Norse-msg - 2/7/08 Norse culture. Viking raids. NOTE: See also the files: N-drink-ves-msg, N-drink-trad-art, Norse-food-art, N-calenders-art, Norse-games-art, books-Norse-msg, Norse-women-bib, Vikg-n-Irelnd-art, N-furniture-lnks. ************************************************************************ NOTICE - This file is a collection of various messages having a common theme that I have collected from my reading of the various computer networks. Some messages date back to 1989, some may be as recent as yesterday. This file is part of a collection of files called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org I have done a limited amount of editing. Messages having to do with separate topics were sometimes split into different files and sometimes extraneous information was removed. For instance, the message IDs were removed to save space and remove clutter. The comments made in these messages are not necessarily my viewpoints. I make no claims as to the accuracy of the information given by the individual authors. Please respect the time and efforts of those who have written these messages. The copyright status of these messages is unclear at this time. If information is published from these messages, please give credit to the originator(s). Thank you, Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous Stefan at florilegium.org ************************************************************************ From: greg at bronze.lcs.mit.edu (Greg Rose) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Sutton Hoo Bibliography Date: 29 Jun 1993 18:56:00 -0400 Organization: MIT LCS guest machine At long last, here is the select bibliography on Sutton Hoo, 1939- 1992. I call it a select bibliography because (1) I have systematically excluded newspaper articles and articles in popular magazines, (2) I have made no effort to cite all the literature on all excavations of AS cemeteries and related sites (such a bibliography would be three or four times the size of this -- if you are interested in these studies, consult section 9.d. ["Archaeology: Pagan cemeteries and Sutton Hoo"] in the annual bibliography at the back of each issue of the journal _Anglo-Saxon England_ and look at the bibliographies in each volume of the excavation report edited by R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford [listed below]) and (3) I have undoubtedly missed something in the scholarly literature which I should have included, for which I apologize. There are always scholarly disputes about the relevance or irrelevance of a citation for inclusion. I have endeavored to be conservative in the selection criteria. If I had reasons to question the relevance of a more general study, I excluded it. If there are objections to this method, the fault is my alone. Unfortunately I have not yet received a copy of R. Farrell and C. Newman de Vegvar, eds., _Sutton Hoo: Fifty Years After_ (Kalamazoo, forthcoming), which is still in press, and, therefore, I have neither cited it nor included its contents in the anthologies section. Since I do not have the time to annotate this bibliography, I have organized the citations under nineteen topical divisions: 1. Journals 2. Excavation Reports and Plans 3. Museum Handbooks 4. Anthologies 5. Theory and Interpretation 6. AS, Merovingian and Scandinavian Background 7. Inhumation Studies 8. The Ship 9. The Purse and Coins 10. The Whetstone 11. The Weapons and Armor 12. The Jewellery 13. Textiles 14. The Spoons 15. Other Items 16. Palaeo-environmental Studies 17. Sutton Hoo and OE Literature 18. Legal Issues 19. Bibliographies and Reviews To avoid duplication, when a citation could have fit under more than one topic, I placed it under the most relevant topic. No effort was made to disaggregate the contents of anthologies or the excavation report by topic; contents for each volume are listed under the volume's primary heading. I am making this bibliography available as a research tool. Please do not reprint or otherwise distribute this bibliography without prior permission from the author (permission may be obtained by containing the author by email at greg at bronze.lcs.mit.edu). Gregory F. Rose (Hossein Ali Qomi) ******************************************************************** A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SUTTON HOO, 1939-1992. By Gregory F. Rose c1993, all rights reserved ******************************************************************** 1. Journals (frequently containing information on Sutton Hoo; specific articles are cited by topic). _Antiquaries Journal_ _Antiquity_ _Bulletin of the Sutton Hoo Research Committee_. _Saxon: Bulletin of the Sutton Hoo Society_. _Anglo-Saxon England_. _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_. _East Anglian Archaeology_. _Medieval Archaeology_. 2. Excavation Reports and Plans. Anon. "Another Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo." _British Archaeology, 11 (1989). Anon. "Sutton Hoo." _Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit Report, 9 (1986-1987). Anon. "Sutton Hoo: the Leverhulme Trust Project." _Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit Report_ 10 (1988). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "Excavations at Sutton Hoo in 1938." _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology_ 30 (1964). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "Sutton Hoo Excavations, 1965-67." _Antiquity_ 42 (1968). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, I: Excavations, Background, the Ship, Dating and Inventory_. London, 1975. Contents: R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al., "The Site and the Grave-Field"; "The Excavation of Three Mounds at Sutton Hoo in 1938"; "The 1939 Excavations"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford and P. Ashbee, "The Re-Investigation of the Ship and the Ship-Barrow, 1965-70"; A.C. Evans and R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Ship"; R.L.S. Bruce- Mitford and M.R. Luscombe, "Complete Inventory of the Finds"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al., "Observations on the Burial Deposit"; "The Cenotaph Problem"; J.P.C. Kent, et al., "The Coins and the Date of the Burial"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "Who Was He?"; P.V. Hill, et al., "The Treasure Trove Inquest"; R.L.S. Bruce- Mitford, ed., "The Excavation Diary of C.W. Phillips." R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, II: Arms, Armour and Regalia_. London, 1978. Contents: R.L.S. Bruce- Mitford, et al., "The Shield"; "The Helmet"; "The Mailcoat"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford and D.F. Cutler, "Spears and Angons"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al., "The Sword"; "The Sceptre"; R.L.S. Bruce- Mitford, "The Wood, Bone or Ivory Rod"; "The Iron Stand"; "R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al., "The Gold Jewellery." R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, et al. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, III: Late Roman and Byzantine Silver, Hanging-Bowls, Drinking Vessels, Cauldrons and other Containers, Textiles, the Lyre, Pottery Bottle and Other Items_. London, 1975-83. Contents (Pt. 1): R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford and S.M. Youngs, "Silver"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Hanging Bowls."; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford and K. East, "Drinking- Horns, Maplewood Bottles and Burr-Wood Cups"; E. Crowfoot, "The Textiles". Contents (Pt. 2): A.C.Evans, "The Bronze Cauldrons"; V. H. Fenwick, "The Chainwork": K. East, "The Tub and Buckets"; S.M. Youngs, "The Pottery Bottle"; M. Bruce-Mitford and R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Musical Instrument"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Coptic Bowl"; "Buckles, Strap-Ends and Related Objects"; K. East, "The Shoes"; A.C. Evans and P. Galloway, "The Combs"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Axe-Hammer"; "The Iron Lamp"; S.M. Youngs, "The Gaming-Pieces"; R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "The Minor Objects"; M. Bimson and W.A. Oddy, "Aspects of the Technology of Glass and of Copper Alloys". M.O.H. Carver. "Sutton Hoo--Detailed Research Proposals." _Rescue News_ 31 (Autumn, 1983). M.O.H. Carver. "Sutton Hoo." _Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit Report_ 6 (1984 for 1983). M.O.H. Carver. "Anglo-Saxon Objectives at Sutton Hoo, 1985." _Anglo-Saxon England_ 15 (1986). M.O.H. Carver. "Digging for Ideas." _Antiquity_ 63 (1989). M.O.H. Carver. "Anglo-Saxon Discoveries at Sutton Hoo, 1987-1988." _Old English Newsletter_ 22.2 (1989). A.S. Crosley. "Survey of the 6th-Century Saxon Ship Burial." _Transactions of the Newcomen Society_ 23 (1942-43). G.E. Daniel. "The Sutton Hoo Research Project." _Antiquity_ 57 (1983). G.E. Fay. "Prehistoric Sutton Hoo." _Science_ 115 (1952). C. Graham-Kerr. "Digging at Sutton Hoo." _South Oxfordshire Archaeology Group Bulletin_ 44 (1988). T.D. Kendrick. