Sign-Lang-Wed-art - 8/28/09
਀ഊ"Wedding Vows Performed in 'Sign Language', and Signs in Other Ceremonies" by Lady Ásfríðr Ulfvíðardóttir.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: disabilities-msg, SCA-SL-art, sign-lang-msg, p-swears-msg, p-weddings-bib, weddings-msg, p-marriage-msg, Ger-marriage-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊWedding Vows Performed in 'Sign Language', and Signs in Other Ceremonies
਀戀礀 䰀愀搀礀 섀猀昀爀爀 唀氀昀瘀愀爀搀琀琀椀爀ഊ
਀䤀琀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 椀猀 渀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 ✀琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 挀栀甀爀挀栀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀昀 琀漀 洀愀爀爀礀 椀渀 愀 挀攀爀攀洀漀渀礀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀椀最渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀✀ ⠀䜀爀漀挀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㠀㬀 㜀㈀⤀ 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 最爀漀漀洀 洀愀欀椀渀最 ✀栀椀猀 瘀漀眀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀椀最渀猀⸀✀ ⠀䨀漀栀渀猀琀漀渀 愀渀搀 匀挀栀攀洀戀爀椀Ⰰ ㈀　　㜀㬀 㔀㔀⤀ 䤀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 唀爀猀甀氀愀 刀甀猀猀攀氀氀 愀渀搀 吀栀漀洀愀猀 吀椀氀猀礀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀琀 愀 搀攀攀瀀攀爀 氀攀瘀攀氀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀甀渀琀 愀猀 愀 ✀猀椀最渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀✀ഊ
਀伀渀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㔀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㜀㘀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀⸀⸀⸀ഊ
਀洀愀爀礀攀搀㬀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀礀搀攀 吀栀漀洀愀猀 眀愀猀 愀渀搀 椀猀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀 搀攀愀昀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 搀甀洀戀攀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 甀猀攀搀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 愀洀漀渀最猀琀 漀琀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀渀 栀攀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀Ⰰ 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 瀀愀爀琀攀 戀攀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀戀愀琀椀漀渀 栀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 吀栀漀洀愀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䈀椀猀栀漀瀀瀀攀 漀昀 䰀椀渀挀漀氀渀攀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 䌀栀椀瀀瀀攀渀搀愀氀攀Ⰰ 搀漀挀琀漀爀 椀渀 氀愀眀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀愀爀礀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀氀猀漀 漀昀 䴀爀⸀ 刀椀挀栀搀⸀ 䐀愀瘀礀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 䴀愀礀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 漀昀 䰀攀椀挀攀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 戀爀攀琀栀爀攀渀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀椀猀栀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀愀椀搀 吀栀漀洀愀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀渀最 漀昀 栀椀猀 洀椀渀搀 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 栀椀猀 漀眀渀 愀挀挀漀爀搀 甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀椀最渀猀 㨀 ഊ
਀䘀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 栀攀 攀洀戀爀愀挀攀搀 栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 愀爀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀漀欀 栀攀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 瀀甀琀琀 愀 爀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 栀攀爀 昀椀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 氀愀礀搀攀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀攀 甀瀀漀渀 栀椀猀 栀攀愀爀琀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 甀瀀漀渀 栀攀爀 栀攀愀爀琀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀氀搀 甀瀀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀攀猀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 栀攀愀瘀攀渀⸀ 䄀渀搀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀 栀椀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 搀眀攀氀氀 眀椀琀栀 栀攀爀 琀漀 栀椀猀 氀礀瘀攀猀 攀渀搀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀椀搀 椀琀 戀礀 挀氀漀猀椀渀最 漀昀 栀椀猀 攀礀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀椀最最椀渀最攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 昀漀漀琀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀氀氀椀渀最攀 愀猀 琀栀漀甀最栀 栀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀椀渀最 愀 戀攀氀氀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀椀最渀攀猀⸀ ഊ(Cox, 1910; 84)  
਀ഊThese gestures are abstractions, as for example the gesture of placing his hand over his heart indicates love, not that he merely owns a heart or a chest. (Marschark et al. 2002; 21) But it's unlikely that without already knowing what spoken wedding vows entail, that his gestures would otherwise have been as widely understood. The non-universal nature of such gestures, although it was believed that such signs were universal, and therefore their unintelligible nature to non-home signers, was a source of mocking humour for the hearing.(Saint Loup, 1993; 384) Furthermore, with very little detail of what the signs used were, it is impossible to know if the groom used 'a home sign system, or an older variety of signing related to modern [British Sign Language].' (Johnston and Schembri, 2007; 55)
਀ഊAlthough a 17th century example, another wedding was held on the 7th of November 1618, between Sarah Earle and the deaf-mute Thomas Speller. 
