Jerusalem-lnks

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Jerusalem-lnks - 3/8/06

A set of web links to information on medieval Jerusalem by Dame Aoife Finn of Ynos Mon.

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NOTICE -

This file is a collection of various messages having a common theme that I have collected from my reading of the various computer networks. Some messages date back to 1989, some may be as recent as yesterday.

This file is part of a collection of files called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org

I have done a limited amount of editing. Messages having to do with separate topics were sometimes split into different files and sometimes extraneous information was removed. For instance, the message IDs were removed to save space and remove clutter.

The comments made in these messages are not necessarily my viewpoints. I make no claims as to the accuracy of the information given by the individual authors.

Please respect the time and efforts of those who have written these messages. The copyright status of these messages is unclear at this time. If information is published from these messages, please give credit to the originator(s).

Thank you,

Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous

Stefan at florilegium.org

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From: liontamr at ptd.net

Subject: Links: Medieval Jerusalem

Date: February 16, 2004 3:33:18 PM CST

To: StefanliRous at austin.rr.com

Greetings everyone. This week's Links List will focus on the Kingdom of

Jerusalem. Not only the history of that time and place, but also the food,

the architecture, the archaeology, and the heraldry. I hope you enjoy this

Links List about a beautiful city and it's turbulent period of

Rulership---one we see echoed today in the headlines.

Several of these sites will give you a pop-up window that asks you to

install a Hebrew Font---clicking cancel will take you to the site without

installation, which won't effect your viewing of the pages. A Windows

Installation CD is necessary to install the Hebrew Font, if you wish to do

so.

Please share this Links list wherever it will find an audience and feel free

to use it to update you web pages, etc...

Sincerely

Dame Aoife FInn of Ynos Mon

Riverouge

Aethelmearc

Jerusalem: Christian Architecture through the Ages copyright January 2000

Focus on Israel http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0gn30">http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0gn30

(SiteExcerpt) Building in Jerusalem also made repeated re-use of older stone

work and architectural elements. Herodian- and even Hasmonean-cut stones can

be found in buildings of the Byzantine, early-Islamic and Crusader periods;

and a stone-carved rosette window from a Crusader church is incorporated in

the 16th century Ottoman fountain opposite the Bab al-Silsila (Gate of the

Chain) entrance to the Haram esh-Sharif (the temple Mount).

Byzantine & Medieval Studies Sites

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medweb/">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medweb/

A tremendous list of links, anyof which hinge upon the history of Jerusalem.

The Walls and Gates of Jerusalem

by Jacqueline Schaalje

http://www.jewishmag.com/65mag/jerusalemgates/jerusalemgates.htm">http://www.jewishmag.com/65mag/jerusalemgates/jerusalemgates.htm

(Site Excerpt) In the struggles between Moslems and Crusaders a series of

new walls were built and destroyed before the present walls were undertaken

by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66). He was a tireless

conqueror, whose campaigns took him to Europe, Persia and Iraq, and when he

started his Jerusalem project he was still embroiled in war. But Jerusalem's

walls were crumbling and Suleiman deemed strong walls essential against

possible threats from Europe and local Bedouin tribes.

Medieval Sourcebook:

Roger of Hoveden:

The Fall of Jerusalem, 1187

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hoveden1187.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hoveden1187.html

(Site Excerpt) 1187 In the same year, Saladin, king of Babylon, with an

immense multitude of his Turks, on pretext of the disunion which existed

between the king and the earl of Tripolis, entered the land of Jerusalem; on

which the brethren of the Temple and of the Hospital went forth against him

with a great multitude of people, and on an engagement taking place between

them, the army of the Pagans prevailed against the Christians, on which the

latter betook themselves to flight, and many of them were slain and many

taken prisoners. On the same day also, being the calends of May, sixty

brethren of the Temple, and the Grand Master of the Hospital, together with

sixty brethren of his house, were slain.

Gerusalemme Liberata ("Jerusalem Delivered") First Book

Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #13

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Tasso/1book.html">http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Tasso/1book.html

(Site Excerpt) THE ARGUMENT

God sends his angel to Tortosa down,

Godfrey unites the Christian Peers and Knights;

And all the Lords and Princes of renown

Choose him their Duke, to rule the wars and fights.

He mustereth all his host, whose number known,

He sends them to the fort that Sion hights;

The aged tyrant Juda's land that guides,

In fear and trouble, to resist provides.