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. I. The Discovery." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 (1939). T.D. Kendrick. "Inventory of the Principal Finds." _Antiquaries Journal_ 20 (1940). N. Kerr. "Sutton Hoo: A Rebuttal." _Rescue News_ 31 (1983). I.H. Longworth and I.A. Kinnes. _Sutton Hoo Excavations 1966, 1968- 70_. London, 1980. C.W. Phillips. "The Excavation of the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Antiquaries Journal_ 20 (1940). C.W. Phillips. "The Excavation of the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). C.W. Phillips. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Mariner's Mirror_ 26 (1940). C.W. Phillips. "The Excavation of the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." In R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, ed., _Recent Archaeological Excavations in Britain_. London, 1956. 3. Museum Handbooks. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Provisional Guide_. London, 1947. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Handbook_. 1st edition. London, 1968. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Handbook_. 2nd edition. London, 1972. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Handbook_. 3rd edition. London, 1978. 4. Anthologies. M.O.H. Carver, ed. _The Age of Sutton Hoo: The Seventh Century in North-Western Europe_. Woodbridge, 1992. Contents: C.J. Scull, "Before Sutton Hoo: Structures of Power and Society in Early East Anglia"; J. Newman, "The Late Roman and Anglo-Saxon Settlement Patterns in the Sandlings of Suffolk"; W. Filmer-Sankey, "Snape Anglo-Saxon Cemetery: The Current State of Knowledge"; M. Gelling, "A Chronology for Suffolk Place-Names"; S. Newton, "Beowulf and the East Anglian Royal Pedigree"; H. Loyn, "Kings, Gesiths and Thegns"; H. Geake, "Burial Practice in Seventh- and Eighth-Century England"; T.M. Dickinson and G. Speake, "The Seventh-Century Cremation Burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: a Reassessment"; J.D. Richards, "Anglo-Saxon Symbolism"; H. Haerke, "Changing Symbols in a Changing Society: the Anglo-Saxon Weapon Burial Rite in the Seventh Century"; B. Raw, "Royal Power and Royal Symbols in _Beowulf_"; J. Stevenson, "Christianity in Sixth- and Seventh- Century Southumbria"; J. Roberts, "Anglo-Saxon Vocabulary as a Reflection of Material Culture"; L. Alcock, "Message from the Dark Side of the Moon: Western and Northern Britain in the Age of Sutton Hoo"; S.M. Foster, "The State of Pictland in the Age of Sutton Hoo"; I.N. Wood, "Frankish Hegemony in England"; E. James, "Royal Burials Among the Franks"; P. Perin, "The Undiscovered Grave of King Clovis"; G. Halsall, "Social Change Around A.D. 600: an Austrasian Perspective"; L. Hedeager, "Kingdoms, Ethnicity and Material Culture: Denmark in a European Perspective"; B. Myhre, "The Royal Cemetery at Borre, Vestfold: A Norwegian Centre in a European Periphery"; J. Hines, "The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England: an Update"; "H. Ellis Davidson, "Human Sacrifice in the Late Pagan Period in North-Western Europe"; M.O.H. Carver, "The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sutton Hoo: an Interim Report." C.B. Kendall and P.S. Wells, eds. _Voyage to the Other World: The Legacy of Sutton Hoo_. Minneapolis, 1992. Contents: C.B. Kendall and P.S. Wells, "Sutton Hoo and Early Medieval Northern Europe"; A.M. Stahl, "The Nature of the Sutton Hoo Coin Parcel"; E. Schoenfeld and J. Schulman, "Sutton Hoo: An Economic Assessment"; G.P. Greis and M.N. Geselowitz, "Sutton Hoo Art: Two Millennia of History"; R. Frank, "_Beowulf_ and Sutton Hoo"; R.P. Creed, "Sutton Hoo and the Recording of _Beowulf_"; J. Campbell, "The Impact of the Sutton Hoo Discovery on the Study of Anglo-Saxon History"; S. Keynes, "Raedwald the Bretwalda"; W.M. Stevens, "Sidereal Time in Anglo-Saxon England"; E. Roesdahl, "Princely Burial in Scandinavia at the Time of the Conversion"; H.M. Jansen, "The Archaeology of Danish Commercial Centers"; M. Carver, "Conclusion: the Future of Sutton Hoo". 5. Theory and Interpretation. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "Saxon Rendlesham." _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology_ 24 (1948). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "Boat Graves in Sweden." _Archaeological News Letter_ 1:5 (1948). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Recent Theories and Some Comments on General Interpretation." _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology_ 25 (1950 for 1949). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial." _Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain_ 34 (1950). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Nature_ 165 (1950). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "Sutton Hoo -- a Rejoinder." _Antiquity_ 26 (1952). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, ed. _Recent Archaeological Excavations in Britain_. London, 1956. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries_. London 1974. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, ed. _Recent Archaeological Excavations in Europe_. London, 1975. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "A Comparison between the Sutton Hoo Burial Deposit and Childeric's Treasure." In N. Chirol, ed., _Centenaire de l'Abbe Cochet, 1975: Actes du Colloque International d'Archeologie_. Rouen, 1978. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "La Materiel archeologique de la sepulture royale de Sutton Hoo (Grand Bretagne, Suffolk): dernier bilan des recherches." In M. Fleury and P. Perrin, eds., _Problemes de chronologie relative et absolue concernant les cimetieres merovingiens d'entre Loire et Rhin_ (Paris, 1978). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. _The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Reflections after Thirty Years_. York, 1979. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Some Foreign Connections." _Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo_ 32 (1986). M.O.H. Carver. "Sutton Hoo in Context." _Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo_ 32 (1986). M.O.H. Carver. "Kingship and Material Culture in Early Medieval East Anglia." In S. Basset, ed. _The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms_. Leicester, 1989. H.M. Chadwick. "Who Was He?" _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). A. Era-Esko. "Sutton Hoo and Finland." _Speculum_ 28 (1953). A.C. Evans. _The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial_. London, 1986. V. Fenwick. "Sutton Hoo -- Comment." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo- Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. S. Glass. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial." _Antiquity_ 36 (1962). C. Green. _Sutton Hoo: The Excavation of a Royal Ship Burial_. London, 1963. K. Hauck. "Zum Ersten Band der Sutton-Hoo-Edition." _Fruehmittelalteriche Studien_ 12 (1978). K. Hauck. "Zum Zweiten Band der Sutton-Hoo-Edition." _Fruehmittelalteriche Studien_ 16 (1982). C. Hawkes. "Sutton Hoo Twenty-Five Years After." _Antiquity_ 38 (1964). T.D. Kendrick. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. VI. Sutton Hoo and Anglo- Saxon Archaeology." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 (1939). R. Lantier. "La tombe royale de Sutton Hoo (Suffolk)." _Revue Archeologique_, 6th Ser., 14 (1939). R. Lantier. "La tombe royale de Sutton Hoo." _Revue Archeologique_, 6th Ser., 17 (1941). T.C. Lethbridge. "Sutton Hoo." _Archaeology_ 1 (1948). S. Lindqvist. "Skeppsgraven a Sutton Hoo. Ett nytt Tolkningsfoersoek." In _Kungliga Humanistika Vetenskaps- Samfundet, Arsbok 1951_. Uppsala, 1951. D.E. Martin-Clark. "A Ship-Burial in Seventh-Century England (The Sutton Hoo Excavations and Craftsmanship)." In _Culture in Early Anglo-Saxon England_. Baltimore, 1947. B. Nerman. "Sutton Hoo: en svensk kunga-eller hoevdinggrav." _Fornvaennen_ 43 (1948). C.W. Phillips. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Transactions of the Hunter Archaeological Society_ 6 (1950). C.W. Phillips. "Sutton Hoo." _Archaeological Journal_ 108 (1951). P. Rahtz. "Sutton Hoo Opinions -- Forty Years After." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo-Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. W. Rodwell. "Sutton Hoo -- Comment." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo- Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. S. Schaedla-Ruhland. "Remarks on the Burial Customs of Sutton Hoo." _Archaeological Advertiser_ (Spring, 1980). B. Stjernquist. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial -- a Methodological Reorganization." _Meddelanden fran Lunds Universitets Historiska Museet_ n.s. 2 (1977-1978). B. Stjernquist. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: a Frame of Reference for Archaeological Analyses." _Meddelanden fran Lunds Universitets Historiska Museet_ n.s. 3 (1979-1980). B. Stjernquist. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Third Volume and Summing Up." _Meddelanden fran Lunds Universitets Historiska Museet_ n.s. 5 (1983-1984). G. Storms. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: An Interpretation." _Berichten van de Rijksdienst voorhet Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek_ 28 (1978). J.W. Walker. "The Battle of Winwaed and the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Yorkshire Archaeological Journal_ 37 (1948). J.M. Wallace-Hadrill. "The Graves of Kings: An Historical Note on Some Archaeological Evidence." _Studi Medievali_ 3rd ser., 1 (1960). [Reprinted in J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, _Early Medieval History_. Oxford, 1980.] 6. AS, Merovingian and Scandinavian Background. B. Ambrosiani. "Regalia and Symbols in the Boat Graves." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. B. Ambrosiani. "Aristocratic Graves and Manors in Early Medieval Sweden." _Archaeology and Environment_ 4 (1985). C.J. Arnold. _The Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms_. London, 1988. P.H. Blair. _An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England_. 2nd edition. Cambridge, 1977. G.B. Brown. _The Arts in Early England_. London, 1903-37. 6 vols. in 7, esp. vols. 3-4. G.B. Brown. _Saxon Art and Industry in the Pagan Period_. London, 1913. 2 vols. M.O.H. Carver. "Pre-Viking Traffic in the North Sea." In S. McGrail, ed., _Maritime Celts, Frisians, and Saxons_. Oxford, 1991. F.H.A. Engleheart. "When Did King Redwald Die?" _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology_ 27 (1956 for 1955). H. Haerke. "'Warrior Graves'? The Background of the Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite." _Past and Present_ 126 (1990). C. Hill. "Economic and Settlement Background to Sutton Hoo in Eastern England." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. R. Hodges. _The Anglo-Saxon Achievement: Archaeology and the Beginnings of English Society_. Ithaca, 1989. A.C. Hogarth. "Structural Features in Anglo-Saxon Graves." _Archaeology Journal_ 130 (1974). J.W. Huggett. "Imported Grave Goods and the Early Anglo-Saxon Economy." _Medieval Archaeology_ 32 (1988). E. James. "Merovingian Cemetery Studies and Some Implications for Anglo-Saxon England." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo-Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. E.M. Jope. "The Beginnings of La Tene Ornamental Style in the British Isles." In S.S. Frere, ed., _Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain_. London, 1961. E.T. Leeds. _The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Settlements_. Oxford, 1913. H. Mayr-Harting. _The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England_. London, 1972. M. Mueller-Wille. "Bestattung im Boot: Studien zu einer nordeuropaeischen Grabsitte." _Offa_ 25-26 (1970). M. Mueller-Wille. "Pferdegrab und Pferdeopfer im fruehen Mittelalter." _Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek_ 20-21 (1970-71). M. Mueller-Wille. "Boat Graves in Northern Europe." _International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration_ 3.2 (1974). M. Mueller-Wille. "Koenigsgrab und Koenigskirche: Fund und Befunde im fruehgeschichtlichen und mittelalterlichen Nordeuropa." _Bericht der Roemisch-Germanischen Kommission_ 63 (1982). M. Mueller-Wille. "Royal and Aristocratic Graves in Central and Western Europe in the Merovingian Period." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. J.N.L. Myres. _Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England_. Oxford, 1969. J.N.L. Myres. _A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Pottery of the Pagan Period_. Oxford, 1977. 2 vols. E.-J. Pader. "Material Symbolism and Social Relations in Mortuary Studies." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo- Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo-Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. N. Reynolds. "The Structure of Anglo-Saxon Graves." _Antiquity_ 50 (1976). J.D. Richards. "Funerary Symbolism in Anglo-Saxon England: Further Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices." _Scottish Archaeological Review_ 3 (1984). E. Salin. _La civilisation merogingienne_. Paris, 1950-59. 4 vols. F. Saxl and R. Wittkower. _British Art and the Mediterranean_. London, 1948. K. Sisam. "Anglo-Saxon Royal Genealogies." _Proceedings of the British Academy_ 39 (1953). G. Speake. "The Origins and Development of Germanic Style II." University of Oxford Doctoral Dissertation, 1976 (unpublished). G. Speake. _Anglo-Saxon Animal Art and Its Germanic Background_. Oxford, 1980. F. Stein. _Adelsgraeber des 8. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland_. Berlin, 1967. F.M. Stenton, "The East Anglian Kings of the Seventh Century." In P. Clemoes, ed. _The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in Some Aspects of Their History, Presented to Bruce Dickins_. London, 1959. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill. _Early Germanic Kingship in England and on the Continent_. Oxford, 1971. G. Ward. "When Did King Redwald Die?" _Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology_ 26 (1955 for 1954). D.M. Wilson. _Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork, 700-1100, in the British Museum, Vol. I: Catalogue of Antiquities of the Later Saxon Period_. London, 1964. D.M. Wilson, ed. _The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England_. London, 1976. D.M. Wilson. "Sweden-England." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. I.N. Wood. _The Merovingian North Sea_. Alingsas, 1983. I.N. Wood. "The Franks and Sutton Hoo." In I. Wood and N. Lund, eds., _People and Places in Northern Europe, 500-1600: Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer_. Woodbridge, 1991. B. Young. "Paganisme, christianisation, et rite funeraires merovingiens." _Archeologie Medievale_ 7 (1977). 7. Inhumation Studies H. Barker. "Unusual Phosphatic Material in the Sutton Hoo Ship- Burial." _Nature_ (1950) H. Barker, R. Burleigh, and N. Meeks. "British Museum Radiocarbon Measurements, VII." _Radiocarbon_ 13 (1971). P.H. Bethell and J.U. Smith. "Trace-Element Analysis of an Inhumation from Sutton Hoo, Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry: An Evaluation of the Technique Applied to Analysis of Organic Residues." _Journal of Archaeological Science_ 16 (1989). R.L.S. Bruce Mitford, "The Problem of the Sutton Hoo Cenotaph." _Archaeological News Letter_ 2 (1950). K. East. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: A Case Against the Coffin." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 3 (1984). V.I. Evison. "The Body in the Ship at Sutton Hoo." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 1 (1979). V.I. Evison. "The Sutton Hoo Coffin." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo-Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. 8. The Ship R.C. Anderson. "The Sutton Hoo Ship." _Mariner's Mirror_ 28 (1942). R.C. Anderson. "The Ribs of the Sutton Hoo Ship." _Mariner's Mirror_ 36 (1950). A.W. Brogger and H. Shetelig. _The Viking Ships, their Ancestry and Evolution_. Oslo, 1951. A.E. Christiansen. "Scandinavian Ships from Earliest Times to the Vikings." In G.F. Bass, ed., _A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology_. London, 1972. P. van Geersdaele. "Moulding the Impression of the Sutton Hoo Ship." _Studies in Conservation_ 14:4 (1969). P. van Geersdaele. "Making the Fibre Glass Replica of the Sutton Hoo Ship Impression." _Studies in Conservation_ 15:3 (1970). B. Greenhill, ed. _Three Major Ancient Boat Finds in Britain_. London, 1972. N.E. Lee. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Built in Sweden?" _Antiquity, 31 (1957). G. Maynard. "The Smaller Boat from Sutton Hoo." _Mariner's Mirror_ 28 (1942). M. Wheeler. _Archaeology from the Earth_. Oxford, 1954. 9. The Purse and Coins D. Allen. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. IV. The Coins." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 1939). D. Brown. "The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 2 (1981). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins: Some Comments." In E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, eds., _Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage_. London, 1972. O.G.S. Crawford. "The Coins: A Summary." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). A. De Belfort. _Description generale des monnaies merovingiennes_. Paris, 1892-93. P. Le Gentilhomme. "La circulation des monnaies d'or merovingiennes en Angle-terre." _British Numismatic Journal_ 23 (1940-41). P. Grierson. "The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins." _Antiquity_ 26 (1952). P. Grierson. "La fonction sociale de la monnaire en Angleterre aux VIIe-VIIIe siecles." _Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo_ 8 (1961). P. Grierson. "The Purpose of the Sutton Hoo Coins." _Antiquity_ 44 (1970). P. Grierson. "The Sutton Hoo Coins Again." _Antiquity_ 48 (1974). P. Grierson. _Medieval European Coinage, I: The Early Middle Ages_. Cambridge, 1986. G. Haseloff. "Zu den Darstellungen auf den Boerse von Sutton Hoo." _Nordelbingen_ 20 (1952). C. Hicks. "The Birds on the Sutton Hoo Purse." _Anglo-Saxon England_ 15 (1986). J.P.C. Kent. "From Roman Britain to Saxon England." In R.H.M. Dolley, ed., _Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies Presented to F.M. Stenton_. London, 1961. J.P.C. Kent. "Problems of Chronology in the seventh-century Merovingian Coinage." _Cunobelin_ 13 (1967). J.P.C. Kent, et al. "Analyses of Merovingian Gold Coins." In E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, eds., _Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage_. London, 1972. J.P.C. Kent. "Gold Standards of the Merovingian Coinage." In E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, eds., _Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage_. London, 1972. W.A. Oddy. "The Analysis of Four Hoards of Merovingian Gold Coins." In E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, eds., _Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage_. London, 1972. W.A. Oddy and M.J. Hughes. "The Specific Gravity Method for the Analysis of Gold Coins." In E.T. Hall and D.M. Metcalf, eds., _Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage_. London, 1972. M. Prou. _Les Monnaies Merovingiennes_. Paris, 1892 [reprinted Graz, 1969]. M. Spratling. "The Sutton Hoo Purse: Analyzing the Weights of Its Contents." In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson, and L. Watts., eds., _Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, 1979: The Fourth Anglo-Saxon Symposium at Oxford_. Oxford, 1980. A.M. Stahl. _The Merovingian Coinage of the Region of Metz_. Louvain-la-neuve, 1982. C.H. Sutherland. "Anglo-Saxon Sceattas in England." _Numismatic Chronicle_ 2 (1942). C.H. Sutherland. "Les tresors de Sutton Hoo et de Crondall." In _Exposition Internationale de Numismatique_. Paris, 1953. 10. The Whetstone W. Berges and A. Gauert. "Die eiserne "Standarte" und das 'Szepter' aus dem Graber eines angelsaechsischen Koenigs bei Sutton Hoo (um 650-660)." In P. Schramm, ed., _Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik_. Stuttgart, 1954. S.L. Cohen. "The Sutton Hoo Whetstone." _Speculum_ 41 (1966). M.J. Enright. "The Sutton Hoo Whetstone Sceptre: a Study in Iconography and Cultural Milieu." _Anglo-Saxon England_ 11 (1983). V.I. Evison. "Pagan Saxon Whetstones." _Antiquaries Journal_ 55 (1975). A. Gauert. "Das 'Szepter' von Sutton Hoo." In P. Schramm, ed., _Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik_. Stuttgart, 1954. K. Hauck. "Herrschaftszeichen eines wodentischen Koenigtums." _Jahrbuch fuer fraenkische Landesforschung_ 14 (1954). J. Simpson. "The King's Whetstone." _Antiquity_ 53 (1979). 11. The Weapons and Armor B. Almgren. "Helmets, Crowns and Warrior's Dress from the Roman Emperors to the Chieftains of Uppland." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. J.W. Anstee and L. Biek. "A Study in Pattern-Welding." _Medieval Archaeology_ 5 (1962). D.G. Bird. "Saxon Shield Boss and Two Spear Heads." _Bulletin of the Surrey Archaeological Society_ 119 (1975). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Helmet: a New Reconstruction." _British Museum Quarterly_ 36 (1972). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "A Replica of the Sutton-Hoo Helmet Made in the Tower Armouries, 1973." _Antiquaries Journal_ 54 (1974). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Helmet-Reconstruction and the Design of the Royal Harness and Sword-Belt: A Reply to Hofrat Dr. Ortwin Gamber with some Additional Comments on the Sutton Hoo Arms and Armour." _Journal of the Arms and Armour Society_ 10 (1982). O. Cederloef. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial and Armour during the Vendel Period." _Journal of the Arms and Armour Society_ 1 (1955). H.R. Ellis-Davidson. "The Ring on the Sword." _Journal of the Arms and Armour Society_ 2 (1958). H.R. Ellis-Davidson. _The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature_. Oxford, 1962. R. Engstrom, S.M. Lankton, and A. Lesher-Engstrom. _A Modern Replication Based on the Pattern-Welded Sword of Sutton Hoo_. Kalamazoo, 1989. V.I. Evison. "Sugar-loaf Shield Bosses." _Antiquaries Journal_ 43 (1963). V.I. Evison. "The Dover Ring-Sword and Other Sword-Rings and Beads." _Archaeologia_ 101 (1967). V.I. Evison. "Sword Rings and Beads." _Archaeologia_ 105 (1976). R.T. Farrell. "SKATT: a Replica of the Pattern-Welded Sword from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial." _Old English Newsletter_ 22.2 (1989). O. Gamber. "The Sutton Hoo Military Equipment -- An Attempted Reconstruction." _Journal of the Arms and Armour Society_ 5 (1966). O. Gamber. "Some Notes on the Sutton Hoo Arms and Armour." _Journal of the Arms and Armour Society_ 10 (1982). H. Haerke. "Early Saxon Weapons Burials: Frequencies, Distributions, Weapon Combinations." In S.C.Hawkes, ed., _Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England_. Oxford, 1989. H. Haerke. "Knives in Early Saxon Burials: Blade Length and Age at Death?" _Medieval Archaeology_ 33 (1989). H. Mayron. "The Sutton Hoo Shield." _Antiquity_ 20 (1946). H. Mayron. "The Sutton Hoo Helmet." _Antiquity_ 21 (1947). H. Mayron. "Pattern-welding and Damascening of Sword Blades, Pts. 1 and 2." _Studies in Conservation_ 5 (1960). C.S. Smith. "The Structure of Metals as Seen Under the Microscope." _Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain_ 36 (1957). M.J. Swanton. _A Corpus of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Spear Types_. Oxford, 1974. J. Werner. "Die Schwerter von Imola, Herbrechtingen, und Endrebacke." _Acta Archaeologica_ 21 (1950). 