਀ഊ...the said Thomas Speller the dumb parties willingness to have the same performed, appeared, by taking the Book of Common Prayer and his licence in one hand and his bride in the other, and coming to Mr. John Briggs, our minister and preacher, and made the best signs he could to show that he was willing to be married, which was then performed accordinglie. 
਀ഊAnd also the said Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, as Mr. Briggs was informed, was made acquainted with the said marriage before it was solemnized, and allowed to be lawful. This marriage is set down at large, because we never had the like before. 
਀⠀䐀礀攀爀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㠀 ㄀㐀㄀⤀   ഊ
਀吀栀攀 椀猀猀甀攀 漀昀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀ⴀ洀漀搀攀爀渀 攀爀愀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 渀漀琀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 搀攀愀昀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 洀甀琀攀渀攀猀猀⸀ 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 氀愀眀猀 搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀攀ⴀ氀椀渀最甀愀氀氀礀 搀攀愀昀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 洀甀琀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 搀攀愀昀 瀀漀猀琀ⴀ氀椀渀最甀愀氀氀礀 漀爀 攀砀 愀挀挀椀搀攀渀琀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀瀀攀愀欀⸀ ✀伀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀猀攀搀 愀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀猀 愀琀 氀愀眀✀ ⠀倀氀愀渀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 㜀⤀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ ∀瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 漀昀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀∀ 洀愀礀 戀攀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀漀 爀攀琀愀椀渀 漀渀攀猀✀ 氀攀最愀氀 爀椀最栀琀猀Ⰰ 搀攀瀀攀渀搀椀渀最 漀渀 礀漀甀爀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 愀爀攀愀⸀ ⠀攀最⸀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 䴀椀猀栀渀愀 愀渀搀 吀愀氀洀甀搀⸀ 匀攀攀 娀眀椀攀戀攀氀 ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 㐀　㔀⤀ 䌀甀猀琀漀洀猀 愀渀搀 氀愀眀猀 瘀愀爀椀攀搀Ⰰ 猀漀 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀昀 挀漀甀氀搀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 眀椀氀氀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀 圀愀氀攀猀 琀栀攀礀 氀愀挀欀攀搀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀愀渀挀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀⸀ ⠀䌀漀瘀攀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㠀㬀 ㈀　㄀ⴀ㈀⤀ 䤀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀Ⰰ 搀攀愀昀 愀渀搀 洀甀琀攀 渀漀戀氀攀洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 甀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 椀渀栀攀爀椀琀 琀椀琀氀攀猀⸀⠀䐀椀洀洀漀挀欀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 㜀⤀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 漀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀 椀渀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ㄀㄀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 ∀洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 愀渀搀 搀椀瘀漀爀挀攀 愀爀攀 氀攀最愀氀氀礀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀洀⸀∀ ⠀娀眀椀攀戀攀氀 ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 㐀　㔀 愀渀搀 匀愀椀渀琀ⴀ䰀漀甀瀀 ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 ㌀㠀㤀⤀ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 攀猀猀攀渀挀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 琀爀愀挀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 䄀爀椀猀琀漀琀氀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 眀愀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀渀 椀渀猀琀椀渀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀渀欀椀渀最 栀甀洀愀渀猀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 愀渀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀搀 愀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 漀渀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最⸀⠀䐀椀洀洀漀挀欀 ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 ㄀⤀ 匀漀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀愀昀 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀挀愀瀀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 挀漀栀攀爀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 氀漀最椀挀愀氀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀Ⰰ 猀漀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 氀攀最愀氀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瘀椀攀眀 眀愀猀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 戀礀 最攀渀琀氀攀洀攀渀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 匀漀氀漀洀漀渀 䄀氀戀攀爀琀椀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㤀㄀ 眀爀漀琀攀 椀渀 䐀椀猀挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀渀 䐀攀愀昀渀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 匀瀀攀攀挀栀氀攀猀猀渀攀猀猀 琀栀愀琀 ∀搀攀愀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀攀爀攀 爀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 挀愀瀀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 氀愀挀欀攀搀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀⸀∀ ⠀嘀椀挀欀爀攀礀 瘀愀渀 䌀氀攀瘀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㤀㬀 㠀⤀ഊ
਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀昀 戀礀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 搀漀瘀攀琀愀椀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 漀昀 甀猀椀渀最 最攀猀琀甀爀攀 琀漀 爀攀椀渀昀漀爀挀攀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀⸀ 䤀琀椀渀攀爀愀渀琀 瀀爀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 漀渀眀愀爀搀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀椀渀最 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 ✀琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀攀爀洀漀渀猀 琀漀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 瀀攀爀猀甀愀猀椀瘀攀✀ ⠀匀愀椀渀琀ⴀ䰀漀甀瀀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 ㌀㤀㠀⤀Ⰰ 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 刀漀洀愀渀 搀攀戀愀琀攀⸀ ⠀䌀漀爀戀攀椀氀氀Ⰰ ㈀　　㐀㬀 ㈀ⴀ㌀⤀ 䤀渀 愀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀攀愀氀琀礀 愀渀搀 昀椀搀攀氀椀琀礀 猀眀漀爀渀 椀渀 愀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 挀攀爀攀洀漀渀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 漀昀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 戀攀椀渀最 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀眀攀愀爀 栀漀洀愀最攀 琀漀 栀椀猀 氀漀爀搀⸀ഊ
਀∀䤀渀 愀 ㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 栀漀洀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀㨀 ഊ1. That he swore to his lord to be 'his man' 
਀㈀⸀ 䠀攀 眀椀氀氀 猀攀爀瘀攀 栀椀洀 氀漀礀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 昀漀爀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ഊ3. In the name of the bond he will receive an estate. 
਀㐀⸀ 䠀攀 戀椀渀搀猀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 椀渀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 眀椀琀渀攀猀猀攀猀⸀∀ ഊ(Saint-Loup, 1993; 396)
਀ഊThe gestures performed to indicate these points, are: 
਀㄀⸀ 倀氀愀挀攀 栀椀猀 椀渀搀攀砀 昀椀渀最攀爀 椀渀 栀椀猀 洀漀甀琀栀⸀ ഊ2. Place both of his hands, over the clasped hands of his lord. 
਀㌀⸀ 倀漀椀渀琀猀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 猀栀攀愀瘀攀猀 漀昀 最爀愀椀渀 渀攀愀爀戀礀⸀ഊ
਀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 匀愀椀渀琀ⴀ䰀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 挀漀ⴀ攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 猀瀀漀欀攀渀 眀漀爀搀 愀渀搀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 椀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀攀攀渀 愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 洀漀爀攀 栀漀渀攀猀琀 琀栀愀渀 眀漀爀搀猀⸀ ∀䄀挀挀攀瀀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 愀 猀愀挀爀攀搀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 眀愀礀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀洀 眀漀爀琀栀礀Ⰰ∀ 愀渀搀 眀栀愀琀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀㼀 ⠀匀愀椀渀琀ⴀ䰀漀甀瀀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㌀㬀 ㌀㤀㘀⤀ 圀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 漀昀 爀椀琀甀愀氀椀稀攀搀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀 戀礀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀愀氀 愀渀搀 甀琀椀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀漀搀椀氀礀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 戀礀 搀攀愀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 猀攀攀洀猀 愀 氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀琀攀瀀⸀ഊ
਀䈀礀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀椀最渀猀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 椀昀 渀漀琀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 䬀椀渀最 䨀愀洀攀猀 䤀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀㌀　猀 琀漀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀 ✀猀椀最渀椀渀最 愀猀 愀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀猀栀椀瀀✀ ⠀䌀漀瘀攀礀 ㄀㤀㤀㠀㬀 ㈀　㌀⤀ 愀渀搀 匀椀爀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 䜀漀猀琀眀椀挀欀攀Ⰰ 愀 搀攀愀昀 䈀愀爀漀渀攀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 眀攀爀攀 昀氀甀攀渀琀 甀猀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最攀猀琀甀爀攀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 戀礀 䨀漀栀渀 䈀甀氀眀攀爀 椀渀 䌀栀椀爀漀氀漀最椀愀 ⠀㄀㘀㐀㐀⤀ 愀渀搀 倀栀椀氀漀挀漀瀀甀猀 ⠀㄀㘀㐀㠀⤀⸀ ⠀䬀礀氀攀 攀琀 愀氀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㔀㬀 㔀　⤀ 伀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 渀愀爀爀漀眀 攀猀猀愀礀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 琀愀欀攀 椀渀琀漀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 猀椀最渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 搀攀愀昀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀挀挀甀爀爀椀渀最 椀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 漀渀 ⠀攀最⸀ 倀氀愀渀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㜀⤀⸀ ഊ
਀ 䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀ഊ
ਠ∀ 䌀漀爀戀攀椀氀氀Ⰰ 䄀渀琀栀漀渀礀 一愀琀甀爀攀 䔀洀戀漀搀椀攀搀㨀 䜀攀猀琀甀爀攀 椀渀 䄀渀挀椀攀渀琀 刀漀洀攀 ⠀倀爀椀渀挀攀琀漀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　　㐀⤀ ഊ• Covey, Herbert C. Social Perceptions of People with Disabilities in History (Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, Ill, 1998.) 
