Your Humble Servant ਀ऀऀऀऀऀ匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 吀栀爀漀渀搀愀爀搀漀琀琀椀爀ഊ Totally Ignorant ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 匀䄀䐀嘀㄀㔀㌀ 愀琀 氀愀爀爀礀⸀䠀唀挀⸀甀愀戀⸀䔀䐀唀 ⠀䨀漀 䜀爀漀瘀攀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀ഊDate: 22 Mar 1994 16:39:02 -0500 ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 吀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀ഊ ਀吀䠀䰀 䴀愀爀攀搀甀搀搀 愀猀欀攀搀 椀昀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 瀀漀椀渀琀 栀椀洀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 愀 最漀漀搀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀഊSaxon English language textbook (or words to that effect; I don't ਀栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 瀀漀猀琀 椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 洀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 洀漀洀攀渀琀⤀⸀  䤀 琀漀漀欀 伀氀搀ഊEnglish for a quarter a few years ago, and the text we used was quite ਀攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 ⠀愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 渀漀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀愀椀渀琀 漀昀 栀攀愀爀琀ⴀⴀ伀䔀 椀猀 一伀吀 愀渀 攀愀猀礀ഊlanguage to pick up on one's own, unless one already has some ਀昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 猀琀甀搀礀⤀⸀  唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 䤀 挀愀渀✀琀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀攀ഊtitle and editor of the textbook off the top of my head (it was ਀猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 䔀堀吀刀䔀䴀䔀䰀夀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 氀椀欀攀 开䤀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀开琀漀开伀氀搀开䔀渀最氀椀猀栀开 漀爀ഊsomething like that), but I'll look it up for you when I get home and ਀瀀漀猀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀洀漀爀爀漀眀⸀  伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 栀攀氀瀀昀甀氀 琀栀椀渀最猀 愀戀漀甀琀ഊthis text, besides the lessons in each chapter and the Anglo-Saxon ਀瀀爀漀猀攀 愀渀搀 瀀漀攀琀爀礀 猀攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀猀瀀攀渀猀椀戀氀攀ഊglossary. ਀ഊI'd suggest reading Anglo-Saxon prose first, then when you feel ਀挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀瘀攀 漀渀 琀漀 瀀漀攀琀爀礀⸀  䄀ⴀ匀 瀀漀攀琀爀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 嘀䔀刀夀ഊconfusing for someone struggling with the language. Several good ਀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䄀ⴀ匀 眀漀爀欀猀 椀渀琀漀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀✀猀ഊhelpful to have one on hand in case you get stuck while trying to ਀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 愀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀爀 琀甀爀渀 漀昀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀 ⠀眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀猀 䰀伀吀匀ഊwhen you're dealing with A-S!, at least if you're a rank beginner in ਀琀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 琀漀 愀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 昀椀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊbetter. ਀ഊHope this helps. I'll look on my bookshelves to see what the ਀琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀愀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀漀漀欀猀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 漀昀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀漀ഊyou, and get back to you. ਀ഊ:-) Jamelyn ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 挀栀愀爀氀攀猀渀 愀琀 猀甀渀爀椀猀攀⸀猀爀氀⸀爀洀椀琀⸀䔀䐀唀⸀䄀唀 ⠀挀栀愀爀氀攀猀 渀攀瘀椀氀攀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀ഊDate: 29 Mar 1994 07:23:24 GMT ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 刀漀礀愀氀 䴀攀氀戀漀甀爀渀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 吀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 䴀攀氀戀漀甀爀渀攀Ⰰ 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀⸀ഊ ਀䨀漀 䜀爀漀瘀攀 ⠀匀䄀䐀嘀㄀㔀㌀ 愀琀 氀愀爀爀礀⸀䠀唀挀⸀甀愀戀⸀䔀䐀唀⤀ 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ: THL Maredudd asked if anyone could point him towards a good Anglo- ਀㨀 匀愀砀漀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀 ⠀漀爀 眀漀爀搀猀 琀漀 琀栀愀琀 攀昀昀攀挀琀㬀 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀ഊ: have the original post in front of me at the moment). I took Old ਀㨀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 昀漀爀 愀 焀甀愀爀琀攀爀 愀 昀攀眀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀最漀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 眀攀 甀猀攀搀 眀愀猀 焀甀椀琀攀ഊ: excellent (although not for the faint of heart--OE is NOT an easy ਀㨀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀漀 瀀椀挀欀 甀瀀 漀渀 漀渀攀✀猀 漀眀渀Ⰰ 甀渀氀攀猀猀 漀渀攀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 栀愀猀 猀漀洀攀ഊ: familiarity with language study). Unfortunately I can't remember the ਀㨀 琀椀琀氀攀 愀渀搀 攀搀椀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀 漀昀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 洀礀 栀攀愀搀 ⠀椀琀 眀愀猀ഊ: something EXTREMELY simple like _Introduction_to_Old_English_ or ਀㨀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 氀椀欀攀 琀栀愀琀⤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀✀氀氀 氀漀漀欀 椀琀 甀瀀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 最攀琀 栀漀洀攀 愀渀搀ഊ: post the information tomorrow. One of the most helpful things about ਀ഊI think the title is ਀䄀 䜀甀椀搀攀 吀漀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⴀ 䤀 甀猀攀搀 愀 戀漀漀欀 琀栀愀琀 猀漀甀渀搀攀搀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀氀攀琀攀搀ഊdescription, and thought it was good. Unfortunately I lent it to someone ਀眀栀漀 猀琀椀氀氀 栀愀猀 椀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀愀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀最漀漀搀 氀甀挀欀ഊ ਀刀愀最渀愀爀  ⠀嘀氀愀挀栀攀爀渀愀椀 一嘀䜀⤀ഊ ਀挀栀愀爀氀攀猀渀 愀琀 猀甀渀爀椀猀攀⸀猀爀氀⸀爀洀椀琀⸀䔀䐀唀⸀䄀唀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: SADV153 at larry.HUc.uab.EDU (Jo Grove) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Old English language texts ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㐀 䴀愀爀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀 ㄀　㨀㔀㈀㨀㐀㤀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊOrganization: The Internet ਀ഊ[OOPS!!! Sorry this didn't go out the first time. It looks like my e- ਀洀愀椀氀攀爀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 攀愀琀攀渀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀ⴀⴀ攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 漀爀ഊsomething in the ether snagged it. Let me try again....] ਀ഊUnto THL Maredudd (and other interested persons), greetings once ਀愀最愀椀渀℀ഊ ਀䠀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 琀眀漀 琀攀砀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 甀猀攀 琀漀 礀漀甀 椀渀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 伀氀搀ഊEnglish. The first is a textbook that I used in an Intro to Old ਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 挀氀愀猀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 椀猀 愀 洀漀爀攀 甀瀀ⴀ琀漀ⴀ搀愀琀攀 琀攀砀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀ഊrecommended by my professor. ਀ഊ_Bright's_Old_English_Grammar_and_Reader_, edited by Frederic G. ਀䌀愀猀猀椀搀礀 愀渀搀 刀椀挀栀愀爀搀 一⸀ 刀椀渀最氀攀爀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ　㌀ⴀ　㠀㐀㜀㄀㌀ⴀ㌀⸀  挀 ㄀㤀㜀㄀ 愀渀搀ഊpublished by Hold, Rhinehart, and Wingler (I *think*...my prof was ਀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 椀渀昀漀 琀漀 洀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀栀漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 洀椀猀栀攀愀爀搀 琀栀攀ഊpublisher's name). ਀ഊ_A_Guide_to_Old_English_, edited by Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. ਀刀漀戀椀渀猀漀渀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㘀㌀㄀ⴀ㄀㌀㘀㈀㔀ⴀ㠀⸀  㐀琀栀 䔀搀⸀Ⰰ 挀 ㄀㤀㠀㘀ഊ ਀䠀漀瀀攀 琀栀椀猀 栀攀氀瀀猀℀ഊ ਀䨀愀洀攀氀礀渀 ⠀眀栀漀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 䌀䄀一 琀愀氀欀 愀戀漀甀琀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 戀攀猀椀搀攀猀 猀栀攀攀瀀⸀⸀⸀愀渀搀 椀渀ഊanother language, too!) ਀ഊ ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Old English language ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 猀挀漀琀琀⸀昀爀椀搀攀渀戀攀爀最 愀琀 琀栀攀栀甀戀⸀挀漀洀 ⠀匀挀漀琀琀 䘀爀椀搀攀渀戀攀爀最⤀ഊDate: Sun, 27 Mar 94 03:51:00 -0600 ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 吀栀攀 䠀甀戀℀ 䈀䈀匀 ⴀ 吀甀氀猀愀Ⰰ 伀䬀 ⴀ 㤀㄀㠀ⴀ㘀㈀㜀ⴀ　㤀㈀㌀ഊ ਀匀漀洀攀漀渀攀 眀愀猀 愀猀欀椀渀最 愀戀漀甀琀 愀渀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀⸀  䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 愀戀漀甀琀ഊthat but I did find an Anglo-Saxon dictionary, in a Thrift Store of all ਀瀀氀愀挀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀㨀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 匀琀甀搀攀渀琀✀猀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀ഊSweet, Henery, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. ਀伀砀昀漀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀ഊEly House, London W. I (1967) ਀ഊ(BTW, What is an LL.D.?) ਀ഊRobert Fitzmorgan ਀一漀爀琀栀欀攀攀瀀Ⰰ 䄀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: goldschm at hal.COM (Steve Goldschmidt) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Old English Language Textbook ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㌀　 䴀愀爀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀 　㄀㨀　　㨀㔀　 䜀䴀吀ഊOrganization: HAL Computer Systems, Inc. ਀ഊThe best text I've seen is Mitchell and Robinson, _A Guide to Old ਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀开 䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㘀㌀㄀ⴀ㄀㌀㘀㈀㔀ⴀ㠀⸀  䤀琀✀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 瀀愀瀀攀爀戀愀挀欀Ⰰ 挀漀瘀攀爀猀ഊeverything, and has hints for folks who are teaching themselves. ਀ഊIulstan Sigewealding (Stephen Goldschmidt) ਀ഊ ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊFrom: ar070 at FreeNet.Carleton.CA (Carole Fraser) ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀ഊOrganization: The National Capital FreeNet ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㄀ 䄀瀀爀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀 　㄀㨀㔀㐀㨀㌀㄀ 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀吀漀 眀栀漀攀瘀攀爀 眀愀猀 愀猀欀椀渀最 愀戀漀甀琀 愀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀愀氀氀礀ഊdepend on what you were looking for. ਀ ഊIf you want a good grammer and introduction text, the Mitchell and ਀刀漀戀椀渀猀漀渀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 最漀漀搀 猀琀愀爀琀⸀  䤀琀 眀愀猀 眀栀愀琀 洀礀ഊprofessor began me with. The introductory grammer is easy to understand ਀愀渀搀 眀攀氀氀 氀愀椀搀 漀甀琀⸀  吀栀攀 琀攀砀琀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 愀爀攀 戀漀琀栀 椀渀 瀀爀漀猀攀 愀渀搀 瀀漀攀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 爀愀渀最攀ഊfrom biblical passages, part of The Battle of Maldon to Beowulf. ਀ഊIf you are looking for Beowulf, F. Klaeber's text, probably 3rd edition is ਀爀攀愀氀氀礀 最漀漀搀⸀  䤀琀 栀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀氀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 愀渀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 最氀漀猀猀愀礀 愀渀搀 愀 最漀漀搀 猀攀琀 漀昀ഊnotes. It also has some other textual fragments. ਀ഊHowever, probably my best suggestion for translation material is BEOWULF, ਀愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 䈀甀爀琀漀渀 刀愀昀昀攀氀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 瀀漀攀琀椀挀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊthat I have found quite satisfactory in aiding my translation work. It ਀搀漀攀猀渀✀琀 愀氀氀漀眀 洀攀 琀漀 挀漀瀀礀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 戀甀琀 最椀瘀攀猀 洀攀 攀渀漀甀最栀 漀昀 愀渀 椀搀攀愀 猀甀挀栀 琀栀愀琀ഊI am not pulling my hair out in frustration at the convoluted sentence ਀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀⸀  吀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 最漀漀搀 琀栀椀渀最 愀戀漀甀琀 刀愀昀昀攀氀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀 瀀愀最攀 砀砀 漀昀 栀椀猀ഊIntroduction is a listing of all the sources he used: dictionaries, ਀猀甀瀀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 最爀愀洀洀愀爀猀Ⰰ 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀ഊ ਀圀攀猀 琀栀甀 栀愀氀攀℀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀ ഊCAROLE FRASER ਀愀爀　㜀　 愀琀 昀爀攀攀渀攀琀⸀挀愀爀氀攀琀漀渀⸀挀愀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: aj at wg.icl.co.uk (Tony Jebson) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Anglo-Saxon Borrowings ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㈀ 匀攀瀀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀 　㔀㨀㈀㈀㨀㌀㈀ ⴀ　㔀　　ഊOrganization: UTexas Mail-to-News Gateway ਀ഊDani (dani at telerama.lm.com) writes: ਀㸀 䘀漀爀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 搀漀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 琀漀 猀愀礀 愀戀漀甀琀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀ഊ> influences upon the English language? ਀ഊI knew that historical linguistics book would come in useful one day... ਀ഊBorrowings in Old English come from a number of different places, at different ਀琀椀洀攀猀㨀ഊ ਀㄀⸀  䈀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 渀漀渀ⴀ䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 䤀渀搀漀ⴀ䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 ⠀䤀䔀⤀ 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀漀ⴀ圀攀猀琀䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀ഊ stock which evolved via Anglo-Frisian to become Old English. It is known ਀    琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 戀攀攀渀 戀漀爀爀漀眀攀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⠀伀䔀⤀ 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀ഊ as a separate language because they appear, fully integrated, in the ਀    攀渀琀椀爀攀 圀攀猀琀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 漀昀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀甀氀氀礀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀搀 氀漀愀渀猀 愀爀攀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 䰀愀琀椀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 䰀愀琀椀渀ഊloans being the more important. There are very few (2-3) well attested loans: ਀ഊproto-Celtic */ri:k-/ "king" appears in Old English as rice "kingdom" ਀             帀 琀栀攀 ⨀ 洀攀愀渀猀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 椀猀 愀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀ഊ ਀䜀愀甀氀椀猀栀 愀洀戀愀挀琀漀猀 ∀猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀∀ 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀猀 愀洀戀攀栀琀 ∀猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀∀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 氀愀爀最攀爀⸀ 吀礀瀀椀挀愀氀 眀漀爀搀猀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最猀 愀爀攀㨀 ∀眀椀渀攀∀ഊ(Latin winum, OE win); "trade, traffic" (L caupo, OE ceapian). ਀ഊ[Aside: an interesting point is that wine and vine in English both have the ਀猀愀洀攀 爀漀漀琀ⴀⴀ䰀愀琀椀渀 眀椀渀甀洀ⴀⴀ戀甀琀 眀攀爀攀 戀漀爀爀漀眀攀搀 愀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 圀栀愀琀 栀愀猀ഊhappened is that between the two borrowings the pronunciation of the Latin ਀挀栀愀渀最攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 洀椀爀爀漀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀眀漀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最猀崀ഊ ਀㈀⸀  䰀愀琀椀渀ഊ ਀䰀愀琀椀渀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 伀䔀 椀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀㨀 攀愀爀氀礀 猀攀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀 ⠀㐀㔀　ⴀ㘀　　⤀Ⰰഊand post-Christian (650+). Among early loans are: ਀ഊstopp "stop" < stroppus (< means derived from) ਀昀漀爀挀愀 ∀昀漀爀欀∀ 㰀 昀甀爀挀愀ഊmaegester "master" < magister. ਀攀琀挀Ⰰ 攀琀挀ഊ ਀䰀漀琀猀 洀漀爀攀 氀漀愀渀猀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 氀愀爀最攀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 䌀栀甀爀挀栀⸀ഊSo many of these, like culpe "guilt" < culpa, are connected with Christianity ਀愀渀搀 椀琀猀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 夀攀琀 洀漀爀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀漀爀爀漀眀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀猀 愀ഊresult of the Benedictine reformation. Approx 3% of OE is borrowed from Latin ਀⠀椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 爀漀甀最栀氀礀 㜀　─ 漀昀 眀漀爀搀猀 愀爀攀 戀漀爀爀漀眀攀搀℀⤀⸀ഊ ਀㌀⸀  匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀⸀ 䰀漀愀搀猀 漀昀 氀漀愀渀猀 栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 嘀椀欀椀渀最 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀⸀ 吀栀攀ഊidentification of these is quite difficult (they are from NorthGermanic ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 㤀　　 愀琀琀攀猀琀攀搀 一漀爀琀栀ഊGermanic loans into English, only 150 of which appear in OE sources, the ਀爀攀猀琀 漀渀氀礀 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀琀栀 愀渀搀 ㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀ഊEnglish even though they must have been around earlier. [before anyone ਀猀甀最最攀猀琀猀 椀琀Ⰰ 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 㜀㔀　 漀爀 猀漀 洀椀猀猀椀渀最 眀漀爀搀猀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀ഊlanguage via Norman French, they follow OE phonology and morphology too well]. ਀ഊ3. Celtic. ਀ഊThere are about 12 secure Celtic loans in OE; most of these are from Brythonic ਀⠀瀀⤀ 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀 最爀漀甀瀀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 氀愀爀最攀爀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀ഊinhabitants. ਀ഊThey are: binn "bin", bannoc "bit", dunn "dun, grey", broc "badger", ਀戀爀愀琀琀 ∀挀氀漀愀欀∀Ⰰ 挀愀爀爀 ∀爀漀挀欀∀Ⰰ 氀甀栀 ∀氀愀欀攀∀Ⰰ 琀漀爀爀 ∀爀漀挀欀∀Ⰰ 挀甀洀戀 ∀搀攀攀瀀 瘀愀氀氀攀礀∀⸀ഊ ਀䄀 瘀攀爀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 挀愀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 䜀漀椀搀攀氀椀挀 ⠀焀⤀ 䌀攀氀琀椀挀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀爀攀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀ഊthe church (apparently borrowed from Irish missionaries): ਀ഊdry "magician" < Old Irish drui ਀愀渀挀漀爀 ∀栀攀爀洀椀琀∀ 㰀 愀渀挀栀愀爀愀ഊstaer "story" < stoir ਀愀氀猀漀 挀爀漀猀⠀猀⤀ 眀栀椀挀栀 漀渀氀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 渀愀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀猀甀愀氀 伀䔀 椀猀 爀漀搀⸀ഊ ਀    吀漀渀礀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀ 吀漀渀礀 䨀攀戀猀漀渀     ⴀⴀⴀ 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀 䰀椀洀椀琀攀搀 ⠀䤀䌀䰀⤀ഊ--- +44 625 617193 --- +44 61 223 1301 ext 3099 (work) ਀ⴀⴀⴀ 愀樀 愀琀 眀最⸀椀挀氀⸀挀漀⸀甀欀 ⴀⴀⴀ 䄀氀氀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀猀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 栀攀爀攀 ⠀栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 猀琀甀瀀椀搀⤀ 愀爀攀 洀礀 漀眀渀Ⰰഊ----------------------- and nothing stated here is an official statement by ICL. ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 戀攀琀琀椀渀愀⸀栀攀氀洀猀 愀琀 㜀琀栀眀愀瘀攀⸀挀漀洀 ⠀䈀攀琀琀椀渀愀 䠀攀氀洀猀⤀ ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 䈀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最猀ഊDate: 23 Sep 94 01:09:00 GMT ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 吀匀唀一䄀䴀䤀 ⴀ 䌀愀琀挀栀 琀栀攀 圀愀瘀攀℀ ⨀ 倀漀渀琀攀 嘀攀搀爀愀Ⰰ 䘀䰀 ⨀ 㤀　㐀ⴀ㈀㜀㌀ⴀ㤀㜀㌀㠀ഊ ਀吀䨀㸀䈀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最猀 椀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 挀漀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀ഊTJ>times: ਀ഊTJ>1. Borrowings from non-Germanic Indo-European (IE) into the proto-WestGerma ਀吀䨀㸀   猀琀漀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 瘀椀愀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ䘀爀椀猀椀愀渀 琀漀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 欀渀漀眀渀ഊTJ> that these words had already been borrowed before Old English (OE) appea ਀吀䨀㸀   愀猀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀Ⰰ 昀甀氀氀礀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊTJ> entire West Germanic family of languages. ਀ഊTJ>These fully integrated loans are mainly from Celtic and Latin, with ਀吀䨀㸀䰀愀琀椀渀 氀漀愀渀猀 戀攀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 昀攀眀 ⠀㈀ⴀ㌀⤀ 眀攀氀氀ഊTJ>attested loans ਀ഊTJ>proto-Celtic */ri:k-/ "king" appears in Old English as rice "kingdom" ਀吀䨀㸀             帀 琀栀攀 ⨀ 洀攀愀渀猀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 椀猀 愀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 漀挀挀甀爀猀 椀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀 ∀爀攀砀∀ഊand Gothic (*East* Germanic) "-ric"...and Sanskrit "rajah". Who borrowed ਀昀爀漀洀 眀栀漀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⠀猀⤀㼀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: aj at wg.icl.co.uk (Tony Jebson) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Anglo-Saxon Borrowings ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㌀ 匀攀瀀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀 ㄀㄀㨀㐀　㨀㔀㔀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊOrganization: UTexas Mail-to-News Gateway ਀ഊbettina.helms at 7thwave.com (Bettina Helms) writes: ਀㸀 吀栀椀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 漀挀挀甀爀猀 椀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀 ∀爀攀砀∀ഊ> and Gothic (*East* Germanic) "-ric"...and Sanskrit "rajah". Who borrowed ਀㸀 昀爀漀洀 眀栀漀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⠀猀⤀㼀ഊ ਀吀漀 戀攀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀氀礀 栀漀渀攀猀琀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀渀✀琀 最漀琀 愀 挀氀甀攀⸀⸀⸀ 嬀琀栀甀洀戀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 戀漀漀欀崀ഊ ਀䄀愀愀栀℀ 匀漀 琀栀愀琀猀 栀漀眀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀猀⸀⸀⸀ 嬀搀椀洀 氀椀最栀琀 搀愀眀渀猀崀ഊ ਀䴀漀爀攀 昀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀漀爀爀漀眀椀渀最 最漀攀猀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀椀猀㨀 琀栀攀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 爀漀漀琀 椀猀 ⨀⼀爀椀㨀欀ⴀ⼀ ∀欀椀渀最∀⸀ഊThis was borrowed into proto-Germanic before this differentiated into ਀猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 䜀漀琀栀椀挀 愀猀 ∀爀攀椀欀猀∀Ⰰ 伀氀搀 匀愀砀漀渀 愀猀 ∀ⴀ爀椀欀∀Ⰰ ഊand Old Icelandic as "-rik" (the last 2 only as name-elements). ਀ഊIt also appears as the word "kingdom" in Gothic as "reiki", Old High German ਀愀猀 ∀爀椀栀栀椀∀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀猀 ∀爀椀挀攀∀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 倀爀漀琀漀ⴀ䤀渀搀漀ⴀ䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 爀漀漀琀 漀昀 ⨀⼀爀椀㨀欀ⴀ⼀ 椀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 ⨀⼀爀攀㨀最ⴀ⼀ 瘀椀愀 愀 眀攀氀氀ഊknown sound change from PIE to Celtic of */e:/ to */i:/. If the Germanic ਀昀漀爀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 倀䤀䔀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀愀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 眀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 䜀漀琀栀椀挀 ∀爀攀欀猀∀Ⰰ 伀氀搀ഊEnglish "rece", etc. ਀ഊThus the Latin form "rex" is a direct inheritance from PIE */re:g-s/, and I've ਀渀漀 椀搀攀愀 漀渀 匀愀渀猀欀爀椀琀⸀⸀⸀ 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀爀攀 愀氀氀 愀椀洀攀搀 愀琀 伀䔀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀ഊreally understand this sound-change malarky very well. ਀ഊ[Idea for new heraldic device: the FERRET -- a small mink-like creature with ਀ 椀琀猀 琀愀椀氀 漀渀 昀椀爀攀⸀⸀⸀ 渀漀 漀昀昀攀渀挀攀 椀渀琀攀渀搀攀搀Ⰰ 䘀攀爀爀攀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 礀漀甀 搀漀 最攀琀 椀渀琀漀 愀 氀漀琀ഊ of Flame-wars!] ਀ഊ[I going to go and get quietly (noisily?) drunk now... and then tomorrow I ਀ 最攀琀 琀漀 䠀䤀吀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀⸀⸀⸀ 礀攀猀Ⰰ 䤀 欀渀漀眀Ⰰ 䤀✀洀 愀 猀琀椀挀欀ⴀ樀漀挀欀 戀甀琀 椀琀 ⨀椀猀⨀ 䘀唀一℀崀ഊ ਀    吀漀渀礀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀ 吀漀渀礀 䨀攀戀猀漀渀     ⴀⴀⴀ 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀 䰀椀洀椀琀攀搀 ⠀䤀䌀䰀⤀ഊ/dev/brain: Permission denied ਀ⴀⴀⴀ 愀樀 愀琀 眀最⸀椀挀氀⸀挀漀⸀甀欀 ⴀⴀⴀ 䄀氀氀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀猀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 栀攀爀攀 ⠀栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 猀琀甀瀀椀搀⤀ 愀爀攀 洀礀 漀眀渀Ⰰഊ----------------------- and nothing stated here is an official statement by ICL. ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 渀漀猀琀爀愀渀搀 愀琀 洀愀琀栀猀琀愀琀⸀礀漀爀欀甀⸀挀愀 ⠀匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 吀栀爀漀渀搀愀爀搀漀琀琀椀爀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 䰀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 䰀愀琀椀渀ഊDate: Fri, 30 Jun 1995 00:19:13 -0500 ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 䐀攀䴀漀椀瘀爀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 䴀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀ഊ ਀一漀戀氀攀 䌀漀甀猀椀渀猀℀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀椀洀攀⸀  䘀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最ഊthe classical language, I believe that the Cambridge Latin Course ਀䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀 ⠀㐀 嘀漀氀⸀⤀ 洀愀礀 戀攀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 栀攀氀瀀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀ഊaccompanying cassette tapes (although I have not seen those stocked by ਀戀漀漀欀猀琀漀爀攀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀   䤀匀䈀一 　 㔀㈀㄀ ㌀㐀㌀㜀㤀 㠀   嘀漀氀 ㄀ഊ ISBN 0 521 34381 X Vol 2 ਀   䤀匀䈀一 　 㔀㈀㄀ ㌀㐀㌀㠀㈀ 㠀   嘀漀氀 ㌀ഊ ISBN 0 521 34380 1 Vol 4 ਀ഊThese should be volumes of the North American Thrid Edition. I hope that ਀琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀攀猀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀⸀ഊ ਀                                       夀漀甀爀 䠀甀洀戀氀攀 匀攀爀瘀愀渀琀ഊ Solvieg Throndardottir ਀                                       䄀洀愀琀攀甀爀 匀挀栀漀氀愀爀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: dnb105 at psu.edu (Ferret) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Learning Latin ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㌀　 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㔀 ㄀㤀㨀㈀㠀㨀㐀㜀 䜀䴀吀ഊOrganization: Penn State University ਀ഊThere is also "Calis", a computer aided teaching program for Latin from Duke ਀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀ ഊ ਀䘀攀爀爀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: noramunro at aol.com (Noramunro) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Learning Latin ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㄀ 䨀甀氀 ㄀㤀㤀㔀 ㄀　㨀㄀㘀㨀㌀㌀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊOrganization: America Online, Inc. (1-800-827-6364) ਀ഊThere's a very nice Latin drill program (runs out of Windows, don't know ਀椀昀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀⤀ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䰀椀渀最甀愀 䰀愀琀椀渀愀⸀  䤀琀✀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 昀爀攀攀眀愀爀攀Ⰰഊand I'm quite impressed with it. Anyone's who's interested can email me ਀昀漀爀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀猀⸀ഊ ਀䄀猀 昀漀爀 琀攀砀琀戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 䤀✀搀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 䄀氀氀攀渀 愀渀搀 䜀爀攀攀渀漀甀最栀✀猀 开一攀眀 䰀愀琀椀渀ഊGrammar_. Most of the classics students I know use the Collins Gem ਀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 愀猀 愀 瀀漀挀欀攀琀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀✀瘀攀 栀愀搀 洀漀爀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 一攀眀ഊCollege Latin-English Dictionary published by Bantam. For medieval Latin, ਀䰀攀眀椀猀 愀渀搀 匀栀漀爀琀✀猀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 椀猀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 猀琀愀渀搀戀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 挀漀猀琀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 ␀㄀㄀　 唀匀㬀ഊif there's a university nearby, you may want to check out their library ਀愀渀搀 猀攀攀 椀昀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 椀琀⸀  吀栀攀 伀砀昀漀爀搀 䰀愀琀椀渀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 渀椀挀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀ഊdoesn't included examples from Christian authors, so it's of limited use ਀椀渀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀⸀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀ䰀愀搀礀 䄀氀椀愀渀漀爀愀 䴀甀渀爀漀ഊBarony of Bright Hills, Atlantia ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 栀爀樀漀渀攀猀 愀琀 甀挀氀椀渀欀⸀戀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀⸀攀搀甀 ⠀䠀攀愀琀栀攀爀 刀漀猀攀 䨀漀渀攀猀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䈀愀猀焀甀攀 一愀洀攀猀ഊDate: 24 Nov 1996 05:04:31 GMT ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀Ⰰ 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀ഊ ਀䰀漀爀椀氀礀渀渀 䤀瘀攀爀猀攀渀 ⠀洀椀愀洀椀渀椀砀 愀琀 眀攀猀琀眀漀爀氀搀⸀挀漀洀⤀ 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ: f339j at unb.CA (Daniel Flemming) wrote: ਀ഊ: > (The Basque language actually ਀㨀 㸀瀀爀攀搀愀琀攀猀 䰀愀琀椀渀⸀⸀⸀⤀ഊ ਀㨀 䤀✀氀氀 猀愀礀⸀  䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䐀爀⸀ 䰀⸀䰀⸀ 䌀愀瘀愀氀氀椀ⴀ匀昀漀爀稀愀✀猀 渀攀眀 戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 最攀渀攀琀椀挀ഊ: evidence suggests that the Basque language might just be the only ਀㨀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 爀攀洀渀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一攀漀氀椀琀栀椀挀 椀渀栀愀戀椀琀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊ: region, popularly known as the Cro-Magnons! Would that qualify as ਀㨀 伀伀倀㼀 㨀⤀ഊ ਀䤀昀 䤀 洀愀礀 瀀甀琀 漀渀 洀礀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀ⴀ氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀 栀愀琀 昀漀爀 愀 洀漀洀攀渀琀 ⸀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀吀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 ∀瀀爀攀搀愀琀攀猀∀ 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀爀 琀栀愀琀 愀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀猀ഊ"older" than another language is often extremely misleading. The version ਀漀昀 䈀愀猀焀甀攀 琀栀愀琀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀爀戀椀琀爀愀爀椀氀礀ⴀ搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 搀愀琀攀 漀昀ഊwhat we call Latin is, no doubt, as wildly different from modern Basque as ਀䰀愀琀椀渀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀⸀ 䈀漀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 挀氀愀椀洀猀 椀洀瀀氀礀 ⴀⴀ 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀ഊintended or not -- that the modern Basque language has existed in ਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 甀渀挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 昀漀爀洀 猀椀渀挀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 攀愀爀氀礀  瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀攀ⴀ䰀愀琀椀渀 漀爀ഊNeolithic times. This simply isn't the case. Of _course_ the Basque ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 栀愀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀⸀ 䄀渀搀 䰀愀琀椀渀 搀椀搀渀✀琀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 昀甀氀氀ⴀ戀氀漀眀渀 椀渀琀漀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀ഊfrom Zeus's forehead (oh, 'scuse me, Jupiter's forehead). "Latin" in ਀开猀漀洀攀开 猀攀渀猀攀 愀氀猀漀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 䰀愀琀椀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 开猀漀洀攀开 搀椀爀攀挀琀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀 琀漀ഊLatin existed in Neolithic times, just as _some_ ancestor of Basque ਀攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 琀栀攀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀氀攀瘀愀渀琀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ∀䈀愀猀焀甀攀 愀猀 一攀漀氀椀琀栀椀挀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀ഊlanguage" observation is not that modern Basque speakers are speaking some ਀昀漀猀猀椀氀椀稀攀搀 愀渀琀椀焀甀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀ഊlong-distant ancestor of the modern Basque language appear to have been ਀氀椀瘀椀渀最 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊlong-distant ancestors of every other modern European language were doing ਀椀琀 猀漀洀攀眀栀攀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ഊ ਀䤀琀 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 渀漀琀 愀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 猀琀愀琀攀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀猀 ∀漀氀搀攀爀∀ഊthan a contemporary language. The names of languages are somewhat ਀愀爀戀椀琀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 氀愀戀攀氀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 瘀愀氀椀搀 琀漀 猀愀礀 ∀䤀爀椀猀栀ഊGaelic is older than Scots Gaelic" simply because the ancestor to both of ਀琀栀攀洀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 ∀伀氀搀 䤀爀椀猀栀∀ 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 ∀伀氀搀 匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀∀ 漀爀 ∀伀氀搀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀∀⸀ഊThese are arbitrary labels, based on divisions of the language designed ਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀猀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 甀渀爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 渀愀洀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀愀樀漀爀 猀琀愀最攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀ഊLatin (e.g., Umbrian > Latin > Italian -- although I should note that ਀唀洀戀爀椀愀渀 椀猀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊdevelopment of Latin) misleads us into thinking that they are more ਀猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 猀琀愀最攀猀 眀椀琀栀 洀漀爀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 渀愀洀攀猀 ⠀攀⸀最⸀ⰀഊOld German, Middle German, Modern German). If those who study the ਀栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䈀愀猀焀甀攀 栀愀搀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀琀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 氀漀最椀挀愀氀 琀漀 ⴀⴀഊjust for the sake of example -- call the period of the language from AD ਀㄀㘀　　 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 ∀䈀愀猀焀甀攀∀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀洀 䄀䐀 ㄀　　　 ⴀ ㄀㘀　　 ∀䜀漀爀戀氀砀∀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀洀ഊAD 300 - 1000 "Mifner", that from 500 BC - AD 300 "Orilan" and so on (!I ਀洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 甀瀀 漀昀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀瀀 漀昀 洀礀 栀攀愀搀Ⰰ 漀欀㼀℀℀⤀ 琀栀攀渀 眀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 洀椀猀氀攀搀ഊinto making statements like "Basque is much older than Latin". A speaker ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀 漀昀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䈀愀猀焀甀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 椀渀 㔀　　 䈀䌀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀 洀漀爀攀ഊbe understood by a modern Basque speaker than a speaker of the earliest ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀ⴀ昀漀爀洀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 最椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 ∀䰀愀琀椀渀∀ ⠀挀愀⸀ 㔀　　 䈀䌀⤀ 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀ഊunderstood by a modern Italian. That we have no distinct name in common ਀甀猀攀 昀漀爀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀愀氀 猀琀愀最攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀愀猀焀甀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 愀ഊtestimony to the lack of attention it is given in the Western linguistics ਀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 ⠀愀渀搀Ⰰ 焀甀椀琀攀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀Ⰰ 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀挀愀爀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 昀漀爀ഊthose early stages). ਀ഊ(There, there Sappy -- or may I call you Xaboitsu? -- I know that was a ਀戀椀琀 眀攀椀最栀琀礀⸀ 䠀攀爀攀✀猀 猀漀洀攀 攀砀琀爀愀 猀漀愀瀀 挀栀椀瀀猀⸀ 刀甀渀 愀氀漀渀最 渀漀眀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀愀渀最眀礀猀琀礀氀 瘀攀爀挀栀 䴀漀爀最愀渀琀 䜀氀愀猀瘀爀礀渀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: djheydt at uclink.berkeley.edu (Dorothy J Heydt) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: SCA Survey Please help Me! ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㈀㌀ 䄀瀀爀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀㘀㨀㌀　㨀㐀㤀 䜀䴀吀ഊOrganization: University of California at Berkeley ਀ഊMichael Lindberg wrote: ਀㸀吀栀椀猀 戀爀椀渀最猀 甀瀀 愀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 䤀✀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀漀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 愀戀漀甀琀⸀  䐀漀攀猀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 欀渀漀眀ഊ>exactly when English lost its Dative case? (being now no different than ਀㸀琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀猀愀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 漀昀琀攀渀 洀攀爀攀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 愀搀搀攀搀 ✀琀漀✀⤀ 圀愀猀 椀琀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀ഊ>time it lost its articles when French was the 'official' language of ਀㸀䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 漀爀 眀愀猀 椀琀 氀愀琀攀爀㼀 ഊ ਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 猀琀椀氀氀 栀愀猀 愀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀攀 愀渀搀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀昀椀渀椀琀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 ⠀∀琀栀攀∀ 愀渀搀ഊ"a/an" respectively). We don't have grammatical gender any more-- ਀∀琀栀攀∀ 挀愀渀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 愀猀 ∀搀攀爀Ⰰ 搀椀攀Ⰰ 搀愀猀Ⰰ∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊfind terribly confusing when they learn German--which may be what ਀礀漀甀 洀攀愀渀琀⸀ഊ ਀䄀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀椀瘀攀 挀愀猀攀Ⰰ 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀漀猀琀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 椀渀昀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀ഊendings during a period on which we have little documentation, ਀愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 愀氀氀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀椀琀栀攀爀ഊin Anglo-Norman French or in Latin. But the process had begun ਀戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀Ⰰ 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀栀攀渀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀ഊand speakers of English in eastern England (the Danelaw) discovered ਀琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀眀漀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 瘀攀爀礀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀Ⰰഊit was the different inflectional endings that caused confusion-- ਀愀渀搀 最漀琀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 栀愀戀椀琀 漀昀 搀爀漀瀀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀⸀  ⠀吀⸀䄀⸀ 匀栀椀瀀瀀攀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀ഊthis process in Robert MacNeil's _The Story of English._) ਀ഊ(I was reading a novel recently in which the inhabitants of an ਀䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀Ⰰ 爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 琀漀 愀渀 椀渀昀氀甀砀 漀昀 琀漀甀爀椀猀琀猀 眀栀漀 琀栀椀渀欀ഊthey speak a little Italian, start speaking slowly and carefully ਀愀渀搀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀 椀渀 椀渀昀椀渀椀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀⤀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 琀攀渀搀攀渀挀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀ഊyears has been to drop inflection and carry the grammatical ਀洀攀愀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 戀礀 瀀爀攀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 戀礀 眀漀爀搀 漀爀搀攀爀⸀ഊThus, "he gave the book to me" is perfectly intelligible, but so ਀椀猀 ∀栀攀 最愀瘀攀 洀攀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀⸀∀  吀栀攀 搀愀琀椀瘀攀 ⠀戀甀琀 眀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀愀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀ഊ"indirect object") function of "me" is made plain by context. ਀ഊNote however that "he threw him the book" is not the same as the ਀椀搀椀漀洀愀琀椀挀 ∀栀攀 琀栀爀攀眀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 愀琀 栀椀洀Ⰰ∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀猀 ∀琀栀攀 樀甀搀最攀 最愀瘀攀ഊthe prisoner the maximum penalty permitted under the law." ਀ഊAnd that if two pronouns are used, then American and British ਀甀猀愀最攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀猀⸀  吀甀爀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 椀渀 ∀琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 最愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 琀漀ഊyour humble servant" into pronouns and the American will say "he ਀最愀瘀攀 洀攀 椀琀Ⰰ∀ 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀攀爀 ∀栀攀 最愀瘀攀 椀琀 洀攀⸀∀  吀栀攀渀 ⨀愀氀氀⨀ 礀漀甀✀瘀攀ഊgot to go on is context, and your computer-translation software ਀戀爀攀愀欀猀 搀漀眀渀⸀ഊ ਀䐀漀爀漀琀栀攀愀 漀昀 䌀愀攀爀ⴀ䴀礀爀搀搀椀渀                          䐀漀爀漀琀栀礀 䨀⸀ 䠀攀礀搀琀ഊMists/Mists/West Albany, California ਀倀刀伀 䐀䔀伀 䔀吀 刀䔀䜀䔀                                     搀樀栀攀礀搀琀 愀琀 甀挀氀椀渀欀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 5 Jun 1997 14:51:10 -0400 (EDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䴀愀爀愀搀椀渀 愀琀 愀漀氀⸀挀漀洀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 漀氀搀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 ⠀眀愀猀㨀 匀攀愀氀椀渀最 圀愀砀 儀甀攀爀礀⤀ഊ ਀䤀✀瘀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀栀爀攀攀 琀攀砀琀猀 椀渀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀㨀ഊ ਀㄀⤀  䴀漀漀爀攀Ⰰ 匀愀洀甀攀氀Ⰰ 吀栀漀洀愀猀 䄀⸀ 䬀渀漀琀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䨀愀洀攀猀 刀⸀ 䠀甀氀戀攀爀琀⸀  开吀栀攀 䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀ഊOld English._ Ann Arbor: The George Wahr Publishing Co., 1977. ਀ഊ2) Father Klaeber. _Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg._ Lexington, Mass.: ਀ 䐀⸀䌀⸀ 䠀攀愀琀栀 愀渀搀 䌀漀洀瀀愀渀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀　⸀ഊ ਀㌀⤀  䴀椀琀挀栀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䈀爀甀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀爀攀搀 䌀⸀ 刀漀戀椀渀猀漀渀⸀  开䄀 䜀甀椀搀攀 琀漀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀开  㐀琀栀ഊed. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1986. ਀ഊEach of these I've had assigned on different occasions to take coursework in ਀伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 昀漀爀 洀礀 漀眀渀 䴀⸀䄀⸀  吀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 椀猀 渀攀愀琀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 伀䔀ഊpoetry and riddle verse which are included. The first is interesting, ਀戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀猀 愀爀攀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀 洀愀欀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 洀漀搀攀氀ഊfor those who'd actually like to attempt Anglo-Saxon style literature for SCA ਀⠀椀⸀攀⸀Ⰰ 栀漀眀 搀漀攀猀 漀渀攀 愀猀 愀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀 漀昀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 伀氀搀ഊEnglish). ਀ഊI don't have the reference information handy, but there are also several ਀琀攀砀琀猀 椀渀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀⤀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀ഊChaucerian buffs. ਀ഊGwydion ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ 　㔀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀㤀㨀㈀㤀㨀㐀㌀ ⴀ　㜀　　ഊFrom: Robert Schweitzer ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: old languages ਀ഊ>So where does one who wants to learn Old Norse, Old French, Old German, ਀㸀漀爀 攀瘀攀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 最漀 昀漀爀 猀琀甀搀礀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀㼀  䰀愀琀椀渀 椀猀 攀愀猀椀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀ഊ>regular textbooks for learning Latin available in a lot of book stores, ਀㸀戀甀琀 栀漀眀 挀漀甀氀搀 䤀 最攀琀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 琀漀 氀攀愀爀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 漀氀搀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀㼀ഊ ਀䤀昀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 一漀爀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 猀漀昀琀眀愀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 椀渀 ഊmy area (southern Ontario), which sells software to learn old Norse (as ਀眀攀氀氀 愀猀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 爀攀挀愀氀氀⤀ ഊThere are also a number of people in my canton learning Norse from a lady ਀椀渀 愀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀甀爀椀渀最 挀愀渀琀漀渀⸀  䤀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀㌀　✀猀Ⰰ 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀 ഊand old Norse remained virtually identical. ਀ഊIf you are interested in the computer programs, Contact Ragnar at ਀渀渀瀀攀琀攀爀猀 愀琀 椀漀渀氀椀渀攀⸀渀攀琀ഊHe should be able to provide more details. ਀ഊRufus ਀䄀 匀愀砀漀渀 猀甀爀爀漀甀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 一漀爀猀攀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 5 Jun 1997 19:45:17 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀 㰀戀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀 愀琀 氀礀渀砀⸀搀愀挀⸀渀攀甀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 漀氀搀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀ഊ ਀一漀戀氀攀 䌀漀甀猀椀渀猀℀ഊ ਀吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 䜀漀爀搀漀渀✀猀 戀漀漀欀 漀渀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 椀猀 戀愀挀欀 椀渀 瀀爀椀渀琀⸀ഊThere is a cross-lingual book on Germanic languages which I have somewhere. ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀猀漀 猀攀攀渀 琀攀砀琀猀 漀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 琀栀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 椀猀ഊto enroll in a language program at a university which teaches the language ਀眀栀椀挀栀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀⸀ഊ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ夀漀甀爀 䠀甀洀戀氀攀 匀攀爀瘀愀渀琀ഊ Solveig Throndardottir ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀऀ䄀洀愀琀攀甀爀 匀挀栀漀氀愀爀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀簀 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀Ⰰ 倀栀⸀䐀⸀             簀 匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 吀栀爀漀渀搀愀爀搀漀琀琀椀爀Ⰰ 䌀漀䴀         簀ഊ| de Moivre Institute | Carolingia Statis Mentis Est | ਀簀 㘀㜀㘀 倀甀氀氀洀愀渀 刀漀愀搀 ㄀㌀㔀                簀 ㈀㌀ 䔀愀猀琀 䌀漀氀氀椀渀最猀 䄀瘀攀渀甀攀             簀ഊ| Moscow, Idaho 83843 | Collingswood, New Jersey 08108-8203 | ਀簀 洀愀椀氀琀漀㨀戀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀 愀琀 氀礀渀砀⸀渀攀甀⸀攀搀甀ऀ      簀 ⠀㘀　㤀⤀ 㠀㔀㐀ⴀ㠀㈀　㌀                  簀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ 㔀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㈀㈀㨀㔀㜀㨀㐀㔀 ⴀ　㔀　　 ⠀䌀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: "J. Michael Shew" ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: old languages ਀ഊ As to Old Norse, my constant companion these days appears to be ਀䄀渀 䤀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀 戀礀 䔀⸀ 嘀⸀ 䜀漀爀搀漀渀Ⰰ 匀攀挀漀渀搀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 爀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䄀⸀ഊR. Taylor, printed by the Oxford at Clarendon press, 1990, ISBN ਀　ⴀ㄀㤀ⴀ㠀㄀㄀㄀㠀㐀ⴀ㌀⸀ഊ It is the best way to teach yourself a language, in my opinion, to ਀最攀琀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 最漀漀搀 眀漀爀欀猀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀渀搀 愀 搀攀挀攀渀琀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊtounge to bring you into it full tilt. That is what this book is. ਀ऀ䤀 愀洀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 一漀爀猀攀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀搀 愀爀攀愀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 最漀漀搀ഊclass on the language is not an option. ਀ഊ Mikal ਀开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开ഊ Mikal the Ram; an annoying Bard of no redeeming qualities ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ 㔀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀㠀㨀㐀㘀㨀㌀㤀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: theodelinda at webtv.net (linda webb) ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: old languages (was: Sealing Wax Query) ਀ഊHaving majored in Latin, and then gone on to learn medieval Latin, I ਀琀栀椀渀欀 椀琀✀猀 攀愀猀椀攀爀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀琀 眀椀琀栀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 氀漀漀欀 椀渀琀漀ഊmedieval texts, with the help of a medieval Latin dictionary, or else ਀樀甀猀琀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊLatin comes in a wide range--there are some writers whose grammar and ਀瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 眀愀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀挀欀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀挀攀爀漀✀猀 栀攀愀爀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀猀ഊwhose grasp of basic Latin grammar was a bit on the shaky side, to be ਀欀椀渀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 椀琀⸀  吀漀 爀攀愀搀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀ഊlanguage right to begin with--and it's easier to get the textbooks for ਀䌀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀甀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀漀猀攀ഊinterested, including some that are good for the independent ਀猀琀甀搀攀渀琀ⴀⴀ䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 圀栀攀攀氀漀挀欀 眀爀漀琀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 最漀漀搀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 椀渀琀攀渀搀攀搀 昀漀爀ഊself-directed study by adults, rather than trapped high school students. ਀ഊ I would also start studying Old French and the older forms of ਀䜀攀爀洀愀渀 戀礀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀甀搀椀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀ⴀⴀ椀琀✀猀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀ഊeasier to pick up the variants on a familiar language than to start from ਀猀挀爀愀琀挀栀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀昀 礀漀甀✀搀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 最漀 昀漀爀 戀爀漀欀攀Ⰰ 琀爀礀 挀栀攀挀欀椀渀最 漀甀琀 琀栀攀ഊlanguages section of a university library--they usually have copies of ਀琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 琀攀砀琀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀  夀漀甀 洀椀最栀琀ഊalso want to keep in mind that when you study Greek, Hebrew, Sanskrit ਀攀琀挀⸀ 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 最漀椀渀最 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 氀攀愀爀渀 愀 渀攀眀 愀氀瀀栀愀戀攀琀⸀  䰀攀愀爀椀渀最 愀ഊnew alphabet is easy. Learning to think in it, well enough to read ਀攀愀猀椀氀礀Ⰰ 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 栀愀爀搀攀爀⸀  圀攀氀氀 眀漀爀琀栀 椀琀Ⰰ 椀昀 礀漀甀 愀猀欀 洀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀愀爀搀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀ吀栀攀漀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Sun, 8 Jun 1997 09:44:36 -0400 (EDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䴀愀爀愀搀椀渀 愀琀 愀漀氀⸀挀漀洀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀愀渀猀欀爀椀琀ഊ ਀㰀㰀 䤀✀洀 猀琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 栀攀爀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 氀椀洀椀琀猀 漀昀 洀礀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀猀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀猀渀✀琀ഊ Sanskrit a "root" language for practically all European languages, like Latin ਀ 椀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀挀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀㼀  䄀渀搀 椀猀 猀漀洀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 伀氀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 愀 爀漀漀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀ഊ for the Nordics? If you were really interested in picking up a lot of ਀ 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀琀猀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀⸀  伀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀ഊ hand, how close is Sanskrit to anything medieval European? ਀ ഊ - Juan >> ਀ഊWith gentle correction, milord, it isn't. Sanskrit is a child of Indic, ਀眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 椀猀 愀 戀爀愀渀挀栀 漀昀 䤀渀搀漀ⴀ䤀爀愀渀椀愀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀渀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀猀 昀爀漀洀ഊProto-Indo-European. It is PIE which is the root of all these languages. ਀ 吀栀攀 搀攀猀挀攀渀搀愀渀琀 漀昀 倀䤀䔀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 琀栀愀琀ⴀⴀⴀ䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀⸀ഊ Linguists haven't labeled any root language as "Old" Germanic. From ਀䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 琀栀攀渀 戀爀愀渀挀栀攀猀 椀渀琀漀 圀攀猀琀Ⰰ 䔀愀猀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 一漀爀琀栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀⸀  吀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀ഊGermanic branch then becomes the now extinct language of Gothic. West ਀䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 戀爀攀愀欀猀 搀漀眀渀 椀渀琀漀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ䘀爀椀猀椀愀渀 ⠀眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀渀搀ഊFrisian, the language of Vrieseland), and Netherlandic-German. This last ਀琀栀攀渀 戀爀攀愀欀猀 漀昀昀 椀渀琀漀 䰀漀眀 愀渀搀 䠀椀最栀 戀爀愀渀挀栀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䠀椀最栀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀ഊStandard German ("Hochdeutsch") and Yiddish. The Low then descends into two ਀攀砀琀椀渀挀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 伀氀搀 䰀漀眀 䘀爀愀渀挀漀渀椀愀渀 ⠀昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀 最攀琀 䐀甀琀挀栀Ⰰ 䄀昀爀椀欀愀愀渀猀Ⰰഊand Flemish), and Old Saxon (from which we get Modern Low German, or ਀倀氀愀琀琀搀攀甀琀猀挀栀⤀⸀ഊ ਀一漀爀琀栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 椀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 椀渀琀漀 䔀愀猀琀 愀渀搀 圀攀猀琀㨀  䔀愀猀琀 礀椀攀氀搀椀渀最 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 愀渀搀ഊSwedish, and West giving us Icelandic, Faeroese, and Norwegian. Faeroese, ਀戀琀眀Ⰰ 椀猀 ∀栀椀最栀氀礀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 䤀挀攀氀愀渀搀椀挀 愀渀搀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀愀攀爀漀攀 䤀猀氀愀渀搀猀Ⰰഊlocated in the North Atlantic about midway between Iceland and Great Britain" ਀⠀倀礀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 䄀氀最攀漀 㜀㔀⤀⸀ഊ ਀䘀漀爀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀挀攀 猀愀欀攀Ⰰ 倀䤀䔀 椀猀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 猀愀琀攀洀 愀渀搀 挀攀渀琀甀洀ഊlanguages. These two words each mean one hundred, the first in Avestan (an ਀愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䤀爀愀渀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 椀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀⸀  䈀愀猀椀挀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀ഊis due to a phonological development in PIE which I won't go into just now. ਀ഊAs for going to the root languages, one could, if one wishes to take the ਀琀爀漀甀戀氀攀⸀  唀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 礀漀甀✀爀攀 最漀椀渀最 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊEgyptian pharoahs in order to do this, and we have no extant records of these ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀ⴀⴀⴀ琀栀攀礀✀爀攀 愀氀氀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀 栀愀猀ഊbeen tested to be around 95% accurate, so you could feel comfortable with the ਀爀攀猀甀氀琀猀㬀 戀甀琀 愀渀礀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 礀漀甀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 椀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀ഊPhonetic Alphabet, each character of which represents a *specific* sound. ਀ 吀栀愀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀渀礀 琀攀砀琀猀 漀渀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 䈀愀氀琀漀ⴀ匀氀愀瘀椀挀 愀爀攀 最漀椀渀最 琀漀 戀攀 挀栀漀挀欀攀搀ഊfull of linguistic notes and explanations in our peculiar formulae. It's not ਀椀洀瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀㬀 樀甀猀琀 洀漀爀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀栀愀渀 礀漀甀 洀椀最栀琀 琀栀椀渀欀⸀  㨀ⴀ⤀ഊ ਀䜀眀礀搀椀漀渀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: Stephen Bloch ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㔀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀㐀㨀㄀㤀㨀㔀㔀 ⴀ　㐀　　 ⠀䔀䐀吀⤀ഊSubject: Re: SC - Spanish sources ਀ ഊ> How different is Catalan from Spanish? (I can read Portuguese fairly ਀㸀 眀攀氀氀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀昀 洀礀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 漀昀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⤀ഊ ਀䤀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 椀渀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 猀漀洀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀ഊfrom Spanish to English, but hadn't formally studied Catalan until I ਀猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 愀琀 开匀攀渀琀 匀漀瘀椀开⸀  䤀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 愀 ∀琀攀愀挀栀 礀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀ഊCatalan" book from the library. I must have lucked out: the one I ਀昀漀甀渀搀 栀愀搀 愀 戀甀渀挀栀 漀昀 猀愀洀瀀氀攀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀挀欀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀ഊCatalan but in medieval and Renaissance Catalan too. (The readings ਀眀攀爀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 挀甀氀椀渀愀爀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 挀愀渀 䤀 愀猀欀 昀漀爀㼀⤀ഊ ਀䤀琀✀猀 渀漀琀 琀爀椀瘀椀愀氀 琀漀 爀攀愀搀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 戀愀挀欀最爀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀✀猀 愀ഊlot easier than without a Spanish background. Some background in French ਀漀爀 伀挀挀椀琀愀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀攀氀瀀 琀漀漀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 ⠀洀漀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 倀爀漀瘀攀渀挀攀⤀ഊis just across the mountains from Catalunya. ਀ഊHere's an example. The modern Spanish word "ambos", or "both", has as ਀挀漀最渀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 ∀愀洀戀∀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 洀攀愀渀猀 ∀眀椀琀栀∀⸀  䤀渀ഊmedieval Catalan, however, the "m" was often dropped, and the most ਀挀漀洀洀漀渀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 ∀愀戀∀Ⰰ 猀琀椀氀氀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 ∀眀椀琀栀∀⸀ഊ ਀䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀猀 猀漀洀攀 昀甀渀欀礀 最爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 爀甀氀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 椀渀琀爀甀猀椀瘀攀 漀渀攀ഊis that pronouns for direct and indirect objects are often reduced to ਀漀渀攀 漀爀 琀眀漀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀挀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊrelevant verb; this can make it tricky looking up the verb in a ਀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀⸀ഊ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀ洀愀爀ⴀ䨀漀猀栀甀愀 椀戀渀ⴀ䔀氀攀愀稀愀爀 栀愀ⴀ匀栀愀氀椀戀ഊ Stephen Bloch ਀                                           猀戀氀漀挀栀 愀琀 瀀愀渀琀栀攀爀⸀愀搀攀氀瀀栀椀⸀攀搀甀ഊ http://www.adelphi.edu/~sbloch/ ਀                                        䴀愀琀栀⼀䌀匀 䐀攀瀀琀Ⰰ 䄀搀攀氀瀀栀椀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 10:23:03 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 倀栀椀氀椀瀀 ☀ 匀甀猀愀渀 吀爀漀礀 㰀琀爀漀礀 愀琀 愀猀愀渀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: SC - Modern English - OT ਀ഊCeltic languages are properly divided into two families: The Goidelic ਀嬀挀攀氀琀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀崀Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 匀挀漀琀猀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀Ⰰ 䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 漀爀 䔀爀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀Ⰰ 䤀䤀刀䌀ⰀഊManx. The Brythonic [celtic language] family includes Welsh, Breton, and ਀䌀漀爀渀椀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀渀✀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀 䌀攀氀琀猀 椀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀 眀栀漀 猀瀀漀欀攀 愀 䈀爀礀琀栀漀渀椀挀ഊlanguage? Gallicians? Or were they Galateans? Can't recall. Brain too ਀漀氀搀⸀ 䴀攀攀瀀 稀漀爀瀀 昀氀甀最⸀ഊ ਀䄀搀愀洀愀渀琀椀甀猀ഊtroy at asan.com ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀甀攀Ⰰ 㘀 䨀愀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㠀 ㄀　㨀㄀㔀㨀㈀㄀ ⬀㄀㄀　　 ⠀䔀匀吀⤀ഊFrom: Charles McCathieNevile ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⴀ 伀吀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 戀椀琀 漀昀 愀渀 漀瘀攀爀ⴀ猀椀洀瀀氀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 匀漀 栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀琀ഊmore complex, simplified version of the story. ਀圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀猀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀搀 ⠀吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀 戀甀渀挀栀 漀昀 昀漀氀欀猀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 愀爀漀甀渀搀ഊNorthern Germany and Denmark and the Netherlands, mostly) they brought ਀琀栀攀椀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀攀爀攀 最攀爀洀愀渀椀挀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀爀椀琀椀猀栀ഊlanguage of the celts they pushed into wales and the north (welsh is an ਀愀渀最氀漀ⴀ猀愀砀漀渀 眀漀爀搀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 昀漀爀攀椀最渀攀爀℀⤀ 眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀瀀氀愀挀攀搀⸀ 吀栀漀猀攀 挀攀氀琀椀挀 戀爀椀琀椀猀栀ഊlanguages, along with Irish, go under the catch-all name Gaelic. In the ਀㠀琀栀 ⴀ ㄀㄀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 挀氀漀猀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀ഊwas slowly united under the west-saxon and a few other kings. In ਀愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀 最爀攀愀琀 搀攀愀氀 漀昀 搀愀渀椀猀栀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀猀ഊwhere vikings settled. At one time, danish was a second language, and the ਀昀椀爀猀琀 氀愀最愀甀最攀 漀昀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀 ⠀伀氀搀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 椀猀⤀⸀ 椀渀 ㄀　㄀㘀 䬀椀渀最ഊCnut of Denmark and Norway became king of England, following his father ਀匀瘀攀椀渀 䘀漀爀欀戀攀愀爀搀猀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 䐀愀渀椀猀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀ഊdoing well, but it should be noted that old danish and anglo-saxon ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀攀琀琀礀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 洀甀琀甀愀氀氀礀ഊcomprehensible. Following the conquest in 1066, the language at court ਀戀攀挀愀洀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 ⴀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 欀椀渀最猀 眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀ഊspeak english. By the time english became a status language again it had ਀椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 氀漀琀猀 漀昀 昀爀攀渀挀栀 眀漀爀搀猀⸀ 䤀琀 栀愀搀 愀氀猀漀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀ഊAlfred or so onwards, a grammar that was not native to the language, but ਀眀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 瀀栀椀氀漀猀漀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀ഊthis point (see for example Chaucer in, in London, or Piers Plowman in ਀琀栀攀 一漀爀琀栀⤀ 琀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 愀 眀栀漀氀攀 氀漀琀 漀昀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀搀猀 愀搀搀攀搀 ⴀഊusually derived from Latin or greek, or coined from those languages (eg ਀琀攀氀攀瘀椀猀漀渀Ⰰ 搀攀瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀⤀ 眀椀琀栀 愀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 愀 昀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 ⠀琀栀攀 爀愀樀Ⰰഊthe New World, Arabic, etc) ਀ഊSo it usually is possible to work out where a word comes from. Most of ਀漀甀爀 ✀猀洀愀氀氀 眀漀爀搀猀⤀ 洀攀Ⰰ 栀椀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀琀挀 愀爀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀⸀ ✀䤀琀✀ 椀猀 一漀爀猀攀ഊ(so is take - the anglo-saxon 'nim' died out in the early modern period, ਀戀甀琀 洀漀猀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀椀氀氀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀攀渀 椀琀 椀渀 挀漀漀欀戀漀漀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⤀ 愀猀 愀爀攀 愀ഊnumber of other words for common things, especially geography, family, ਀攀琀挀⸀ 吀栀椀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 氀漀漀欀 氀椀欀攀 昀爀攀渀挀栀 愀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 戀爀漀甀漀最栀琀 椀渀琀漀ഊthe language in the middle-english period (~1100 - 1500), and if in doubt ਀愀戀漀甀琀 愀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 眀漀爀搀 琀栀攀 愀渀猀眀攀爀 椀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 猀栀愀欀攀猀瀀攀愀爀攀 ⠀琀栀攀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀ഊequivalent of heat and light in physics exams). ਀ഊBut note that this will not get you through more than a dinner-party exam... ਀ഊCharles Ragnar ਀ഊ ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䄀一匀吀 ⴀ 刀攀㨀 吀栀攀攀⼀吀栀椀渀攀ഊDate: Sun, 25 Jan 98 02:11:48 MST ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䨀漀搀椀 䴀挀䴀愀猀琀攀爀 㰀樀洀挀洀愀猀琀攀 愀琀 愀挀挀搀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊTo: ansteorra at Ansteorra.ORG ਀ഊSir Lyonel Oliver Grace wrote, in gracious response to my comment about ਀∀琀栀攀攀∀ 愀猀 愀渀 䄀渀最氀漀⼀匀愀砀漀渀✀猀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 攀爀爀漀爀㨀ഊ ਀㸀 匀漀甀渀搀猀 爀攀愀猀漀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 洀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀✀搀 瀀椀挀欀 甀瀀 愀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 匀眀攀攀琀✀猀 开䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀ഊ> Primer_ or Bright's _Old English Grammar and Reader_ for guidance on ਀㸀 瀀爀漀渀甀渀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 瀀爀漀渀漀甀渀猀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 礀漀甀 猀瀀攀愀欀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀ഊ> pronounced like their modern English equivalents. ਀ഊKnow offhand where I can get one? I haven't been able to find it in any ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 戀漀漀欀猀琀漀爀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 䤀✀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀氀礀椀渀最 漀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀ഊ(which appear to be quite good, for example, ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀欀愀洀椀⸀搀攀洀漀渀⸀挀漀⸀甀欀⼀最攀猀椀琀栀愀猀⼀伀䔀猀琀攀瀀猀⼀瀀爀漀渀漀甀渀挀⸀栀琀洀氀⤀  䴀礀 琀愀欀攀 椀猀ഊthat <{th}a>, the second person pronoun, is prounounced "thuh," like the ਀䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀⸀ഊ ਀䄀渀礀眀愀礀Ⰰ 琀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀 瘀攀爀礀 洀甀挀栀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀爀 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀⸀ഊ ਀䄀䔀氀昀眀礀渀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 30 Nov 1998 12:56:08 -0800 (PST) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 嘀椀挀欀椀 匀琀爀愀猀猀戀甀爀最 㰀琀愀氀琀漀猀 愀琀 瀀爀椀洀攀渀攀琀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: SC - reference help ਀ഊOn Mon, 30 Nov 1998, LYN M PARKINSON wrote: ਀㸀 䄀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀渀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 洀愀樀漀爀猀 漀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀氀礀 瀀漀猀琀 洀攀ഊ> Grimm's Consonant Shift? I can't find my notes (shucks--only been a few ਀ഊhttp://www.lengua.com/languages/translations/German/germanlanguage.htm ਀昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 猀椀琀攀Ⰰ 䤀 最氀攀愀渀攀搀㨀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 眀愀猀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀愀琀椀挀 猀栀椀昀琀猀 漀昀ഊcertain consonants. The so-called Germanic consonant shift distinguished ਀琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 倀爀漀琀漀ⴀ䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 琀漀渀最甀攀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 䤀渀搀漀ⴀ䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀ഊshift, which is described by Grimm's law, an Indo-European p, t, k changed ਀琀漀 愀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 昀Ⰰ 琀栀Ⰰ 栀Ⰰ 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀㬀 䤀渀搀漀ⴀ䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 戀Ⰰ 搀Ⰰ 最 琀漀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 瀀Ⰰഊt, k; and similarly Indo-European bh, dh, gh, to Germanic b, d, g. After ਀琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀猀 栀愀搀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀爀愀椀琀猀Ⰰഊthe High German sound shift occurred. Datable to AD500-700, it set the ਀䠀椀最栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀猀 漀昀昀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 圀攀猀琀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀ഊperiod the Germanic p, when used initially, or after consonants, or when ਀搀漀甀戀氀攀搀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀洀攀 瀀昀 ⠀䠀椀最栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 倀昀氀愀渀稀攀Ⰰ 䰀漀眀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 倀氀愀渀琀攀Ⰰ∀瀀氀愀渀琀∀⤀㬀 眀栀攀渀ഊused medially or finally after vowels it became ff or f (High German ਀栀漀昀昀攀渀Ⰰ 䰀漀眀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 栀漀瀀攀渀Ⰰ∀琀漀 栀漀瀀攀∀⤀⸀ 唀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀攀ഊGermanic t became z (pronounced ts, as in Pflanze) or ss (High German ਀攀猀猀攀渀Ⰰ 䰀漀眀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 攀琀攀渀Ⰰ∀琀漀 攀愀琀∀⤀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 瘀漀眀攀氀猀Ⰰ 欀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 挀栀 ⠀䠀椀最栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀ഊmachen, Low German maken,"to make"); in all other cases k remained ਀甀渀挀栀愀渀最攀搀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 昀椀爀猀琀 戀攀挀愀洀攀ഊkch, and later ch. A later change, found also in Low