12. The Jewellery B. Arrhenius. _Merovingian Garnet Jewellery: Emergence and Social Implications_. Stockholm, 1985. G. Arwidsson. _Vendelstile, Email und Glas in 7.-8. Jahrhundert_. Uppsala, 1942. R. Avent. _Anglo-Saxon Disc and Composite Brooches_. Oxford, 1975. M. Bimson. "Dark Age Garnet Cutting." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 4 (1985). M. Bimson and M. Leese. "The Characterization of Mounted Garnets and Its Value as Archaeological Evidence." In J.P. Lamm and H.A., Nordstrom, eds. _Vendel Period Studies: Transactions of the Boat-Grave Symposium in Stockholm, February 2-3, 1981_. Stockholm, 1983. P.D.C. Brown and F. Schweitzer. "X-ray Fluorescent Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Jewellery." _Archaeometry_ 15 (1973). K.D.M. Dauncey. "The Intrusive Elements in Anglo-Saxon Zoomorphic Style." _Journal of the British Archaeological Association_ 6 (1941). K. East. "Cross-Hatched Foils from Sutton Hoo." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 4 (1985). V.I. Evison. "Quoit Brooch Style Buckles." _Antiquaries Journal_ 48 (1968). S.C. Hawkes, J.M. Merrick, and D.M. Metcalf. "X-ray Fluorescent Analysis of Some Dark Age Coins and Jewellery." _Archaeometry_ 9 (1966). R. Jessup. _Anglo-Saxon Jewellery_. London, 1950. T.D. Kendrick. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. II. The Gold Ornaments." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 (1939). T.D. Kendrick. "The Gold Ornaments of the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). T.D. Kendrick. "The Archaeology of the Jewelery." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). T.D. Kendrick. "The Archaeology of the Jewellery of the Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). N.D. Meeks and R. Holmes. "The Sutton Hoo Garnet Jewellery." _Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History_ 4 (1985). 13. Textiles J.W. Crowfoot. "A Textile from Whitby." _Archaeologia_ 89 (1943). G.R. Owen-Crocker. "Early Anglo-Saxon Dress: The Gravegoods and the Guesswork." _Textile History_ 18.2 (1987). 14. The Spoons R.E. Kaske. "The Silver Spoons of Sutton Hoo." _Speculum_ 42 (1967). D.A. Sherlock. "Saul, Paul and the Silver Spoons from Sutton Hoo." _Speculum_ 47 (1972). D.A. Sherlock. "An Early Christian Spoon Inscribed <<+PAVLVS>>." _Rivista di Archeologia Cristiano_ 1-4 (1974). G. Ward. "The Silver Spoon from Sutton Hoo." _Antiquity_ 26 (1952). 15. Other Items R.J.C. Atkinson and S. Piggott. "The Torrs Chamfrein." _Archaeologia_ 96 (1955). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Musical Instrument." _Archaeological News Letter_ 1 (1948). E. Cruikshank-Dodd. _Byzantine Silver Stamps_. Washington, D.C., 1961. M. Deanesley. "Roman Traditionalist Influence among the Anglo- Saxons." _English Historical Review_ 58 (1943). V.I. Evison. "Anglo-Saxon Finds near Rainham, Essex, with a Study of Glass Drinking-horns." _Archaeologia_ 96 (1955). C.F.C. Hawkes. "Bronze-workers, Cauldrons and Bucket Animals in Iron Age and Roman Britain." In W.F. Grimes, ed., _Aspects of Archaeology in Britain and Beyond_. London, 1951. T.D. Kendrick. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial. III. The Large Hanging-Bowl." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). T.D. Kendrick. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. V. Other Finds." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 (1939). T.D. Kendrick. "Gourd Bottles from Sutton Hoo." _Antiquaries Journal_ 21 (1941). E. Kitzinger. "The Sutton Hoo Finds. III. The Silver." _British Museum Quarterly_ 13 (1939). E. Kitzinger. "The Sutton-Hoo Ship Burial: The Silver." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). G. Lawson. "Stringed Musical Instruments: Artefacts in the Archaeology of North-West Europe 500 B.C. - A.D. 1200." University of Cambridge Doctoral Dissertation, 1980 (unpublished). B. Norman. "The 'Standard' of Sutton Hoo -- A Torchholder?" _Antiquaries Journal_ 50 (1971). C.L. Wrenn. "Two Anglo-Saxon Harps." _Comparative Literature_ 14 (1962). 16. Palaeo-environmental Studies B. Arrhenius, et al. "Vegetational Development and Land Use in Vendel and Sutton Hoo." _Norwegian Archaeological Review_ 23.1-2 (1990). H. Atkinson. "The Boat Grave Studies of Sutton Hoo and Vendel: A Palaeoenvironmental Study." _Norwegian Archaeological Review_ 23.1-2 (1990). 17. Sutton Hoo and OE Literature J. Bessinger. "_Beowulf_ and the Harp at Sutton Hoo." _University of Toronto Quarterly_ 27 (1957). R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, "Sutton Hoo and the Background to the Poem." In R. Girvan, ed., _Beowulf and the Seventh Century_. London, 1971. R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford and M.E. Bruce-Mitford. "The Sutton Hoo Lyre, _Beowulf_ and the Origins of the Frame Harp." _Antiquity_ 44 (1970). R. Cramp. "Beowulf and Archaeology." _Medieval Archaeology_ 1 (1957). H.E. Davidson. "Archaeology and _Beowulf_." In G.N. Garmonsway and J. Simpson, eds., _Beowulf and Its Analogues_. London, 1968. H. Hasegawa. "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial and _Beowulf_." _Annual Review of Science_ (Nihon University), 26 (1980) [in Japanese]. A.T. Hatto. "Snake-swords and Boar-helms in _Beowulf_." _English Studies_ 38 (1957). S. Lindqvist. "Sutton Hoo and _Beowulf_." _Antiquity_ 22 (1948). J.L.N. O'Loughlin. "Sutton Hoo -- the Evidence of the Documents." _Medieval Archaeology_ 8 (1964). D. Whitelock. "Anglo-Saxon Poetry and the Historian." _Transactions of the Royal Historical Society_, 4th Ser., 31 (1949). D. Whitelock. _The Audience of Beowulf_. Oxford, 1951. P. Wormald. "Bede, _Beowulf_, and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy." In R.T. Farrell, ed., _Bede and Anglo-Saxon England: Papers in Honour of the 1300th Anniversary of the Birth of Bede_. Oxford, 1978. C.L. Wrenn. "Sutton Hoo and Beowulf." In _Melanges de linguistique et de philologie: Fernand Mosse in memoriam_. Paris, 1959. 18. Legal Issues W.F. Grimes. "The Salvaging of the Finds." _Antiquity_ 14 (1940). G.F. Hill. "A Note on the Sutton Hoo Inquest." _Antiquaries Journal_ 30 (1950). 19. Bibliographies and Reviews B. Arrhenius. "Review of _Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Handbook_, 2nd ed." _Fornvaennen_ 68 (1973). J. Bessinger, Jr. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: A Chronological Bibliography." _Speculum_ 33 (1958). M. Biddle, et al. "Sutton Hoo Published: A Review." _Anglo-Saxon England_ 6 (1977). F.P. Magnoun, Jr. "The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: A Chronological Bibliography." _Speculum_ 29 (1954). J. Werner. "Das Schiffsgrab von Sutton Hoo: Forschungsgeschichte und Informationsstand zwischen 1939 und 1980." _Germania_ 60 (1982). Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: kreyling at lds.loral.com (Ed Kreyling 6966) Subject: Re: Tent Fabric Organization: Loral Data Systems Date: Tue, 13 Jul 1993 14:59:34 GMT haslock at rust.zso.dec.com (Nigel Haslock) writes: >Assuming that the Vikings sailed with wet sails may also be a dangerous >assumption. I do not know enough about viking sailing practices to be willing >to bet that they maintained sail under adverse conditions. I would also like >to read a detailed analysis of the sail fabric. Could you point me at a >reference work? I too am not comfortable with the idea of the vikings sailing with a wet wool sail. First of all, without the ability to reef the sail to provide less surface area in gale force winds or even storm conditions, I would assume that the vikings resorted to rowing in incliment weather or even taking to the nearest cove or protected harbor to wait out the storm. I also feel it would greatly increase the chances of capsizing the ship to unfurl a large wet wool sail that high on the mast. This would act to raise the center of gravity and make the ship less stable. Erik of Telemark Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: nusbache at epas.utoronto.ca (Aryk Nusbacher) Subject: Wet sails (was Re: Tent fabric Organization: University of Toronto - Nautical Trivia Date: Tue, 13 Jul 1993 18:46:26 GMT 1. How can a sail on a longship used in the North Sea not get wet? 2. Are we certain that the sails of Norse longships could not be reefed? Aryk Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: hwt at bcarh11a.bnr.ca (Henry Troup) Subject: Wet Sails (was Tent Fabric) Organization: Bell-Northern Research Ltd., Ottawa, Canada Date: Tue, 13 Jul 1993 16:20:10 GMT In later days of sail, according to the Hornblower novels, wetting the sails was a way to get a little more speed. At least a wet linen or canvas sail is less porous. Now, a wet wool sail will stretch more, in fact wool has about 25% stretch. This could have different effects. And the weight (centre of gravity) would be an issue. Hmmm... -- Henry Troup - H.Troup at BNR.CA (Canada) - BNR owns but does not share my opinions Don't get even, get ahead! Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: viking info From: eric-smith at ksc.nasa.gov (Eric C. Smith) Date: 23 Jul 93 10:40:35 EST Organization: NASA/KSC In article <1993Jul22.185255.391 at camins.camosun.bc.ca>, ud903 at freenet.Victoria.BC.CA (Herb Olafsson) wrote: > > I am on a search for info on viking everything, including wedding cerimonies. > I would be grateful for any info I can get my hands on. 'The Vikings' by Else Rosdahl (sp?). She sites archeological evidence covering many aspects of scandinavian culture for all three peoples, the Swedes, the Danes, and the Norwiegans. *************************************************************************** * Eric C. Smith | |Lord Maredudd Cymysglyd ap Cynan * * NASA/DL-ESS-21 | |Kingdom of Trimaris * * Kennedy Space Center FL, 32899| |Shire Starhaven,Hospitaler * * eric-smith at ksc.nasa.gov | |Poet Laureate, Trimaris * *************************************************************************** Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: brandon at gauss.math.brown.edu (Joshua Brandon) Subject: Re: Norse Organization: Brown University Mathematics Department Date: Fri, 30 Jul 1993 01:47:26 GMT Sigmund of Trelleborg wrote: I noticed many people who could speak some of the Old Norse language. I would like to learn how to speak it also. Where do I go to learn? Hmmmph. hang on, I had it here somewhere.... From: dgreen at athena (David Greenebaum) Subject: Re: norraent tungumal Date: 22 Jan 1993 18:51:45 GMT >Kvedjur til rialtofolksins fra brynhildi kormaks dottur. Bjalfi Thordar sonr kvedir ther vel. >Good gentles, one of the requests I get most often has to do with good texts >for the selfteaching of (modern) Icelandic--that language being as close as we >can come nowadays to what Viking Age types would have spoken. A good learning resource for *OLD* Norse is Sigrid Valfells and James Cathay, "An Introduction to Old Icelandic". It has a lot of short chapters, each with a page or two of drills, so it ought to be usable as a self-taught coursebook. (I think it also has a corretion key in the back... I used it in a class with a teacher, and that was about seven years ago, so my memory is spotty.) The focus is primarily on reading, but in a self-taught course you won't develop good pronuncia- tion anyway. --------------------- Bjalfi Thordharson/College of St. Katherine/Province of |\ | |\ |\ |// | the Mists/Principality of the Mists/West Kingdom | > | |\\ | \ |/ | David Greenebaum/University of California/Berkeley, CA |< | | \ | | | dgreen at athena.berkeley.edu, dgreen at garnet.berkeley.edu | > | | | | | |/ | | | | | "I make mistakes, but I am on the side of good -- by --------------------- accident and happenchance." -- the Golux From: dgreen at athena.berkeley.edu (David Greenebaum) To: brandon at gauss.math.brown.edu Subject: Re: Old Norse/Icelandic Date: Sun, 31 Jan 93 13:54:30 PST For Names, I recommend Geirr Bassi Haraldsson's guide, made up (I believe) for Markland and a very common sight at SCA heraldic consulting tables. For the language itself, a reasonable learning text is Sigrid Valfells and James E. Cathey, "Old Icelandic: An Introductory Course" (Oxford, 1981), ISBN 0 19 811173 8. The best (affordable) dictionary is Geir T. Zoe"ga, "A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic" (Oxford, 1910), ISBN 0 19 863108 1. The Valfells/Cathey text consists of 35 lessons, each with drills in grammar and translation, with keys and a glossary at the back. I used it for a class, but one might conceivably use the book for a self-taught program. --Bjalfi -- Joshua Brandon Brown Math Department brandon at gauss.math.brown.edu "It's never too late to have a happy childhood!" ---Cutter John YAZ/socrates From: brinega at gibbs.oit.unc.edu (John Brinegar) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: Holmgang as a period tournament form Date: 27 Sep 1993 23:13:24 GMT Organization: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Greetings from Gwion. Arval d'Espas Nord <mittle at watson.ibm.com> wrote: >... it may or may not be historical to have organized fighting >as a form of gambling. I don't know about betting on _men_ fighting, but betting on horse fights is historical and Norse. I rather doubt that we want to (or can) recreate this, though... Respectfully, Gwion ap Bleiddyn From: jab2 at stl.stc.co.uk (Jennifer Ann Bray) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: Viking costuming Date: 28 Sep 93 14:59:49 Organization: STC Technology Ltd., London Road, Harlow, UK. The mammen burial had a lot of embroidered stuff in it, embroidery is thought to have been used decoratively in England. i don't know of any Norwegian finds. For the mammen stuff you could look for Margrethe Hald's book on ancient danish textiles from bog finds and burials. I believe it was published in Danish and English seperately. I have more info on the mammen embroidery, but I don't know if Denmark is outside the area you're interested in. There is no reason why braid should be thicker than fabric unless you choose to make it from coarse yarn. Silk was used to make fine braids. When you say 800-900 BC did you mean AD though? (or even CE if you're not feeling Christian) Vikings were around about a thousand years ago not 2000. At haithabu there were long strips of cloth about 10cm wide wound around the calves. In other places rectangles of wool were wrapped round the lower legs. A little later than your period a man found in a bog at bocksten had hose on which covered his feet and calves and were hooked up on garters. I think the reason you got lots of answers is that there is no definitive answer. Fashions changed from time to time, from area to area, and according to your occupation and station in life. I have not heard of tablet weaving on its own being used to keep the legs warm, it would take a lot of heavy duty weaving. I'm a great fan of sheepskin insoles to keep me warm in cold weather. I don't know if they are authentic viking, but I find having warm feet makes a big difference. I know straw and grass stuffing has been used since the stone age to line shoes, I'm just not sure about sheepskin. It seems plausible though. Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: mjc+ at cs.cmu.edu (Monica Cellio) Subject: Re: Viking costuming Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Date: Tue, 28 Sep 1993 14:10:34 GMT Jokke says: >I've encountered another problem with the tablet-woven braid. The tunic in >question has a circular neck-opening with a short slit down the front. I think >I may be able to bend the braid around the curve of the opening, but what >about the ending of the slit? Or more precisely, what is the period viking way >of doing it? I don't think enough fragments have survived to positively document this, but the standard way to trim a keyhole neckline (what you've described) is to take the trim around the curve to a top corner, turn 90 degrees and go down to the end of the slit, turn 90 degress and go a short distance across the bottom of the slit, turn and go up the other side, and turn at the corner and continue around the curve to the back. By the way, the vikings did not tend to trim bottom hems (at least on dresses); why trim something that people won't generally see? Necks and sleeves, yes. >Also, I'm making another tunic of some fine, 100% linen (woven in the 2/2 >twill pattern...:-)). Now I don't find the idea of weaving woolen bands for >its hems pleasing, as it would be several times thicker than the fabric >itself. So I thought about embroidering it. Is it period? (we're talking >800-900 BC ). If so, what patterns were used? Stitches? 