Map: Jerusalem during the Crusades

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/jlem-colmap.jpg">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/jlem-colmap.jpg

Medieval Sourcebook: Fulk of Chartres:

The Capture of Jerusalem, 1099

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html

(site Excerpt) The final act of the First Crusade was Christian attack on

Jerusalem, which

was captured on July 15, 1099. Fulk of Chartres, the author of this account,

participated in the storming of the city and in the bloody massacre which

followed. Chapter 27: The Siege of the City of Jerusalem On the seventh of

June the Franks besieged Jerusalem. The city is located in a mountainous

region, which is lacking in rivers, woods, and springs, except the Fountain

of Siloam, where there is plenty of water, but it empties forth only at

certain intervals. This fountain empties into the valley, at the foot of

Mount Zion, and flows into the course of the brook of Kedron, which, during

the winter, flows through the valley of Jehosaphat. There are many cisterns,

which furnish abundant water within the city.

Medieval Jerusalem copyright Lynn Harry Nelson Emeritus Professor of

Medieval History The University of Kansas

http://www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/first_crusade.html">http://www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/first_crusade.html

(Site Excerpt) European society had survived the raids of the Magyars,

Vikings, and Saracens, and its economy and society were recovering quickly.

There was a new spirit of adventure apparent in the art, literature, an

actions of the western Europeans. This was manifested at least partly in an

increased popularity of pilgrimages -- journeys to visit distant holy places

to worship there and view the relics of the saints. This was a religious

activity, but the many of the pilgrims clearly enjoyed themselves like

tourists in any age.

Eating in Jerusalem in the Medieval Crusader Period

http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Food/crusadefood.html">http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Food/crusadefood.html

(Site Excerpt) There is no doubt at all, however, that the Muslims had the

upper hand in culinary matters. The Crusaders found a culinary paradise

here, a remnant of the glorious Arab heritage of the courts of the caliphs

in Baghdad and of the Persian kings. Arab and Egyptian cooks quickly found

their place in the kitchens of Frankish high society in Jerusalem, Ramle and

Acre, teaching the knights some of the pleasures of the East. The high

gastronomic culture was enriched by an elaborate tradition of music, dancing

and literature accompanying the meal, which turned it into a true banquet.

Brown University: "Viking" Pilgrimage to the Holy Land

fram! fram! cristmenn, crossmenn, konungsmenn!

(Oláfs saga helga, ch. 224.) copyright Jessica A. Browner

http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH34/browne34.html">http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH34/browne34.html

(Site Excerpt) "Viking pilgrimage"--the phrase seems a contradiction. For

three centuries, from circa A.D. 750-1050, the political and economic life

of the Northern world was dominated by Scandinavian military activity and

trade, but it was as Vikings that the Norsemen became known to the peoples

of the Christian world, who depicted them as reavers and slayers of

unparalleled ferocity. The piratical phase of Viking activity, however, was

relatively short-lived, and was followed by a more restrained colonization

phase. When the Scandinavians first began to settle in the West in the

latter part of the ninth century, they came into sustained contact with

Christianity and its clergy, and it became inevitable that the barbarian

Northmen, with their primitive beliefs in outmoded gods and with their lack

of writing and literacy, would be greatly influenced by the higher Christian

civilization which they now encountered at such close quarters. Not

surprisingly, the conversion of the Viking peoples and their integration

into the Western European Christian community has influenced decisively the

historiography of the Northern world.

http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ee1.htm">http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ee1.htm

(Site Excerpt) The Arab conquest of Jerusalem was bloodless. Tradition has

it that the Patriarch Sophronios surrendered the city to Omar, the commander

of the Arab forces. In return the Patriarch was granted a writ of privileges

which guaranteed the right of Christians to maintain their holy places and

pursue their customs unhindered. At the end of the 7th century Jerusalem was

recognized as the third holiest city in Islam, after Mecca and Medina, and

as a destination for pilgrimage. The Temple Mountwas identified by Muslims

as the place Muhammed reached in his Night Voyage and from which he ascended

to heaven.

Early Muslim Food http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_food.htm">http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_food.htm

Costumes of the Early Muslim Age Period

http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_costume.htm">http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_costume.htm

Prominent people of the early Muslim Age

http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_characters.htm">http://jeru.huji.ac.il/moslems_characters.htm

http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ef1.htm">http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ef1.htm

(Site Excerpt) On 15 July 1099 Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders after a five

week siege and the victors proceeded to massacre the city's Muslims and

Jews. After 460 years of Muslim rule the Crusaders restored Jerusalem to

Christian hands, and declared the city the capitalof the Kingdom of

Jerusalem.The city's populations underwent a significant change. Western

culture now took center-stage, with French the day-to-day language and Latin

the language of prayer.