German, is that of ਀琀栀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 琀栀 琀漀 搀 ⠀䠀椀最栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀愀猀Ⰰ 䰀漀眀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀愀琀Ⰰ∀琀栀愀琀∀⤀⸀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Tue, 31 Aug 1999 21:01:42 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀刀漀戀椀渀 䌀愀爀爀漀氀氀ⴀ䴀愀渀渀∀ 㰀栀愀爀瀀攀爀 愀琀 椀搀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: SC - Dictionaries... wow! ਀ഊSomeone provided this URL a while ago, for a site with links to MANY ਀漀渀氀椀渀攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ഊhttp://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/diction.html ਀ഊI dutifully bookmarked the section with the Spanish dictionaries, but ਀猀漀洀攀栀漀眀 渀攀瘀攀爀 眀攀渀琀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 椀琀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀⸀  吀漀渀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀ഊpuzzling over two different words that both mean "cabbage", and ਀搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀攀 椀昀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 漀渀氀椀渀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 栀攀氀瀀⸀  䤀 猀甀爀昀攀搀 漀渀 漀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀ഊfloored by what I found. The Spanish section contains the 1992 edition ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 猀攀愀爀挀栀愀戀氀攀ഊfacsimile of an early 18th century Spanish dictionary. Okay, both of ਀琀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 䤀✀洀 琀爀礀椀渀最 琀漀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀ഊgive me a *heck* of a lot more detail and context than the ਀匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⼀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 搀攀猀欀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 䤀✀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 攀砀挀椀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀漀漀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀✀猀 愀 猀攀愀爀挀栀愀戀氀攀ഊversion of the 1694 edition of the dictionary of the Academie Francaise ਀⠀愀渀搀 琀眀漀 氀愀琀攀爀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀⤀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 愀渀搀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ഊLatin and Gothic and Icelandic and Low German and... am I babbling? ਀ഊAnyway, whoever posted that wonderful URL to this this, THANK YOU, ਀愀渀搀 洀愀礀 琀栀攀 搀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 礀漀甀爀 挀栀漀椀挀攀 猀栀漀眀攀爀 戀氀攀猀猀椀渀最猀 漀渀 礀漀甀 愀渀搀 礀漀甀爀猀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䈀爀椀最栀椀搀Ⰰ 戀愀戀戀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 戀甀戀戀氀椀渀最ഊ ਀䰀愀搀礀 䈀爀椀最栀椀搀 渀椀 䌀栀椀愀爀愀椀渀ഊSettmour Swamp, East (NJ) ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㄀ 伀挀琀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀㌀㨀㔀　㨀㌀　 ⴀ　㜀　　 ⠀倀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Huette von Ahrens ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀ഊ ਀䄀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最 樀甀猀琀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 洀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀猀 愀猀琀漀甀渀搀攀搀 洀攀⸀  䤀ഊhave never ordered anything from these people, but ਀昀爀漀洀 眀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最Ⰰ 䤀 眀椀氀氀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 椀猀㨀ഊ ਀匀挀栀漀攀渀栀漀昀✀猀 䘀漀爀攀椀最渀 䈀漀漀欀猀ഊ76A Mount Auburn St ਀䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 䴀䄀 　㈀㄀㌀㠀ഊTel: (617) 547-8855 ਀䘀愀砀㨀 ⠀㘀㄀㜀⤀ 㔀㐀㜀ⴀ㠀㔀㔀㄀ഊe-mail: info at schoenhofs.com ਀眀眀眀⸀猀挀栀漀攀渀栀漀昀猀⸀挀漀洀ഊ ਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最 椀猀㨀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 䌀愀琀愀氀漀最⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最 栀愀猀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 最爀愀洀洀愀爀猀 昀漀爀 㐀　　ഊlanguages and dialects. The catalog itself has more ਀琀栀愀渀 㘀㌀　 瀀愀最攀猀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 攀瘀攀爀礀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀ഊon earth and a few dead ones, too. You name a ਀氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 昀漀爀 椀琀⸀  匀漀洀攀ഊof the language/dictionaries that have caught my ਀愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀㨀ഊ ਀䄀爀愀最漀渀攀猀攀ഊAndalusi Arabic ਀䄀爀愀洀愀椀挀⼀䈀椀戀氀椀挀愀氀 䄀爀愀洀愀椀挀ഊCatalan ਀伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊMiddle English ਀伀氀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀ഊMedieval French ਀嬀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀爀攀渀挀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊ14th and 15th centuries] ਀䜀愀甀氀椀猀栀ഊLow German ਀䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䰀漀眀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀ഊOld High German ਀䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䠀椀最栀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀ഊOld Prussian ਀䜀漀琀栀椀挀ഊAncient Greek ਀䌀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 䜀爀攀攀欀ഊMedieval Greek ਀䠀攀戀爀攀眀⼀䈀椀戀氀椀挀愀氀 䠀攀戀爀攀眀ഊIcelandic ਀䌀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 䰀愀琀椀渀ഊMedieval Latin ਀伀氀搀 一漀爀猀攀ഊOccitan ਀愀渀搀 氀漀琀猀 洀漀爀攀 ⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䈀爀椀最栀椀搀Ⰰ 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 椀昀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀猀攀 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀ഊthe catalog lists a dictionary of obsolete and rarely ਀甀猀攀搀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 戀礀 䔀氀瘀椀爀愀 䴀甀渀漀稀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 㠀㐀ⴀ㈀㠀㌀ⴀ㄀㤀㠀㘀ⴀ㌀ഊ$32.95. and a dictionary of medieval spanish by ਀䴀愀爀琀椀渀 䄀氀漀渀猀漀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 㠀㐀ⴀ㜀㈀㤀㤀ⴀ㄀㘀㤀ⴀ㔀 ␀㄀㠀㤀⸀㤀㔀 ⠀㈀瘀⸀ഊ1635p.) The Origins of Spanish : Language on the ਀䤀戀攀爀椀愀渀 倀攀渀椀渀猀甀氀愀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 ㄀㄀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 戀礀 刀愀洀漀渀ഊMenendez Pidal. ISBN 84-239-47521. $99.95. There are ਀焀甀椀琀攀 愀 昀攀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀愀氀ഊwith medieval Spanish. ਀ഊThis place appears to be a source for anyone who wishes ਀琀漀 戀甀礀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 栀攀氀瀀 琀栀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀ഊtranslations. ਀ഊHuette ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㄀ 伀挀琀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀㜀㨀㈀　㨀㐀㈀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: "Alderton, Philippa" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀ഊ ਀䤀昀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 最漀 琀漀㨀ഊhttp://www.cs.latrobe.edu.au/~yuand/dict.html ਀ഊPhilippa Farrour ਀䌀愀攀爀 䘀爀椀最ഊSoutheastern Ohio ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㔀 一漀瘀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㈀㄀㨀㈀㜀㨀㈀㔀 ⴀ　㠀　　ഊFrom: "James F. Johnson" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 氀攀渀最琀栀 愀渀搀 戀爀攀愀搀琀栀 漀昀 倀攀爀椀漀搀 ⴀ 氀漀渀最 愀渀搀 眀椀搀攀Ⰰ 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀ഊ ਀䌀栀愀渀渀漀渀䴀 愀琀 愀漀氀⸀挀漀洀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> << Only the two main groups in ਀㸀  渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 搀愀礀 䤀琀愀氀礀 愀渀搀 椀渀 䄀焀甀椀琀愀椀渀攀 栀愀搀 愀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀ഊ> (according to the Romans). >> ਀㸀ഊ> Actually there was a written language of Oghams(line markings) that were used ਀㸀 戀礀 瀀爀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 䤀爀椀猀栀 䌀攀氀琀猀⸀ 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 琀漀 愀戀漀甀琀 椀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䤀 欀渀漀眀ഊ> that it was used. ਀ഊUse of Ogham script prior to the 4th century CE is a matter of ਀琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 戀攀氀椀攀昀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 椀琀⸀ 䠀攀渀挀攀 椀琀猀 甀猀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀ഊdocumentable until just before the Romans left the British Isles (406 ਀䌀䔀⤀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 戀攀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 漀瘀攀爀 昀漀甀爀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 漀昀 渀漀琀攀ഊis most ogham inscriptions are given names with patronymics, and the ਀圀攀氀猀栀 椀渀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 戀椀ⴀ氀椀渀最甀愀氀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 戀礀 愀 开䰀愀琀椀渀开 椀渀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊAnd the fact that two characters of ogham, the 'h' and 'z' are not in ਀䔀爀猀攀 ⠀䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀⤀Ⰰ 猀甀最最攀猀琀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 漀最栀愀洀 猀挀爀椀瀀琀⼀愀氀瀀栀愀戀攀琀 眀愀猀ഊimported. BTW, there is an /h/ in Classical Latin, often missing in ਀嘀甀氀最愀爀 䰀愀琀椀渀㬀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 琀栀椀渀欀 琀栀攀 ⼀猀⼀ 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀渀漀甀渀挀攀搀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 琀漀 愀ഊlispy /z/ and is retained in easter Romance languages. ਀ഊSeumas ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 圀愀樀搀椀 㰀愀㄀㐀栀 愀琀 稀攀戀爀愀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊTo: TY at reashelm.ce.utk.edu ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀甀攀猀搀愀礀Ⰰ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㘀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㤀 ㄀　㨀㐀　 倀䴀ഊSubject: [TY] found a language tutor site w/free download ਀ഊJust found a site with free downloads of their tutoring programs in Latin, ਀匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀Ⰰ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀Ⰰ 䄀爀愀戀椀挀Ⰰ 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀Ⰰ 倀漀爀琀甀最甀攀猀攀Ⰰ 倀漀氀椀猀栀Ⰰ 䐀甀琀挀栀ⰀഊSwedish, and ***Irish Gaelic***. ਀ഊThe url is: ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀琀氀搀漀眀渀氀漀愀搀⸀挀漀洀ഊfor those of ya'll that are interested. ਀ഊwajdi ਀ഊ ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀䌀䄀ⴀ唀崀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⼀最爀愀洀洀愀爀猀ഊDate: Sun, 5 Dec 1999 19:02:57 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 匀琀攀瀀栀愀渀椀攀 䈀甀搀椀渀 㰀猀戀甀搀椀渀 愀琀 匀䄀匀⸀唀倀䔀一一⸀䔀䐀唀㸀ഊReply-To: SCA Forum for Research in Medieval and Renaissance Re-enactment ਀     㰀匀䌀䄀ⴀ唀一䤀嘀䔀刀匀䤀吀䄀匀 愀琀 䰀䤀匀吀⸀唀嘀䴀⸀䔀䐀唀㸀ഊTo: SCA-UNIVERSITAS at LIST.UVM.EDU ਀ഊ Two English-language text books are: ਀        圀⸀圀⸀ 䬀椀戀氀攀爀⸀  开䄀渀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 伀氀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀开⸀  䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀ഊAssociation of America. New York. 1984. ਀ഊ E. Einhorn. _Old French: A Concise Handbook_. Cambridge ਀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㜀㐀⸀ഊ ਀        吀栀愀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 椀猀 愀 戀椀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 甀猀攀 甀渀氀攀猀猀 礀漀甀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 欀渀漀眀ഊeither modern French or Latin or both. The former is more of a text ਀戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 礀漀甀 猀琀椀氀氀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 戀椀琀 漀昀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 琀漀 最攀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 椀琀Ⰰഊinsofar as he jumps right on into the readings (and you learn the grammar ਀愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 愀渀礀 攀洀瀀栀愀猀椀猀 漀渀 瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀⤀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀ഊtwo I've come across in English. ਀ഊ The main Old French dictionary is: ਀        䄀⸀䨀⸀ 䜀爀攀椀洀愀猀⸀  开䄀渀挀椀攀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀愀椀猀开⸀  䰀愀爀漀甀猀猀攀⸀  倀愀爀椀猀⸀  ㄀㤀㠀　⸀ഊ ਀        䤀琀 最漀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 伀氀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 琀漀 䴀漀搀攀爀渀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 攀愀猀礀 琀漀ഊfind on Bookfinder.com. Otherwise there's: ਀        䌀⸀圀⸀ 䄀猀瀀氀愀渀搀⸀  开䄀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 刀攀愀搀攀爀开⸀  伀砀昀漀爀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀ഊClarendon Press. 1979. ਀ഊ As it says, it's a reader, but it does have a glossery at the end ਀眀栀椀挀栀 最漀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 伀氀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 琀漀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ഊ ਀        䈀漀渀渀攀 䌀栀愀渀挀攀℀ഊ Azalais ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀䴀攀氀愀渀椀攀 圀椀氀猀漀渀∀ 㰀䴀攀氀愀渀椀攀圀椀氀猀漀渀 愀琀 戀椀最昀漀漀琀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊDate: Wed, 22 Dec 1999 18:48:00 -0000 ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀䘀吀䘀崀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 伀吀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀㨀ഊhttp://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/ ਀ഊMel ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 匀愀琀Ⰰ ㈀㈀ 䨀愀渀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㐀㨀㌀㔀㨀㔀㠀 ⬀　㄀　　ഊFrom: Thomas Gloning ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 ☀ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 栀攀搀最攀栀漀最 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀ഊ ਀䐀椀愀渀愀 搀✀䄀瘀椀最渀漀渀 猀愀椀搀㨀ഊ<< Italian, spanish and some french I can manage, but I was not able to ਀猀琀甀搀礀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 椀渀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 㸀㸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀氀礀 ∀瀀攀爀椀漀搀∀ ⠀愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 昀漀爀 愀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀搀礀⤀⸀ഊFurnivall has the following quotation about "The Ladies & men of Queen ਀䔀氀椀稀愀戀攀琀栀✀猀 䌀漀甀爀琀∀ 昀爀漀洀 愀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 挀栀爀漀渀椀挀氀攀 ⠀㄀㔀㜀㜀⤀㨀ഊ ਀∀䄀渀搀 琀漀 猀愀椀攀 栀漀眀 洀愀渀礀 最攀渀琀氀攀眀漀洀攀渀 愀渀搀 氀愀搀椀攀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 戀攀猀椀搀攀ഊsound knowledge of the GrÈeke and Latine toongs, are thereto no lesse ਀猀欀椀氀昀甀氀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 漀爀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ ⸀⸀⸀∀ഊ(Furnivall, Manners and Meals in Olden time, 1866, p. cxxiv). ਀ഊNo mention of German here! ਀ഊThomas ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㈀ 䴀愀爀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㄀㨀㔀㐀㨀㈀㄀ ⴀ　㔀　　 ⠀䔀匀吀⤀ഊFrom: Morgan Cain morgancain at earthlink.net ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀ഊ ਀䰀愀搀礀 䈀爀椀最栀椀搀 渀椀 䌀栀椀愀爀愀椀渀 渀漀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀ⴀ䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 圀攀戀⸀  ഊ ਀吀爀甀攀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最 愀琀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀愀挀猀琀愀昀昀⸀戀甀挀欀渀攀氀氀⸀攀搀甀⼀爀戀攀愀爀搀⼀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀㌀⸀栀琀洀氀⌀挀愀琀愀氀愀渀 ⠀愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 䜀爀攀攀欀ⴀ䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 漀渀氀礀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀⤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀昀 礀漀甀 氀漀漀欀 甀渀搀攀爀 ∀䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀爀猀∀ 礀漀甀 挀愀渀 瀀椀挀欀 甀瀀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 氀漀琀 ഊ ਀⠀眀攀戀猀椀琀攀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀愀挀猀琀愀昀昀⸀戀甀挀欀渀攀氀氀⸀攀搀甀⼀爀戀攀愀爀搀⼀最爀愀洀洀愀爀猀㄀⸀栀琀洀氀⌀挀愀琀愀氀愀渀⤀ഊ ਀䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 氀漀漀欀猀 氀椀欀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 眀椀琀栀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 攀渀搀椀渀最猀⸀  圀栀攀渀 䤀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 椀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀 䤀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 椀渀 䈀愀爀挀攀氀漀渀愀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 攀渀樀漀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀最愀椀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 漀瀀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䘀爀愀渀挀漀 爀攀最椀洀攀⸀  䴀愀渀礀 猀琀爀攀攀琀 猀椀最渀猀 愀渀搀 戀椀氀氀戀漀愀爀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 愀氀漀渀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 愀渀搀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀⸀  吀栀攀礀 愀氀猀漀 最愀瘀攀 洀攀 愀 戀漀漀欀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀Ⰰ 䤀䤀刀䌀 ⠀椀琀✀猀 渀漀琀 栀愀渀搀礀 戀礀⤀Ⰰ 戀椀氀椀渀最甀愀氀 椀渀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 愀渀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀  䄀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀愀洀洀愀爀 眀攀戀猀椀琀攀猀 愀氀猀漀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 戀椀氀椀渀最甀愀氀 琀攀砀琀猀⸀ ഊ ਀                           ⴀⴀⴀ㴀 䴀漀爀最愀渀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 23 Mar 2000 10:21:56 -0800 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀䰀愀甀爀愀 䌀⸀ 䴀椀渀渀椀挀欀∀ 㰀氀挀洀 愀琀 攀昀渀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊSubject: Re: SC - Mediaeval cookbooks to begin with ਀ഊAngie Malone wrote: ਀㸀 䘀漀爀 洀攀Ⰰ 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 戀愀猀椀挀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 愀渀礀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀ഊ> medieval history, and as far as being able to tell old English writing from ਀㸀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 攀渀最氀椀猀栀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最⠀椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 琀攀爀洀㼀⤀ 䤀 愀洀 攀瘀攀渀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀甀攀氀攀猀猀⸀ഊ ਀䨀甀猀琀 昀漀爀 愀渀 䘀夀䤀 琀栀攀渀ⴀഊ ਀伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⠀漀爀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀⤀ 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 戀愀爀攀氀礀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀礀洀愀渀⸀ഊThe opening lines of _Beowulf_ "Hwaet! We gar-dena, in geardagum/ theod ਀挀礀渀椀渀最愀Ⰰ 琀栀爀礀洀 最攀昀爀甀渀渀漀洀⼀栀甀 琀栀愀 愀攀琀栀攀氀椀渀最愀猀Ⰰ 攀氀氀攀渀 昀爀攀洀攀搀漀渀⸀⸀⸀∀ ⠀洀椀渀甀猀ഊthe 'funny' letters of course) bear little resemblance to what we see in ਀琀栀攀 吀椀洀攀猀 漀渀 漀甀爀 搀漀漀爀猀琀攀瀀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀⼀眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 愀 洀椀氀氀攀渀椀甀洀ഊago. And honestly, I know of no (Zero, zippo, nada, zilch) cookbooks ਀攀砀琀愀渀琀 椀渀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 ㄀㈀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 眀愀猀 愀 猀栀椀昀琀 ⠀愀猀猀椀猀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀 洀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰഊno doubt) toward what we call Middle English (frequently abbreviated ਀䴀䔀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 䴀䔀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 甀猀攀搀 戀礀ഊMaster Geoffery Chaucer. Many would agree that his _Canterbury Tales_ ਀⤀∀圀栀愀渀 䄀瀀爀椀氀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 椀琀猀 猀栀漀甀爀攀猀 猀眀攀攀琀攀⼀ 琀栀攀 昀氀漀甀爀攀猀 栀愀琀栀 瀀椀攀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊroote") is much more accessible, if a bit unweildy, and an undergrad can ਀甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 瀀氀漀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䴀䔀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀琀椀攀渀琀ഊprofessor and a good glossary/lexicon. Many of our primary texts are in ਀䴀䔀ⴀ 琀栀攀 开䌀甀爀礀 漀渀 䤀渀最氀礀猀挀栀开Ⰰ 开吀眀漀 䘀椀昀琀攀攀渀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䌀漀漀欀攀爀礀 䈀漀漀欀猀开Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊmisc. pages in the Harleian, etc. The recipes included in Pleyn Delit ਀愀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀䔀 挀漀爀瀀甀猀 漀昀 琀攀砀琀猀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 昀椀昀琀攀攀渀琀栀⼀攀愀爀氀礀 猀椀砀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 椀猀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀栀椀昀琀Ⰰ 愀猀猀椀猀琀攀搀ഊby the Great Vowel Shift (ha!) and we then call it Early Modern English ਀⠀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀礀洀愀渀ⴀ 吀甀搀漀爀 漀爀 䔀氀椀稀愀戀攀琀栀愀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀⸀ 匀栀愀欀攀猀瀀攀愀爀攀愀渀Ⰰ 椀昀 礀漀甀ഊwill. And most of us can get through those texts readily, if given some ਀昀氀攀砀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 愀爀挀栀愀椀挀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最⸀ഊ ਀䈀愀猀椀挀 挀氀甀攀猀㼀ഊ ਀伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⼀䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀ⴀ 氀漀漀欀猀 氀椀欀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 漀爀 一漀爀猀攀⸀ 圀攀椀爀搀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀⸀ 伀渀氀礀ഊa few familiar-looking words. ਀ഊMiddle English- a few weird letters, a handfull of German-looking words, ਀焀甀椀琀攀 愀 昀攀眀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀ⴀ戀愀猀攀搀 眀漀爀搀猀⸀ 䄀渀 攀砀琀爀愀 ✀攀✀ 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 眀漀爀搀猀⸀ 夀漀甀ഊcan read portions of it at sight. ਀ഊEarly Modern English- fairly easily read, especially if you read OUT ਀䰀伀唀䐀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀渀欀 ✀匀栀愀欀攀猀瀀攀愀爀攀✀⸀ 䘀攀眀 昀甀渀欀礀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 瀀爀攀琀琀礀ഊstrightforward. ਀ഊGood translations of cookbooks are pretty easy to find (_Pleyn Delit_ is ਀漀渀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀⤀Ⰰ 猀漀 搀漀渀✀琀 猀眀攀愀琀 椀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀ഊgood ones will have the original, with the translation and the ਀爀攀搀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊ ਀✀䰀愀椀渀椀攀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: Valoise Armstrong ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊDate: Friday, March 17, 2000 9:52 AM ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 䠀䔀䰀倀℀℀℀伀渀氀椀渀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀 昀爀漀洀 漀氀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 琀漀 一攀眀ഊ ਀刀愀猀Ⰰ 琀爀礀 琀栀椀猀 猀椀琀攀㨀ഊhttp://www.mediaevum.de/wb.htm ਀ഊIt has a Mittlelhochdeutsch (old German) to German dictionary as ਀眀攀氀氀 愀猀 愀 䰀愀琀椀渀 琀漀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀 琀爀椀攀搀 礀攀琀⸀ഊ ਀嘀愀氀漀椀猀攀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 27 Apr 2000 14:24:25 -0700 (PDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䠀甀攀琀琀攀 瘀漀渀 䄀栀爀攀渀猀 㰀愀栀爀攀渀猀栀愀瘀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: SC - igrounden & middle english ਀ഊ- --- Seton1355 at aol.com wrote: ਀㸀 䤀琀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀℀  䠀愀猀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 攀瘀攀爀 猀攀攀渀ഊ> THE STORY OF ENGLISH? It ਀㸀 眀愀猀 漀渀 倀䈀匀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀最漀⸀  䄀渀礀眀愀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 猀攀最洀攀渀琀ഊ> about middle english. They ਀㸀 栀愀瘀攀 猀漀洀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 椀琀 愀渀搀 椀琀 ⨀椀猀⨀ 瘀攀爀礀 洀甀猀椀挀愀氀ഊ> sounding. ਀ഊYes, I have not only seen it, but I video taped it ਀愀氀猀漀⸀  䠀愀瘀攀 愀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 愀氀猀漀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀ഊfascinating series that explains the unique history of ਀漀甀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀渀搀 栀漀眀 椀琀 挀愀洀攀 琀漀 戀攀 猀漀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀⸀ഊ ਀伀渀攀 漀昀 洀礀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 猀攀最洀攀渀琀猀 椀猀 漀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀猀 琀栀攀ഊinfluences of invaders to the language. I.e.: take ਀琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 ∀栀甀猀戀愀渀搀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀眀椀昀攀∀⸀  䠀甀猀戀愀渀搀 挀漀洀攀猀 昀爀漀洀ഊthe ON hus bondi, meaning "householder"; wife comes ਀昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 伀䔀 眀椀昀Ⰰ 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 ∀眀椀昀攀∀⸀  吀栀椀猀 琀攀渀搀猀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀ഊthat the Norse men came without their families and ਀琀漀漀欀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 眀椀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 樀甀砀琀椀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 眀栀漀ഊwere the servants and who were the masters. ਀ഊOld English Old French ਀ഊCow Beef ਀倀椀最                     倀漀爀欀ഊSheep Mutton ਀䐀攀攀爀                    嘀攀渀椀猀漀渀ഊChicken, duck, goose Poultry ਀ഊSo after the Norman Conquest, the English became the ਀猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀猀 眀栀漀 琀漀漀欀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀攀猀琀漀挀欀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊNormans became the lords who ate the livestock. ਀ഊNeat, huh? ਀ഊHuette ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㜀 䄀瀀爀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㜀㨀㈀㄀㨀㄀㘀 ⴀ　㜀　　 ⠀倀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Huette von Ahrens ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀㨀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 昀漀漀搀ഊ ਀㰀䜀甀攀渀攀瘀攀爀攀开一攀氀猀漀渀ⴀ䴀攀氀戀礀 愀琀 渀攀攀搀栀愀洀⸀欀㄀㈀⸀洀愀⸀甀猀㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> I am looking for a book that would give me the ਀㸀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊ> language, along with examples of the ਀㸀 氀愀琀椀渀ⴀ昀爀攀渀挀栀ⴀ愀渀最氀漀 猀愀砀漀渀 ⠀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⤀ഊ> words for similar items/ food. ਀ ഊ> guenevere ਀ഊThe best book I could recommend is: ਀ഊMcCrum, Robert ਀  吀栀攀 匀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 ⼀ 刀漀戀攀爀琀 䴀挀䌀爀甀洀Ⰰ 刀漀戀攀爀琀 䴀愀挀一攀椀氀ഊ... [et al.] New rev. edition. New York : Penguin ਀䈀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⸀ഊISBN 0140154051 ਀ഊ$19.95 (paperback) from Amazon.com ਀ഊHuette ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㜀 䄀瀀爀 ㈀　　　 ㈀㄀㨀㔀㤀㨀㄀㤀 䔀䐀吀ഊFrom: Morgana Abbey ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 椀最爀漀甀渀搀攀渀 ☀ 洀椀搀搀氀攀 攀渀最氀椀猀栀ഊ ਀䤀 氀椀欀攀 䠀攀椀渀氀攀椀渀✀猀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀椀漀渀㨀  䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 一漀爀洀愀渀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀ഊtrying to get dates with Anglo-Saxon barmaids. ਀ഊThis is also why English nouns don't have gender. Anglo-Saxon and French ਀昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 挀氀愀猀栀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 最攀渀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 椀琀 眀愀猀 愀氀氀 搀爀漀瀀瀀攀搀⸀ഊ ਀䴀漀爀最愀渀愀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 26 Jun 2002 01:58:46 +1000 ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最ഊFrom: Mark Calderwood ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 瀀爀漀渀甀渀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀ഊ ਀䴀椀最栀琀 䤀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 愀 挀爀愀挀欀椀渀最 戀漀漀欀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀ഊsubject called "The Story of English" (McCrum, Cran & MacNeil, BBC 1992), ਀眀栀椀挀栀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 琀栀攀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀渀搀 椀琀✀猀 洀愀渀礀 瘀愀爀椀愀渀琀猀Ⰰഊincluding the American "reform" in the late 18th and early 19th centuries ਀戀礀 一漀愀栀 圀攀戀猀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀䜀椀氀攀猀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "Russell Husted" ਀吀漀㨀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最ഊSubject: ANST - translations ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ 　㘀 䨀甀氀 ㈀　　　 　㄀㨀㌀㄀㨀㐀㘀 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀匀挀爀椀戀攀猀 甀猀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 漀甀爀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀挀爀椀戀愀氀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 栀愀猀 ഊset up a site where scribes from the known world can find people who will ਀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 猀挀爀漀氀氀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 ✀愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀✀⸀ 匀漀Ⰰ 椀昀 礀漀甀 愀爀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 ഊin being on the list, here is his site: ਀ഊhttp://translate.thibault.org/login.php3 ਀ഊIf you can speak and translate to another language, and are willing to do ਀猀漀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀攀爀 礀漀甀爀猀攀氀昀 漀渀 栀椀猀 猀椀琀攀⸀ 䄀氀氀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀℀ഊ ਀洀愀栀攀攀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: lordxbrew at aol.comohwell (xaviar) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: learn SCOTTISH Gaelic, and Irish, and Manx ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㄀㠀 䨀甀氀 ㈀　　　 　㐀㨀㈀㐀㨀㌀㈀ 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀圀栀愀琀 椀猀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 愀渀搀 眀栀漀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 䜀愀攀氀猀㼀ഊ ਀䜀愀攀氀椀挀 椀猀 愀渀 攀渀最氀椀猀栀 眀漀爀搀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀爀攀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 昀漀爀洀 漀渀攀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀ഊthe Celtic language family group. These three gaelic languages are ਀ഊ[*]Irish Gaelic (Gaeilge) ਀ഊ[*]Manx Gaelic (Gailck) ਀ഊ[*]Scottish Gaelic (Gˆidhlig) ਀ഊThese three languages are spoken in Ireland, Man and Scotland. The Gaels ਀愀爀攀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 眀栀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀 琀栀攀猀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 漀爀 搀椀搀 猀漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀猀琀⸀ 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 眀愀猀ഊin danger of being exterminated in many of the traditional gaelic speaking ਀愀爀攀愀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 渀漀眀 愀 最愀攀氀椀挀 爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 栀愀猀 猀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 琀爀攀渀搀 椀昀 渀漀琀 礀攀琀ഊreversed it. ਀ഊhttp://metalab.unc.edu/gaelic/canan.html ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 洀椀琀琀氀攀 愀琀 瀀愀渀椀砀⸀挀漀洀 ⠀䄀爀瘀愀氀 搀✀䔀猀瀀愀猀 一漀爀搀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 氀攀愀爀渀 匀䌀伀吀吀䤀匀䠀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀爀椀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䴀愀渀砀ഊDate: 18 Jul 2000 11:17:27 -0400 ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 倀䄀一䤀堀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 䄀挀挀攀猀猀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀渀搀 唀一䤀堀Ⰰ 一夀䌀ഊ ਀䤀 栀攀猀琀椀琀愀琀攀 琀漀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀 洀礀猀攀氀昀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀栀椀氀搀椀猀栀 猀焀甀愀戀戀氀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀ഊfact worth injecting into the thread. ਀ഊ> Gaelic is an english word for any of three languages which form one half of ਀㸀 琀栀攀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 最爀漀甀瀀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 最愀攀氀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀ഊ> ਀㸀 嬀⨀崀䤀爀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 ⠀䜀愀攀椀氀最攀⤀ഊ> ਀㸀 嬀⨀崀䴀愀渀砀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 ⠀䜀愀椀氀挀欀⤀ഊ> ਀㸀 嬀⨀崀匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 ⠀䜂였椀搀栀氀椀最⤀ഊ ਀䤀渀 漀甀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 ഊdialectical difference from one country to another, and the Manx used a ਀瘀攀爀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 䤀爀椀猀栀 漀爀 匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀 䜀愀攀氀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀ഊone language. ਀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀㴀ഊArval d'Espas Nord mittle at panix.com ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 洀椀琀琀氀攀 愀琀 瀀愀渀椀砀⸀挀漀洀 ⠀䄀爀瘀愀氀 搀✀䔀猀瀀愀猀 一漀爀搀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 氀攀愀爀渀 匀䌀伀吀吀䤀匀䠀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀爀椀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䴀愀渀砀ഊDate: 19 Jul 2000 09:50:06 -0400 ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 倀䄀一䤀堀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 䄀挀挀攀猀猀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀渀搀 唀一䤀堀Ⰰ 一夀䌀ഊ ਀䜀爀攀攀琀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀爀瘀愀氀℀ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀渀 漀甀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  堀愀瘀椀愀爀 愀猀欀攀搀㨀ഊ> Where is your information from? ਀ഊGeneral knowledge. However, you can find a discussion of the development ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀愀攀氀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 椀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀渀渀椀挀愀 伀渀ⴀ氀椀渀攀✀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 漀渀 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀⸀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: lordxbrew at aol.comohwell (xaviar) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊDate: 18 Jul 2000 05:23:28 GMT ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 氀攀愀爀渀 圀攀氀猀栀 漀渀氀椀渀攀ഊ ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀挀猀⸀戀爀漀眀渀⸀攀搀甀⼀昀甀渀⼀眀攀氀猀栀⼀栀漀洀攀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: gunnora at realtime.net ਀吀漀㨀 最挀开爀栀礀氀 愀琀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀⸀挀漀洀ഊCc: stefan at texas.net ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ 㘀 一漀瘀 ㈀　　　 　㠀㨀㌀㤀㨀㔀㤀 ⴀ㘀　　ഊSubject: Re: transaltion ਀ഊ>hi my name is Gareth and i was wondering if you could ਀㸀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀 ∀眀攀 眀椀氀氀 爀漀挀欀 礀漀甀∀ 椀渀琀 氀愀琀椀渀 昀漀爀 洀攀 ഊ ਀䠀攀氀氀漀Ⰰ 䜀愀爀攀琀栀⸀ഊ ਀一漀Ⰰ 䤀 挀愀渀✀琀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀⸀  倀氀攀愀猀攀 爀攀挀愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 ∀爀漀挀欀∀ 愀猀 愀ഊverb is EXTREMELY recent slang. ਀ഊLanguage is an interesting thing. Did you know that every language encodes ਀琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀ⴀ瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀栀漀 猀瀀漀欀攀 琀栀愀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀㼀  吀栀愀琀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀椀渀欀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀氀礀 戀甀琀 猀攀攀 愀渀搀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀氀礀㼀ഊ ਀ 䰀愀琀椀渀 攀渀挀漀搀攀猀 愀 眀漀爀氀搀ⴀ瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 眀漀爀氀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 瘀漀挀愀戀甀氀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 猀氀愀渀最 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 搀愀礀⸀ ⠀䘀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 琀漀瀀椀挀Ⰰ 猀攀攀㨀ഊHill, Jane. "Language, culture