800-900 BC??? I hope you meant CE. Embroidery is period to the vikings. Thora Sharptooth has a class handout on this. You can also do tablet weaving with silk instead of wool. >How did a typical farmer in Norway keep his legs warm in the >above-mentioned period? Woolen underpants? Knee-hose of sheepskin? Tabletwoven >braids swirled around his calves? (I've been told all of the above...) This last was done, though I don't know if warmth was the goal. A band was somehow looped around the leg at the knee and wrapped downward to the foot, at which point the end was probably stuck in the shoe. This works well with the baggy pants that gather at the knee. Woolen socks and stockings are also documentable. I wouldn't be surprised if fur or sheepskin was used in some manner, but I don't know specifics. Ellisif Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: joakimr at ifi.uio.no (Joakim Ruud) Subject: Re: Viking costuming Organization: Dept. of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway Date: Tue, 28 Sep 1993 16:26:44 GMT : 800-900 BC??? I hope you meant CE. Yeah, yeah, when did typos become a felony...:-) Jokke Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: kreyling at lds.loral.com (Ed Kreyling 6966) Subject: Re: Viking costuming Organization: Loral Data Systems Date: Tue, 5 Oct 1993 02:36:08 GMT joakimr at ifi.uio.no (Joakim Ruud) writes: >Need more, though. On viking garb in general and decorating hems in particular. >I've encountered another problem with the tablet-woven braid. The tunic in >question has a circular neck-opening with a short slit down the front. I think >I may be able to bend the braid around the curve of the opening, but what >about the ending of the slit? Or more precisely, what is the period viking way >of doing it? > Who knows? Most of our documentation is writen description or small scraps of fabric. The only mostly intact clothing I've seen documentation on was from the Greenland digs and the dominent decoration on those clothes was a fine twisted braid rather than tablet woven trim. Also, those clothes were several hundred years later. (Did you really mean 8 - 900 BC or is it CE?) I can lay trim around neck slits by folding and tacking around the bottom. It's a logical way to do it. >itself. So I thought about embroidering it. Is it period? (we're talking >800-900 BC ). If so, what patterns were used? Stitches? > This is period for several cultures the Vikings had contact with during that time (Franks and Byzantines, for instance). Viking ornamentation was generally geometric or the zoomorphic designs. Stitches include stem, split, chain stitch and couching (again, relying on cultures they had frequent contact with) Brigit ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ed Kreyling | Master Erik of Telemark O.L.,O.P. kreyling at world.lds.loral.com | Shire of Brineside Moor Sarasota,Fl. USA | Kingdom of Trimaris, SCA ----------------------------------------------------------------------- From: waltern at thoreau.rand.org (Walter Nelson) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: Viking resources Date: 5 Jan 1994 16:34:17 GMT Organization: RAND Corporation Angelia Sparrow (asparrow at nyx.cs.du.edu) wrote: : I am looking for books on Viking naming practices, and Viking women in : general. Any recommendations are welcome. = Don't have a source to recommend, but the formal name of a Norse women would be her name followed by her patronym, as in Kristen Lavrandsdatter (i.e. Kristen, daughter of Lavrand). They did not take their husband's last name when they married, since their husbands would have been named according to the same system (i.e. Leif Erikson--Leif, son of Erik) and wouldn't have a surname for her to take. This system is still followed in Iceland. Like men, they might also acquire a nick name which described a physical attribute (i.e. Svaneshals-Swan Neck) or an achievement. Walter Nelson Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: mittle at watson.ibm.com (Arval d'Espas Nord) Subject: Re: Viking resources Date: Wed, 5 Jan 1994 16:40:36 GMT Organization: IBM T.J. Watson Research Greetings from Arval! AEthelynda wrote: > I am looking for books on Viking naming practices, and Viking women in > general. The best book I know on Viking names is Geirr Bassi Haraldsson, "The Old Norse Name," (Studia Marklandica). I believe it is available from a couple SCA book merchants, but I won't promise. Many senior heralds' offices own copies. There have also been a number of compilations of Viking names published in the SCA, including one that I did from Njal's Saga and Egil's Saga. You can also cut out the middleman and go straight to the Penguin editions of the sagas. They have indices of characters, and although the names are usually translated and/or anglicized, they are a good starting point. =========================================================================== Arval d'Espas Nord mittle at watson.ibm.com From: bloodthorn at sloth.equinox.gen.nz (Jennifer Geard) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Viking resources Date: Thu, 06 Jan 94 02:15:17 GMT Organization: Lethargy Inc. Greetings from Pagan! AEthelynda asked about viking women's names, and Arval recommended looking for them in the sagas: > They [specifically "the Penguin editions"] have indices of characters, and > although the names are usually translated and/or anglicized, they are a > good starting point. For SCA use -- especially if you want something quickly -- Arval's advice is good, and I imagine most SCA vikings found their names in this wise. You might try Laxdoela Saga (available in a very readable Penguin edition) for a higher-than-average showing of women's names, or pick through the others for something ending in -ny, -run, -bjorg, -gerd, etc. If you (or anyone else reading this) ever get to the stage where you care that names changed between viking times and the writing of the sagas, or that some names were regional and marked a Dane from a Swede, or that there's still debate over whether colourful epithets were used during the lifetime of the bearer, drop me a line. It can get lonely wading through Victorian tomes of runic inscriptions, or linguistic surveys of scandinavian personal names in the place-names of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. Pagan ________________________________________________________________________ Jennifer Geard bloodthorn at sloth.equinox.gen.nz Christchurch, New Zealand Newsgroups: rec.org.sca From: mittle at watson.ibm.com (Arval d'Espas Nord) Subject: Re: Heraldry for Vikings Date: Fri, 22 Apr 1994 17:21:59 GMT Organization: IBM T.J. Watson Research [Posted for Mistress Thora Sharptooth] o: mittle at watson.ibm.com Greeting from Thora Sharptooth! Back in February, someone asked about Viking heraldry on the Rialto. My private mail to him bounced. This time I'm posting the information instead of mailing it, since someone else--Alrik (tcsgi.mhs.mendocino.k12.ca.us)--has asked: >I seek some help creating appropriate heraldry for my persona. The problem >is that I have no idea if 10th century Vikings even have heraldry to speak >of. It is true that there is not a great deal of heraldic-style activity evident in Viking history. Arval and the other heraldic historians say that this is because the concept and usages of "heraldry," properly defined, are creations of the eleventh and succeeding centuries. (It's sort of looking for Model T's in the Civil War, I suppose.) There is a bit of information available, though, and here's what I know about it. Some version of the concept of "household colors" may have existed. The Gokstad ship had some large number (52, I think) of identically-painted shields buried with it. They were all red, black, and yellow. (Alas, I do not know the patterning.) These three colors