Medieval Sourcebook:

The Taxes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/taxesjlem.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/taxesjlem.html

(Site Excerpt) The following is a list of taxes of the kingdom of Jerusalem.

The list of articles taxed forms an excellent index of the character of the

commerce conducted by the Mediterranean powers of the time. 1. The old

duties command that one should take at the custom house for the sale of silk

for every hundred Besants, 8 Besants and 19 Karoubles, [Henceforth the coins

are indicated by B and k] as duty. 2. For the duties oil cotton the rule

commands that one should take per hundred, 10 B. and 18 K. as duties. 3. For

the duties of pepper the rule commands that one should take per hundred, 11

B. and 5 K. as duties. 4. For cinnamon the rule commands that one should

take per hundred 10 B. and 18 K. as duties. 5. For wool the rule commands

that one should take per hundred B., 11 B. and 10 K. as taxes.

Medieval Sourcebook:

Latin Kings of Jerusalem

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/latinkings.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/latinkings.html

(Site Excerpt) KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1099-1100 Godfrey of Bouillon

1100-1118 Baldwin of Le Bourg1118-1131 Baldwin II1131-1143 Fulk of Anjou....

University Press

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0826210.html">http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0826210.html

(Site Excerpt) Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of, feudal state created by leaders

of the First Crusade (see Crusades) in the areas they had wrested from the

Muslims in Syria and Palestine. In 1099, after their capture of Jerusalem,

the Crusaders chose Godfrey of Bouillon king; he declined the title,

preferring that of defender of the Holy Sepulcher, but with his election the

kingdom may be said to have begun. His brother and successor, Baldwin I,

took the royal title.

The flag of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem copyright Santiago Dotor

http://flagspot.net/flags/crus-kj.html">http://flagspot.net/flags/crus-kj.html

(Site Excerpt) The Crusaders flag/arms of Jerusalem that became known in

heraldry simply as Jerusalem cross has 5 crosses: one large cross potent and

4 crosslets, the crosses are yellow and the field is white. One thing the

flag is famous for is breaking the "no metal on metal" rule. But I recently

discovered that a variant of this flag was used as a civil ensign as late as

this century.

Map: Christian States in Syria: Fordham University

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/crusaders2.jpg">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/crusaders2.jpg

http://christianity.about.com/cs/artgallery/p/jerusalemcross.htm">http://christianity.about.com/cs/artgallery/p/jerusalemcross.htm

(Site Excerpt) The Jerusalem Cross was first used as a coat of arms for the

Latin Kingdom in Jerusalem. During the Crusades, it was referred to as the

"Crusaders Cross." The four small crosses are symbolic of the four Gospels

proclaimed to the four corners of the earth, beginning in Jerusalem; the

large cross symbolizes the person of Christ.More Symbols of Christianity:

Crusader: A Conspiracy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

By Tom Houston

http://www.justadventure.com/reviews/Crusader/Crusader.shtm">http://www.justadventure.com/reviews/Crusader/Crusader.shtm

(Site Excerpt) The prelude to our story begins in the year 1180, a time

between the second and third Crusades, at the Fiefdom Dun-Le-Roy in France,

where the violent Lord Arthaud has incurred the wrath of the King of France

by burning the fief's monastery to the ground and killing its occupants

because they balked at paying his taxes.The king, Philippe Auguste, is

displeased and, under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church, decides to

punish Arthaud and strip him of his rights by attacking his fortress.

Arthaud's defenses quickly collapse under the might of the Royal Army of

France. Philippe judges that death would be too kind for such rebellion and

instead chooses to have Arthaud placed alive in a crypt-like tomb, where he

will remain for three years.

Les Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem (no page attribution)

http://www.insolite.asso.fr/templiers/hospitaliers.htm">http://www.insolite.asso.fr/templiers/hospitaliers.htm

This site is entirely in French but has a lovely photo of Krak des

Chevaliers, the crusader's Castle.

Krak Des Chevaliers

http://vialupo.jcldb.com/lawrence/krak1.html">http://vialupo.jcldb.com/lawrence/krak1.html

Also in french, but this site offers a tour of the castle.