and world view". In F. Newman, ed. Linguistics: ਀吀栀攀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 匀甀爀瘀攀礀 嘀漀氀 䤀嘀⸀ 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㠀⸀ 瀀瀀 ㄀㐀ⴀ㌀㘀⸀⤀ഊ ਀䤀昀 礀漀甀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 爀攀瀀栀爀愀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 猀攀渀琀攀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀 最爀愀洀洀愀爀ഊteacher would have approved of, then it would be much easier to translate. ਀ഊ::GUNNORA:: ਀ഊ ਀吀漀㨀 㰀猀瀀挀愀ⴀ眀愀猀挀愀攀爀昀爀椀最 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀最爀漀甀瀀猀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊFrom: "Paul D. Buell" ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 匀愀琀Ⰰ ㌀㄀ 䄀甀最 ㈀　　㈀ ㄀㐀㨀㈀㤀㨀㔀㘀 ⴀ　㜀　　ഊSubject: Re: [spca-wascaerfrig] Asdsdorted answers... ਀ഊYep. The Latin teacher (former) in me comes out on occasions.... One of the ਀瀀栀爀愀猀攀猀 䤀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀 琀漀漀 洀甀挀栀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀最攀琀 洀礀 愀甀搀椀攀渀挀攀 椀猀 氀愀椀 挀栀愀漀 攀爀 爀甀 最漀渀最Ⰰഊ"come to court and bear tribute," used whenever someone expects me to get ਀搀漀眀渀 漀渀 愀氀氀 昀漀甀爀猀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀 椀渀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀漀椀渀最 猀漀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 栀愀猀Ⰰഊhowever, gotten use to bingjiling (frozen whatever) for ice-cream, xigua ਀⠀眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 洀攀氀漀渀⤀ 昀漀爀 眀愀琀攀爀 洀攀氀漀渀Ⰰ 最漀甀瀀椀 ⠀搀漀最 昀愀爀琀⤀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 戀甀氀氀 猀栀椀琀Ⰰ 漀爀 瀀愀椀洀愀瀀椀ഊ(patting the horse's fart) for kissing arse. I guess we are a special ਀氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀渀 漀甀爀 漀眀渀⸀ 䄀渀搀 洀礀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 䬀愀稀愀欀栀㨀 椀琀ഊuredi, karawan koshedi, "a dog barks, the caravan moves on," and the ਀䴀漀渀最漀氀椀愀渀㨀 礀愀瘀猀愀渀 渀漀砀漀椀 礀愀猀 戀愀爀椀欀栀℀Ⰰ ∀琀栀攀 搀漀最 琀栀愀琀 最漀攀猀 嬀漀甀琀 昀漀爀 椀琀崀 最攀琀猀ഊthe bone." No wonder I am, sob, misunderstood.... Paul ਀ഊ----- Original Message ----- ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀䜀漀爀最攀漀甀猀 䴀甀椀爀攀搀愀挀栀∀ 㰀洀甀椀爀攀搀愀挀栀 愀琀 戀洀攀攀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊTo: ਀匀攀渀琀㨀 匀愀琀甀爀搀愀礀Ⰰ 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㌀㄀Ⰰ ㈀　　㈀ ㈀㨀㄀㐀 倀䴀ഊSubject: Re: [spca-wascaerfrig] Asdsdorted answers... ਀ഊ> >Or is ਀㸀 㸀琀栀愀琀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 眀栀愀琀 ∀䐀攀 最甀猀琀椀戀甀猀 渀漀渀 攀猀琀 搀椀猀瀀甀琀愀渀搀甀洀⸀∀ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀猀 琀漀㼀ഊ> ਀㸀 䐀攀猀 最漀甀琀猀Ⰰ 漀渀 渀攀 搀椀猀挀甀琀攀 瀀愀猀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 伀栀Ⰰ 猀漀爀爀礀Ⰰ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 搀漀攀猀渀✀琀 栀攀氀瀀 礀漀甀 栀攀爀攀 㬀ⴀ⤀ഊ> ਀㸀 ∀䌀愀渀✀琀 愀爀最甀攀 琀愀猀琀攀猀∀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 㨀ⴀ⤀ഊ> ਀㸀 䜀漀爀最攀漀甀猀 䴀甀椀爀攀搀愀挀栀 琀栀攀 伀搀搀ഊ> Clan of Odds ਀㸀 匀栀椀爀攀 漀昀 䘀漀爀琀栀 䌀愀猀琀氀攀ഊ> Meridies ਀㸀 洀欀愀ഊ> Nicolas Steenhout ਀ഊ ਀吀漀㨀 匀倀䌀䄀 㰀猀瀀挀愀ⴀ眀愀猀挀愀攀爀昀爀椀最 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀最爀漀甀瀀猀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊFrom: Marilyn Traber ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 匀甀渀Ⰰ 　㠀 匀攀瀀 ㈀　　㈀ ㄀　㨀㐀㈀㨀㈀㈀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊSubject: [spca-wascaerfrig] [Fwd: Publication announcement (J. Blau)] ਀ഊAnd another that might be useful. ਀洀愀爀最愀氀椀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "Matthew S. Gordon" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 倀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀洀攀渀琀 ⠀䨀⸀ 䈀氀愀甀⤀ഊTo: H-MIDEAST-MEDIEVAL at H-NET.MSU.EDU ਀ഊFrom: Yohanan Friedmann ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀  　㤀ⴀ　㘀ⴀ　㈀ഊmsyfried at mscc.huji.ac.il ਀ഊThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem ਀吀栀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 䄀猀椀愀渀 愀渀搀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀渀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀ഊThe Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation ਀ഊis pleased to announce the publication of ਀ഊ"A Handbook of Early Middle Arabic" (260 pp.) ਀ഊby Joshua Blau ਀ഊIn the present "Handbook of Early Middle Arabic", Professor ਀䨀漀猀栀甀愀 䈀氀愀甀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀攀戀爀攀眀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䨀攀爀甀猀愀氀攀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 甀渀搀椀猀瀀甀琀攀搀 ഊdean ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀Ⰰ 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 愀 爀攀氀椀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 甀瀀ⴀ琀漀ⴀ搀愀琀攀ഊsurvey, comprehensive yet concise, of the whole field. ਀ഊThe Handbook contains a grammatical outline of Middle Arabic ਀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀渀漀琀愀琀攀搀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀ഊa glossary of all words occurring in the book. ਀ഊAn important feature of the book is the variety of texts ਀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 挀漀瘀攀爀 ⠀愀⤀ 䴀甀猀氀椀洀Ⰰ ⠀戀⤀ 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 愀渀搀 ⠀挀⤀ 䨀攀眀椀猀栀ഊMiddle Arabic, each represented by typical or noteworthy examples, ਀猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 栀攀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 倀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀ഊsignificant are the Jewish texts, Rabbanite and Karaite, which ਀栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀ഊtransmitted in different orthographical modes. Standard Judaeo-Arabic ਀漀爀琀栀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 猀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 匀愀愀搀椀愀 䜀愀漀渀Ⰰ 儀椀爀焀椀猀愀渀椀 愀渀搀ഊDavid b. Abraham al-Fasi. Linguistically more revealing are ਀䨀甀搀愀攀漀ⴀ䄀爀愀戀椀挀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 瀀栀漀渀攀琀椀挀 漀爀琀栀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀㬀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀ഊexemplified in the Handbook by selected texts on papyrus, ਀戀礀 猀瀀攀挀椀洀攀渀猀 漀昀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䠀愀氀愀欀栀漀琀 倀攀猀甀焀漀琀 愀渀搀 愀 ഊtranslation of ਀琀栀攀 䈀椀戀氀椀挀愀氀 戀漀漀欀 漀昀 倀爀漀瘀攀爀戀猀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 䄀瀀瀀攀渀搀椀砀Ⰰ 琀眀漀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 瘀漀挀愀氀椀稀攀搀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 愀爀攀ഊgiven: one written in Coptic characters, the other a Judaeo-Arabic ਀氀攀琀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀愀椀爀漀 䜀攀渀椀稀愀⸀ഊ ਀倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䈀氀愀甀✀猀 ∀䠀愀渀搀戀漀漀欀∀ 眀椀氀氀 攀渀愀戀氀攀 愀氀氀 䄀爀愀戀椀猀琀猀 琀漀 最愀椀渀ഊimmediate access to the world of Middle Arabic, guided in their ਀樀漀甀爀渀攀礀ഊby the leading authority in the field. On the one hand, scholars ਀昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 漀渀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀Ⰰ 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 琀漀渀最甀攀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 猀攀攀ഊin what directions the language subsequently developed; on the other ਀栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 搀椀愀氀攀挀琀漀氀漀最椀猀琀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 愀昀昀漀爀搀攀搀 愀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 最氀椀洀瀀猀攀 椀渀琀漀ഊthe history of modern colloquial forms. The "Handbook..." will thus be a ਀瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 琀漀漀氀 昀漀爀 愀氀氀 眀栀漀 愀爀攀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ഊArabic tongue. ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊ--------------------------------------------------------- ਀伀刀䐀䔀刀 䘀伀刀䴀ഊThe price of the volume is $47.00. Postage and handling: $2.00 ਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀㬀 ␀㄀⸀　　 昀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀⸀ 䤀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀ഊmembers of the association "From Jahiliyya to Islam" pay $33 + $2.00 ਀⠀洀攀洀戀攀爀猀✀ 瀀爀椀挀攀 椀猀 瘀愀氀椀搀 昀漀爀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 猀愀氀攀猀 漀渀氀礀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀ഊbooksellers). Cheques payable to the Schloessinger Memorial Foundation ਀猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 猀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 倀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 䴀愀砀ഊSchloessinger Memorial Foundation, Institute of Asian and African Studies, ਀吀栀攀 䠀攀戀爀攀眀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 䨀攀爀甀猀愀氀攀洀 㤀㄀㤀　㔀Ⰰ 䤀猀爀愀攀氀⸀ 倀氀攀愀猀攀 渀漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀ഊcannot accept Eurocheques or credit cards, but personal and ਀椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀愀氀 挀栀攀焀甀攀猀 椀渀 礀漀甀爀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 愀爀攀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䤀渀焀甀椀爀椀攀猀㨀 ഊE-mail: ਀洀猀樀猀愀椀 愀琀 瀀氀甀琀漀⸀洀猀挀挀⸀栀甀樀椀⸀愀挀⸀椀氀 ⼀ 䘀愀砀㨀 ⬀㤀㜀㈀ⴀ㈀ⴀ㔀㠀㠀ⴀ㌀㘀㔀㠀ഊ ਀倀氀攀愀猀攀 猀攀渀搀 开开开开开开开 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 䄀 䠀愀渀搀戀漀漀欀 漀昀 䔀愀爀氀礀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀ഊName: _______________________________________________________________ ਀ഊAddress: ਀开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开 开ഊ________________________________________________________ ਀ഊ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ਀ഊJerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam ਀吀栀攀 䴀愀砀 匀挀栀氀漀攀猀猀椀渀最攀爀 䴀攀洀漀爀椀愀氀 䘀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀ഊThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem ਀䨀攀爀甀猀愀氀攀洀 㤀㄀㤀　㔀Ⰰ 䤀猀爀愀攀氀ഊFax: +972-2-588-3658 ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀刀漀戀椀渀 䌀愀爀爀漀氀氀ⴀ䴀愀渀渀∀ 㰀爀挀洀愀渀渀㐀 愀琀 攀愀爀琀栀氀椀渀欀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊTo: sca-cooks at ansteorra.org ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀　 䘀攀戀 ㈀　　㌀ 　㄀㨀㐀㜀㨀　㜀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊSubject: [Sca-cooks] For the Italian scholars amongst us ਀ഊA 1611 Italian/English dictionary, with a section on grammar: ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀瀀戀洀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀氀椀渀搀愀栀氀⼀昀氀漀爀椀漀⼀ഊ ਀䈀爀椀最栀椀搀 渀椀 䌀栀椀愀爀愀椀渀 ⨀⨀⨀ 洀欀愀 刀漀戀椀渀 䌀愀爀爀漀氀氀ⴀ䴀愀渀渀ഊBarony of Settmour Swamp, East Kingdom ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㈀㌀ 䨀愀渀 ㈀　　㐀 ㄀　㨀㌀㈀㨀㌀㈀ ⴀ　㠀　　 ⠀倀匀吀⤀ഊFrom: Huette von Ahrens ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 䰀愀洀戀 ⠀眀愀猀 刀攀㨀 氀攀渀琀Ⰰ 眀椀渀攀Ⰰ 椀渀搀甀氀最攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 搀攀ഊ Nola) ਀吀漀㨀 䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 ∀吀栀攀 匀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀∀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀ഊrelationship between Anglo-Saxon and Norman words ਀猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀⸀ഊ ਀䄀氀氀 琀栀攀 䄀匀 眀漀爀搀猀 嬀猀栀攀攀瀀Ⰰ 挀漀眀Ⰰ 瀀椀最Ⰰ 搀攀攀爀崀 猀栀漀眀ഊthat the Saxons were the caretakers of the ਀愀渀椀洀愀氀猀⸀ഊ ਀䄀氀氀 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀 眀漀爀搀猀 嬀洀甀琀琀漀渀Ⰰ 戀攀攀昀Ⰰ 瀀漀爀欀Ⰰ 瘀攀渀椀猀漀渀崀ഊshow that the Normans were the eaters of the ਀愀渀椀洀愀氀猀⸀ഊ ਀䠀甀攀琀琀攀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Sun, 17 Oct 2004 00:44:05 -0700 (PDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䠀甀攀琀琀攀 瘀漀渀 䄀栀爀攀渀猀 㰀愀栀爀攀渀猀栀愀瘀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Names of foods in other languages ਀吀漀㨀 䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀ 匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 㰀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀搀 愀琀 愀挀洀⸀漀爀最㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> Greetings from Solveig! ਀㸀ഊ>> This is the best place for buying _any_ foreign ਀㸀㸀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀㨀ഊ>> http://www.schoenhofs.com/ ਀㸀㸀ഊ>> They are in Cambridge Massachusetts. ਀㸀ഊ> Shoenhof's is a fun store, but their language selection is much more limited ਀㸀 琀栀愀渀 礀漀甀 猀甀最最攀猀琀 愀渀搀 椀猀 栀攀愀瘀椀氀礀 眀攀椀最栀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀渀氀礀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀ഊ> handful of languages. ਀ഊMaybe _in_ their store, but their catalog and ਀眀攀戀猀椀琀攀 漀昀昀攀爀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀 愀渀搀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀 漀昀ഊdictionaries, including many Medieval English, ਀䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀洀 昀漀爀 洀礀 漀眀渀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀ഊuse, but several libraries that I have worked for ਀栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀 挀甀猀琀漀洀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀ഊordered for them many different dictionaries in ਀猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 漀戀猀挀甀爀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀⸀  吀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀ഊalways filled the orders in a reasonable time ਀瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀 琀漀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀ഊwarehouse filled with these dictionaries. I ਀猀甀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 搀漀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀 昀爀漀洀ഊcatalog sales and website orders than they do ਀昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 猀琀漀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀礀 戀攀 眀栀礀 琀栀攀椀爀ഊstore is limited but their catalog isn't. I ਀眀漀甀氀搀渀✀琀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 椀昀 䤀 栀愀搀渀✀琀 栀愀搀ഊexperience with them. ਀ഊHuette ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㠀 䨀甀氀 ㈀　　㔀 ㈀㈀㨀㌀㤀㨀㈀㌀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: Robin ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 䌀漀漀欀椀渀最 昀愀琀猀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀ഊTo: Cooks within the SCA ਀ഊDaniel Myers wrote: ਀㸀 䜀爀攀最 䰀椀渀搀愀栀氀✀猀 猀椀琀攀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 搀漀眀渀Ⰰ 猀漀 䤀 挀愀渀✀琀 挀栀攀挀欀 䌀漀琀琀最爀愀瘀攀✀猀ഊ> dictionary. (I hope it's just temporary) ਀㸀ഊ> - Doc ਀ഊDo you know about the historic French dictionaries here? ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀椀戀⸀甀挀栀椀挀愀最漀⸀攀搀甀⼀攀昀琀猀⼀䄀刀吀䘀䰀⼀瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀猀⼀搀椀挀漀猀⼀ഊ-- ਀䈀爀椀最栀椀搀 渀椀 䌀栀椀愀爀愀椀渀ഊBarony of Settmour Swamp, East Kingdom ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㈀㈀ 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㜀㨀㄀㠀㨀㐀㈀ ⴀ　㜀　　 ⠀倀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Huette von Ahrens ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 䄀 昀攀眀 洀漀爀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀渀 氀愀洀戀猀ഊTo: Cooks within the SCA ਀ഊ--- Patrick Levesque wrote: ਀ഊ> Actually, in French, Ox and Beef both translate as 'Boeuf' - there is no ਀㸀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 琀攀爀洀猀⸀ 匀愀洀攀 琀栀椀渀最 最漀攀猀 昀漀爀 䌀愀氀昀 愀渀搀  ഊ> Veal, which are 'Veau'. ਀ഊThis reminds me of the PBS show called, "The Story of English", which pointed ਀漀甀琀 猀漀洀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 昀愀挀琀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀攀昀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀⼀一漀爀洀愀渀ഊCow is from the Anglo/Saxon ਀ഊMutton is from the French/Norman ਀匀栀攀攀瀀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀⼀匀愀砀漀渀ഊ ਀倀漀爀欀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀⼀一漀爀洀愀渀ഊPig is from the Anglo/Saxon ਀ഊVenison is from French/Norman ਀䐀攀攀爀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀渀最氀漀⼀匀愀砀漀渀ഊ ਀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀栀漀眀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀焀甀攀爀漀爀猀 愀渀搀ഊtherefore the eaters of the beasts, while the Anglo-Saxons became the caretakers ਀愀渀搀 挀漀漀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀愀猀琀猀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䠀甀攀琀琀攀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: Russel Polk ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㄀㘀Ⰰ ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㄀㨀㔀㈀㨀㔀㌀ 䄀䴀 䌀䐀吀ഊTo: Barony of Bryn Gwlad ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀䈀爀礀渀ⴀ最眀氀愀搀崀 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 漀昀 圀攀氀猀栀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ ਀䰀伀一䐀伀一 ⠀刀攀甀琀攀爀猀⤀ ⴀ 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀 椀渀 圀愀氀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 氀攀昀琀 爀攀搀ⴀ昀愀挀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀椀渀最 挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 挀漀渀昀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 愀 爀漀愀搀 猀椀最渀 琀攀氀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 愀 戀氀愀搀搀攀爀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀⸀ഊ ਀伀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀猀 栀愀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 ∀挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 搀椀猀洀漀甀渀琀∀ 昀爀漀洀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 椀渀琀漀 圀攀氀猀栀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀椀最渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 倀攀渀愀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 䌀愀爀搀椀昀昀⸀ഊ ਀䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀昀昀氀椀渀最 瀀栀爀愀猀攀㨀 ∀䰀氀椀搀 礀 戀氀攀搀爀攀渀 搀礀洀挀栀眀攀氀礀搀∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 爀漀甀最栀氀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀猀 愀猀 ∀戀氀愀搀搀攀爀 椀渀昀氀愀洀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀瘀攀爀琀甀爀渀∀⸀ഊ ਀∀吀栀攀 爀漀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 眀愀猀 猀攀攀欀椀渀最 愀渀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀✀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 眀攀渀琀 眀爀漀渀最Ⰰ∀ 愀 挀漀甀渀挀椀氀 猀瀀漀欀攀猀洀愀渀 猀愀椀搀 漀渀 圀攀搀渀攀猀搀愀礀⸀ ∀唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀 眀攀 攀渀搀攀搀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀⸀∀ഊAll signs in Wales must be written in both the local language as well as English. ਀ഊ"The order in which the words have been placed means the sentence makes no sense whatsoever," Welsh-language expert Owain Sgiv told the South Wales Echo newspaper. ਀ഊ"It certainly does not mean anything like cyclists dismount." ਀ഊThe council spokesman said the sign was being replaced.
 ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㌀㄀ 䨀愀渀 ㈀　　㜀 ㄀㐀㨀　㈀㨀　　 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: Jadwiga Zajaczkowa / Jenne Heise ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀匀䌀䄀ⴀ䄀匀崀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䌀漀洀瀀攀渀搀椀甀洀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 䘀刀䔀䔀⸀⸀⸀⸀ഊTo: sca-librarians at fiedlerfamily.net, Arts and Sciences in the SCA ਀ऀ㰀愀爀琀猀猀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀最愀氀氀漀眀最氀愀猀猀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀⠀䜀攀琀琀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀渀攀 漀昀 漀甀爀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 䬀椀渀最猀 瘀椀愀 䰀椀瘀攀䨀漀甀爀渀愀氀 椀猀 甀渀攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 ഊbut lovely) ਀儀唀伀吀䔀㨀ഊ ਀䠀漀眀 最攀攀欀礀 椀猀 椀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀猀 栀愀猀 洀攀 琀栀爀椀氀氀攀搀㼀ഊThe University of Michigan announces that under new arrangements worked ਀漀甀琀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀猀ഊof the online "Middle English Compendium," including the online version ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 渀漀眀 昀爀攀攀氀礀 愀挀挀攀猀猀椀戀氀攀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 昀攀攀Ⰰഊpassword, or any other impediment to access: ਀ഊ ਀ഊThe MED has hitherto been available only on a subscription or ਀瀀愀猀猀眀漀爀搀ⴀ瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 戀愀猀椀猀Ⰰ 琀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 倀爀攀猀猀 爀攀挀漀甀瀀攀搀 椀琀猀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀愀氀ഊcontribution to the original conversion costs. This has now been ਀愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀攀 愀爀攀 最爀愀琀攀昀甀氀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀最爀攀攀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 栀愀猀ഊcome to liberate it. ਀ഊIt was always our hope and intention to open the MED when we could, ਀戀漀琀栀 椀渀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 ⠀琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀猀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀ഊlibrary we are dedicated), and with the expectation that open access ਀眀椀氀氀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀愀琀攀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀氀椀渀欀椀渀最 愀洀漀渀最猀琀 猀椀戀氀椀渀最 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀ഊbetween MED and other projects (e.g. online editions, which are now free ਀琀漀 氀椀渀欀 氀攀砀椀挀愀氀 氀漀漀欀甀瀀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 䴀䔀䐀 攀渀琀爀礀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 瀀爀攀猀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 椀猀 栀攀爀攀㨀ഊhttp://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=3125 ਀ⴀⴀ ഊ-- Jadwiga Zajaczkowa, Knowledge Pika jenne at fiedlerfamily.net ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㠀 䘀攀戀 ㈀　　㜀 ㈀㌀㨀　㔀㨀㄀㌀ ⴀ　㌀　　ഊFrom: Suey ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 倀椀攀 椀渀 愀 倀椀瀀欀椀渀ഊTo: sca-cooks at lists.ansteorra.org ਀ഊ"Mairi Ceilidh" wrote: ਀㸀 匀瀀攀愀欀椀渀最 漀昀 礀漀甀爀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ ⸀ ⸀眀栀椀挀栀 漀渀攀猀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 洀漀猀琀  ഊ> useful, especially for . . . Catalan translations? ਀ഊI only use Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana which is on line: ਀眀眀眀⸀最爀攀挀⸀渀攀琀⼀栀漀洀攀⼀挀攀氀⼀搀椀挀挀⸀栀琀洀 唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 椀琀 椀猀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 䌀愀琀愀氀愀渀 戀甀琀 䤀ഊfind it the most reliable. ਀ഊSuey ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㈀ 䴀愀爀 ㈀　　㜀 　㄀㨀㄀㘀㨀㈀㐀 ⴀ　㜀　　 ⠀倀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Huette von Ahrens ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 眀愀昀昀氀攀猀⼀栀漀氀栀椀瀀瀀攀渀ഊTo: Cooks within the SCA ਀ഊ--- Terry Decker wrote: ਀ഊ> I also use a fairly expensive Cassell's dictionary that gives a lot ਀㸀 漀昀 甀猀愀最攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊ> I'm still looking for some Middle German dictionaries so I can be a ਀㸀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 洀漀爀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀⸀ഊ ਀㸀 䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀䤀 甀猀攀 䌀愀猀猀攀氀氀✀猀 愀氀猀漀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀⸀ഊ ਀䄀猀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀爀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 昀椀渀搀 漀渀攀 愀琀ഊhttp://www.schoenhofs.com/ ਀ഊThey are the best place to buy foreign language dictionaries. They ਀栀愀瘀攀 琀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 猀攀氀氀 琀漀 氀椀戀爀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䠀甀攀琀琀攀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 12 Mar 2007 08:34:18 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀吀攀爀爀礀 䐀攀挀欀攀爀∀ 㰀琀⸀搀⸀搀攀挀欀攀爀 愀琀 眀漀爀氀搀渀攀琀⸀愀琀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] waffles/holhippen ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀㸀㸀 䤀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀 愀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀椀瘀攀ഊ>> Cassell's dictionary that gives a lot of usage information. I'm still ਀㸀㸀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀 猀漀 䤀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 洀漀爀攀ഊ>> accurate. ਀㸀ഊ> Which edition is that, and how expensive? I've been using the Harper ਀㸀 䌀漀氀氀椀渀猀 甀渀愀戀爀椀搀最攀搀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀Ⰰ 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀Ⰰഊ> but want to get a good dictionary of my own. ਀ഊI use the Cassell's German-English English-German Dictionary that was ਀爀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䠀愀爀漀氀搀 吀⸀ 䈀攀琀琀攀爀椀搀最攀⸀  䤀琀 挀漀猀琀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 ␀㐀　 渀攀眀⸀  䤀 戀漀甀最栀琀 洀椀渀攀ഊused for about $10. Over the years, I've found Cassell and Langenscheidt to ਀瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 昀漀爀攀椀最渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 12 Mar 2007 15:51:28 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀䐀愀渀椀攀氀  倀栀攀氀瀀猀∀ 㰀瀀栀攀氀瀀猀搀 愀琀 最愀琀攀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] waffles/holhippen ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀圀愀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀㨀ഊ<<< I use the Cassell's German-English English-German Dictionary that was ਀爀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䠀愀爀漀氀搀 吀⸀ 䈀攀琀琀攀爀椀搀最攀⸀  䤀琀 挀漀猀琀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 ␀㐀　 渀攀眀⸀  䤀 戀漀甀最栀琀 洀椀渀攀ഊused for about $10. Over the years, I've found Cassell and Langenscheidt to ਀瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 昀漀爀攀椀最渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀椀攀猀⸀ 㸀㸀㸀ഊ ਀䤀✀瘀攀 最漀琀 愀 䈀愀渀琀愀洀 一攀眀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 䌀愀猀猀攀氀氀✀猀ഊGerman, French and Spanish-English respectively and a couple of ਀䰀愀渀最攀渀猀挀栀攀椀搀琀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 瀀漀挀欀攀琀 猀椀稀攀搀⸀  䴀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ⴀ䈀爀攀琀漀渀 䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 椀猀ഊMouladuriou Hor Yezh which I assume is a small press. My Portuguese-English ਀椀猀 昀爀漀洀 倀漀挀欀攀琀 䈀漀漀欀猀⸀ 䴀礀 䜀爀攀攀欀ⴀ䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 椀猀 昀爀漀洀 䐀愀瘀椀搀 䴀挀䬀愀礀 䌀漀洀瀀愀渀礀Ⰰ 䤀渀挀⸀ഊHope this helps in picking. ਀ഊDaniel ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䰀椀氀礀 刀漀猀攀 匀椀渀挀氀愀椀爀攀 㰀氀椀氀礀爀漀猀攀⸀猀椀渀挀氀愀椀爀攀 愀琀 最洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊDate: June 25, 2007 10:57:50 PM CDT ਀吀漀㨀 䈀愀爀漀渀礀 漀昀 䈀爀礀渀 䜀眀氀愀搀 㰀戀爀礀渀ⴀ最眀氀愀搀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Bryn-gwlad] interesting group ਀ഊHere's a timeline - it illustrates the various influences on the English language. Pretty colors too. ਀ഊhttp://www.danshort.com/ie/timeline.htm ਀ ഊLily ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀䔀甀氀攀∀ 㰀攀甀氀攀 愀琀 攀挀瀀椀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊDate: February 25, 2008 5:05:12 PM CST ਀吀漀㨀 ∀✀䈀愀爀漀渀礀 漀昀 䈀爀礀渀 䜀眀氀愀搀✀∀ 㰀戀爀礀渀ⴀ最眀氀愀搀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Bryn-gwlad] WHAT DOES THIS MEAN IN ENGLISH ਀ഊOn Mon, 25 Feb 2008, Eule wrote: ਀㰀㰀㰀㰀ഊ> after looking it up on my favorite latin to english translator ਀ഊWANT. ਀䜀䤀嘀䔀⸀ഊ ਀䐀愀渀椀栀攀氀 ∀䔀倀䤀䌀 䘀䄀䤀䰀∀ 䰀椀渀搀甀洀ഊ-- ਀吀椀洀 䴀挀䐀愀渀椀攀氀Ⰰ 琀洀挀搀 愀琀 瀀愀渀椀砀⸀挀漀洀 㸀㸀㸀㸀ഊ ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ⴀ最甀椀搀攀⸀挀漀洀⼀昀爀攀攀开漀渀氀椀渀攀开琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀猀⸀瀀栀瀀㼀昀爀漀洀㴀䔀渀最氀椀猀ഊh&to=Latin ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ⴀ最甀椀搀攀⸀挀漀洀⼀昀爀攀攀开漀渀氀椀渀攀开琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀猀⸀瀀栀瀀㼀昀爀漀洀㴀䰀愀琀椀渀☀ഊto=English ਀ഊIt swings both ways too, btw... ਀ഊ;-) ਀ഊEule/Steve ਀唀渀甀猀 猀攀搀 䰀攀漀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 14 Apr 2008 13:07:42 -0700 (PDT) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䐀愀渀椀攀氀 䴀礀攀爀猀 㰀攀搀漀甀愀爀搀开栀愀氀椀搀愀椀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Period Cookbooks and Period to modern ਀ऀ最氀漀猀猀攀爀椀攀猀ഊTo: Cooks within the SCA ਀ഊ--- jwills47933 at aol.com wrote: ਀㸀 䤀 眀愀猀 眀漀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 眀攀爀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀ഊ> period cookbooks and Period to modern glosseries.? I ਀㸀 瘀攀爀礀 洀甀挀栀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 最攀琀 洀礀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 ⠀瀀攀爀椀漀搀⤀ 挀甀氀椀渀愀爀礀ഊ> show going as it were. ਀ഊTo add to the previously posted lists of links: ਀ഊI have a bunch of links to various primary and ਀猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 ⠀愀氀氀 昀爀攀攀⤀ 愀琀ഊhttp://www.medievalcookery.com/etexts.shtm ਀ഊI've also got a small online glossary of Middle ਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最 琀攀爀洀猀 愀琀ഊhttp://www.medievalcookery.com/dictionary/dictionary.shtm ਀ഊOn a related note, Greg Lindahl has copies of ਀䌀漀琀最爀愀瘀攀✀猀 ㄀㘀㄀㄀ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀ⴀ䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 䘀氀漀爀椀漀✀猀ഊ1611 Italian-English dictionary. ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀瀀戀洀⸀挀漀洀⼀縀氀椀渀搀愀栀氀⼀挀漀琀最爀愀瘀攀⼀ഊhttp://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/florio/ ਀ഊ- Doc ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀猀愀爀眀攀爀㄀ 愀琀 最洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀∀ 㰀猀愀爀眀攀爀㄀ 愀琀 最洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 䰀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 匀礀猀琀攀洀ഊDate: Tue, 26 Feb 2008 08:52:46 -0800 (PST) ਀ഊThis is my first participation in this site. It is my pleasure to help ਀琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 眀椀猀栀 琀漀 氀攀愀爀渀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀⸀ 䤀 欀渀漀眀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀稀攀搀 猀椀琀攀 椀渀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最ഊArabic language for non-Arabs where you can learn Arabic characters ਀昀爀攀攀 愀渀搀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀爀攀⸀ഊ ਀眀眀眀⸀吀栀攀最爀攀攀渀最愀琀攀⸀渀攀琀ഊhttp://thegreengate.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=132&Itemid=221&lang=English ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 匀甀渀Ⰰ 㐀 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　㠀 ㄀㌀㨀㐀㈀㨀　　 ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: "Audrey Bergeron-Morin" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀ഊTo: "Cooks within the SCA" ਀ഊ> It's going to be a long day and a night ਀㸀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀洀攀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ⴀ琀漀ⴀ䘀爀攀渀挀栀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀椀稀攀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ> system that will make the latter happy. As bilingual comedian Eddie ਀㸀 䤀稀稀愀爀搀 猀愀礀猀Ⰰ ∀䤀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀漀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀℀∀ഊ ਀䤀琀✀猀 最漀琀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀⸀ 䤀琀✀猀 琀爀甀攀 漀昀 愀渀礀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀ 䘀爀攀渀挀栀ഊis much closer to English than we tend to think (partly because a lot ਀漀昀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 眀漀爀搀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀昀琀攀爀 ㄀　㘀㘀Ⰰഊand partly, I think, because they evolved close to each other for ਀洀椀氀氀攀渀椀愀⤀ 琀栀愀渀Ⰰ 猀愀礀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀渀攀猀攀⸀⸀⸀ 䤀✀洀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀 戀礀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ 一漀渀攀 漀昀 甀猀ഊworking in the field are worried about computers taking our jobs, for ਀琀栀椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 爀攀愀猀漀渀⸀ 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 琀漀漀⸀⸀⸀ 栀甀洀愀渀⸀⸀⸀ 漀爀 椀爀爀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀⸀⸀⸀ഊto be successully translated by machines, unless you confine ਀礀漀甀爀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 琀漀 瘀攀爀礀 渀愀爀爀漀眀 昀椀攀氀搀猀 ⠀昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀ഊautomatic translation tools for weather reports). ਀ഊOf course, it's much worse when you're trying to translate things that ਀搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 愀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀 漀昀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀Ⰰ 洀漀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 琀栀愀渀 渀漀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊgrammar/vocabulary wasn't fixed yet and varied from writer to writer ਀愀渀搀 爀攀最椀漀渀 琀漀 爀攀最椀漀渀⸀ 䄀渀搀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀漀漀氀猀 挀愀渀✀琀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀ഊbecause of those same variations. ਀ഊEven when it's a human doing the work, it's sometimes not much better ਀戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 挀愀渀 戀攀 瘀攀爀猀攀搀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊtime but know nothing about cooking, so it comes out all wrong. We've ਀愀氀氀 爀攀愀搀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 搀漀渀✀琀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 甀猀攀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀ഊwe know they're full of inaccuracies. ਀ഊAs for the present debate, I think if someone is posting a recipe in ਀愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀礀 琀愀氀欀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 椀琀✀猀 最爀攀愀琀℀ഊI don't expect a full translation, but if they're posting on the list ਀愀猀欀椀渀最 愀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀✀氀氀 最攀琀 洀漀爀攀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 愀渀猀眀攀爀猀 椀昀ഊthey make sure everybody can understand. If they post it just because ਀琀栀攀礀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 猀栀愀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀椀氀氀 搀漀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀ഊthing that comes on the list: decide if it's pertinent for them, then ਀欀攀攀瀀 椀琀 漀爀 搀攀氀攀琀攀 椀琀℀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 16 Oct 2008 16:59:54 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀匀愀洀 圀愀氀氀愀挀攀∀ 㰀猀愀洀开眀愀氀氀愀挀攀 愀琀 栀漀琀洀愀椀氀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: [Sca-cooks] Language Resource ਀吀漀㨀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀䤀 眀愀猀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀渀 愀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀 愀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀 ഊfound the following resource and thought it might be of use to others on ਀琀栀椀猀 氀椀猀琀㨀ഊ ਀䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 伀戀猀漀氀攀琀攀 愀渀搀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀椀愀氀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 戀礀 吀栀漀洀愀猀 圀爀椀最栀琀ഊ ਀嘀漀氀 ㄀ ⠀䄀ⴀ䘀⤀ഊhttp://books.google.com/books?id=-cQRAAAAIAAJ ਀ഊVol 2 (G-Z) ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀戀漀漀欀猀⸀最漀漀最氀攀⸀挀漀洀⼀戀漀漀欀猀㼀椀搀㴀圀栀椀娀䨀䌀娀儀琀漀䴀䌀ഊ ਀䜀甀椀氀氀愀甀洀攀 ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris languages-msg Page 38 of 38 ਀ഊ