ਠ∀ 䌀漀砀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 䌀栀愀爀氀攀猀 吀栀攀 倀愀爀椀猀栀 刀攀最椀猀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 ⠀䴀攀琀栀甀攀渀㨀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀　⤀ ഊ• Dimmock, A.F. Cruel Legacy (Scottish Workshop Publications: Edinburgh, 1993) 
ਠ∀ 䐀礀攀爀Ⰰ 吀⸀䘀⸀ 吀栀椀猀攀氀琀漀渀 伀氀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 氀椀昀攀 愀猀 琀漀氀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀椀猀栀 爀攀最椀猀琀攀爀猀 ⠀䔀⸀ 匀琀漀挀欀㨀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㠀⤀ ഊ• Groce, Nora Ellen Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1988) 
ਠ∀ 䨀漀栀渀猀琀漀渀 愀渀搀 匀挀栀攀洀戀爀椀Ⰰ 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀渀 匀椀最渀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀㨀 䄀渀 䤀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 䄀甀猀琀爀愀氀椀愀渀 匀椀最渀 䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀 䰀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀猀 ⠀䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀Ⰰ ㈀　　㜀⤀ ഊ• Kyle, JG, Woll, B., Pullen G., Maddix, F. Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language (Cambridge, New York : Cambridge Univ. Pr. 1985) 
ਠ∀ 䴀愀爀猀挀栀愀爀欀Ⰰ 䴀愀爀挀Ⰰ 䰀愀渀最Ⰰ 䠀愀爀爀礀 䜀⸀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䄀氀戀攀爀琀椀渀椀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 䄀渀琀栀漀渀礀 䔀搀甀挀愀琀椀渀最 䐀攀愀昀 匀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀㨀 䘀爀漀洀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 琀漀 倀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 ⠀伀砀昀漀爀搀㨀 伀砀昀漀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　　㈀⤀ ഊ• Plann, Susan "Pedro Ponce de Leon: Myth and Reality" in John Vickery Van Cleve [ed] Deaf History Unveiled (Gallaudet University Press: Washington DC, 1993) pp. 1-12 
ਠ∀ 倀氀愀渀渀Ⰰ 匀甀猀愀渀 䄀 匀椀氀攀渀琀 䴀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀㨀 䐀攀愀昀 䔀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㔀　ⴀ㄀㠀㌀㔀 ⠀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀 倀爀攀猀猀㨀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㜀⤀ ഊ• Saint-Loup, Aude de "Images of the Deaf in Medieval Western Europe" in Renate Fischer et. al. Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages (Signum Verlag: Germany,1993) 
ਠ∀ 嘀椀挀欀爀攀礀 瘀愀渀 䌀氀攀瘀攀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 愀渀搀 䌀爀漀甀挀栀Ⰰ 䈀愀爀爀礀 䄀⸀ 䄀 倀氀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 伀眀渀 ⠀䜀愀氀氀愀甀搀攀琀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀㨀 圀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀 䐀䌀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀⤀ ഊ• Zwiebel, Avraham "The Status of Deaf in the Light of Jewish Sources" " in Renate Fischer et. al. Looking Back: A Reader on the History of Deaf Communities and their Sign Languages (Signum Verlag: Germany,1993) 
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਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀挀漀洀洀漀渀猀⸀漀爀最⼀氀椀挀攀渀猀攀猀⼀戀礀ⴀ渀挀ⴀ猀愀⼀㌀⸀　⼀甀猀⼀ ഊArticle by Rebecca Lucas, 2009. <rebe.lucas at gmail.com>
਀伀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 瀀漀猀琀攀搀 漀渀氀椀渀攀 愀琀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀ⴀ戀愀氀琀椀挀⸀甀猀⼀猀椀最渀眀攀搀搀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ------
਀䤀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀猀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀 渀漀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 愀渀 攀洀愀椀氀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀渀 琀爀愀挀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀⸀ ⴀ匀琀攀昀愀渀⸀ഊ
਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris	Sign-Lang-Wed-art	Page 4 of 4
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