plus brown run through the majority of Viking painted work, which was mostly woodwork; the Gokstad ship tiller, the Oseberg chair and the Oseberg sledges are some examples of uncarved painted and carved painted woodwork. Usually things were painted in the colors--red, black, brown--on a light (white, yellowish white or plain yellow) background. Yes, even Vikings knew that the heraldry color system works. ;> If you wanted to paint camp furniture that way (chests, chairs, tent frames), it would look really good. You can also use canvas for striped Viking tents in your household colors; blue, white, yellow, green, and red work best for this. However, the lighter colors are more comfortable to sleep under. Another interesting phenomenon is something I call "regional heraldry." This relates to textiles: various Viking locations yield different ratios of archaeological remnants of particular colored garments. For instance, in Viking Age Dublin, judging from the remains, the color purple was fairly commonly worn. In Jorvik the predominant color seems to have been red. In Scandinavia proper (Norway, Sweden, Denmark), they seem to have worn more greens and blues. If your persona is from a specific place, it is possible to customize your garments and the colors you wear to be very true to the archaeological remains from that part of the world. For example, as an inhabitant of the Danelaw, Thora tends to wear a lot of red. As for ships and banners, well, Viking ships seem to have had some sort of prow ornament, sometimes like a dragon's head, sometimes more like a standard. (Those bronze "weather vanes" in some of the Viking picture books are thought to have been just that: ship standards.) The characteristic shape of such a standard is a quarter-circle hanging from an upright, sort of like this. (Please pardon the cheesy graphics; I'm much better at graphing textiles.) _____________ | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |/ | | This sort of standard makes a good shape for a banner. Since it's secured on two sides, it doesn't flap all over the place or flop over. You can even rig such a banner to hang from the crosspiece of a gateway (worked well for me last Pennsic) or the top of a spear (during those non-martial periods, that is) and plant the spear beside your tent for special effect. And if you pick a device that looks good on that shape, so much the better. ;> There's also the story in the Orkneyingasaga about Jarl Sigurd of Orkney and his banner with the raven on it at the battle of Clontarf in the eleventh century; do you know that one? (There's a song version of it in the SCA too.) Heraldic elements that convey a Vikingesque look are usually those elements known as field divisions. They look best on a shield (round, of course, for best effect). Gyronny and gyronny arrondi are good. You can also use the ordinary known as a "pall," which looks sort of like an uneven-sectioned gyronny, or some of the plainer quadrate (cross) effects. If you want a charge, the single most common period emblem for Vikings seems to have been the raven. Other beasts known to them would also make especially good choices: the northern brown bear (not the polar bear; they were only in Greenland, which was discovered at the end of the tenth century), the wolf, Thor's storm-goats, Freya's cats, or perhaps horses. Wyverns and other ribbony worm-like critters are also good, and the College of Arms has registered many good examples of Norse critters in the last few years (if you're interested in registered arms, that is). Please feel free to ask more questions or request references. The more Real Vikings out there, the happier I am. ;> *************************************************************************** Carolyn Priest-Dorman Thora Sharptooth Poughkeepsie, NY Frosted Hills ("where's that?") priest at vassar.edu East Kingdom (for now....) Gules, three square weaver's tablets in bend Or From: greg at bronze.lcs.mit.edu (Greg Rose) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: Other Bowing Date: 3 May 1994 16:45:38 -0400 Organization: MIT LCS guest machine Nils Hammer writes: >>I also read something involving a Frankish king, where a man >>was in court negotiating. He drove a hard bargain, and to keep >>appearances, the king added the condition that the man kiss the >>foot of the king. With a quick grab, he hoisted the king upside- >>down by the foot and kissed it. Anybody else read this somewhere? The story comes from the account in _De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum_ of Dudo of St. Quentin regarding the alleged "Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte." In Dudo's account the Norseman Rollo is claimed to have refused to done homage to Charles the Simple and to have had one of his men do it for him; the surrogate is claimed to have lifted Charles from his throne by his foot in order to be able to kiss the Frankish king's foot without bowing to him. The event almost certainly never happened. There is a charter of Chales the Simple, dated 14 March 918, in which land is assigned to St. Germain-des-Pres in the _pagus_ of Mersean, excepting that land which had already been granted to "the Norsemen of the Seine, namely to Rollo and his followers, for the defence of the kingdom [_praeter partem ipsius abbatiae quan annuimus Nottmannis Sequanensibus videlicet Rolloni suique comitibus pro tutela regni_]" ( Charles the Simple, _Recueil des actes de Charles III de Simple, roi de France 893-923_, Paris, 1940-49, No. 92). Flodoard provides the information that Rollo accepted Baptism (and the Christian name Robert) and commended himself to Charles in 911 when he received the rank of _comes_ from Charles. Most historians conclude that Rollo accepted land and rank from the Frankish throne in a rather better deal than most Norse raiders received and would have been unlikely to sour such a deal by refusing the customary homage/commendation to the Frankish king, not to mention that foot- kissing is not mentioned as a Frankish custom in any royal liturgy of the period. Dudo of St. Quentin's work, a panegyric to the dukes of Normandy written between 1015 and 1026, creates whole episodes out of whole cloth; it is a completely unreliable source for early Norman history (for the definitive critique of Dudo, see H. Prentout, _Essai dur les origines et la fondation du duche de Normandie_, Caen, 1911, and _Etude critique dur Dudo de St. Quentin, Paris, 1916). It's another one of those neat stories which has no basis whatsoever in fact. Greg/Hossein From: jokke at nipsu.unda.fi (Jokke Kaksonen) Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: Viking snowshoe sources Date: 30 Jun 1994 05:33:48 GMT Organization: Unda Oy - a Scitex Company revoke at eskimo.com (Dean Sepstrup) writes: > Would anyone be able to point me towards a source for any > information on snow shoe design? I am some what familiar with two > contemporary styles (Alaskan, with the tail; and bear paw). I've seen > kits available for both, but would prefer to use the Norse style (if > there was one, and I'm sure that something was in use). About snow shoes I don't know, but here in Finland a kind of ski was used. The set included one long ski (5 - 6 feet) and a short one (3 feet). Speed was achieved by kicking like when skating, with the short ski. More power was achieved by pushing with a long long spear. Celestinus mac Criohmthainn from Aarnimetsa From: Paul Placeway <pwp at cs.cmu.edu> Newsgroups: rec.org.sca Subject: Re: What is Period? (viking helms with horns) Date: 29 Nov 94 05:53:09 GMT Organization: Carnegie-Mellon University, School of Computer Science dnb105 at psu.edu (Ferret) writes: <There is another point. That being what is _accepted_ as period though it is <fantasy. A case in point is horns on viking helmets. There are books and <documentaries and even museums showing vikings with horned helmets. It is <widely accepted but totally undocumented. I really hate to pick at this particular nit, being of Norse persona and horn-on-head averse, but... In the tapestry from Oseberg (pictured in: Jones, Gwyn, _A History of the Vikings_, 2nd ed., 1984, Oxford U Pre