commerce-msg - 12/25/09 ਀ഊCommerce and trade in period. Usury. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: guilds-msg, coins-msg, measures-art, measures-msg, occupations-msg, p-prices-msg, p-lawyers-msg, salt-comm-art, p-insurance-msg. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀栀攀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀  栀愀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 搀愀琀攀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㠀㤀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀 洀愀礀 戀攀 愀猀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 愀猀 礀攀猀琀攀爀搀愀礀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䤀  栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀  愀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀洀漀甀渀琀  漀昀  攀搀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䴀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 搀漀  眀椀琀栀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀猀  眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 猀瀀氀椀琀 椀渀琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀琀爀愀渀攀漀甀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  洀攀猀猀愀最攀 䤀䐀猀  眀攀爀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 猀愀瘀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀 挀氀甀琀琀攀爀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀椀氀礀 洀礀 瘀椀攀眀瀀漀椀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 洀愀欀攀  渀漀 挀氀愀椀洀猀  愀猀  琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀挀礀  漀昀  琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀  最椀瘀攀渀  戀礀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀倀氀攀愀猀攀  爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀  愀渀搀  攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀  琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀  琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀  挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 猀琀愀琀甀猀  漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀  椀猀  甀渀挀氀攀愀爀  愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀昀  椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀  椀猀  瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀  昀爀漀洀  琀栀攀猀攀  洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 最椀瘀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀漀爀⠀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ Mark S. Harris AKA: THLord Stefan li Rous ਀                                          匀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************ ਀ഊFrom: DEGROFF at intellicorp.COM (Leslie DeGroff) ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㄀　 䄀瀀爀 㤀㄀ ㈀㄀㨀㐀㠀㨀㈀㠀 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀䈀攀琀爀愀洀 漀昀 䈀攀愀爀椀渀最琀漀渀 愀猀欀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 洀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 挀爀攀搀椀琀⸀⸀⸀ഊ ਀䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀欀 䈀爀愀甀搀攀氀 ✀猀 戀漀漀欀猀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀ഊfairs, letters of credit and the evolution of "economic circulation. ਀䰀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 甀猀攀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 戀攀栀椀渀搀 ഊvarious successes and failures but in period these were primarily ਀倀攀爀猀漀渀 琀漀 倀攀爀猀漀渀 氀攀瘀攀氀 琀爀愀渀猀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 洀愀樀漀爀 ഊinteresting events as others have mentioned as Nobility would ਀戀漀爀爀漀眀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀椀氀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 搀攀昀愀甀氀琀Ⰰ 琀愀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 ∀琀爀甀猀琀∀ഊbuild and leverage (more bills in circulation than specie to back it) ਀猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 搀漀眀渀⸀  ഊ ਀  䄀戀漀甀琀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 洀漀渀攀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 甀猀攀 椀渀 䌀栀椀渀愀 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 攀氀猀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰഊnot in Europe.... one "reference event" for this is "LAW's system ਀椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㜀　　✀猀⸀⸀⸀ 琀栀椀猀 戀氀攀眀 甀瀀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 ㄀㜀㄀㔀 眀椀琀栀 ഊmajor damage to France's economy. In period and continually ਀攀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 渀漀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀漀搀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀ഊ"money", "bonds", "stocks"... in period and into the 1700's ਀琀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀甀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 眀攀 愀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀漀搀愀礀⸀⸀⸀ഊpaper money had roots in what today we would consider to be ਀猀琀漀挀欀猀 漀爀 戀漀渀搀猀 漀爀 ∀挀攀爀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀 㨀⤀ 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 ഊdeposit gold and silver, and get a signed note that says's ਀礀甀瀀 眀攀 最漀琀 椀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 戀攀氀漀渀最猀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀椀最渀攀搀∀  刀攀愀氀椀稀攀 琀栀愀琀ഊthe magic (chains of trust??? :)) of specie as the only ਀∀刀䔀䄀䰀∀ 洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 搀椀猀挀愀爀搀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀氀ഊafter WWII... reading 14th to 18th century economic history ਀挀愀渀 戀攀 猀挀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 昀漀爀 琀漀搀愀礀✀猀 眀漀爀氀搀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 昀爀漀渀琀Ⰰഊnational bankruptcy, repudiation or other trust breaking ਀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 搀攀戀琀  愀爀攀 愀氀氀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀愀琀琀攀爀渀猀⸀ഊ ਀  䄀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀 漀渀 ∀挀栀攀挀欀猀∀⸀⸀⸀ 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀愀渀欀猀ഊand such conveniences evolved with the expansions and elaborations ਀漀昀 琀爀愀搀攀 昀爀漀洀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀椀渀最猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 攀砀瀀氀漀搀攀搀 椀渀ഊcomplexity and binding formality after the America's ਀眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 漀昀 䘀愀爀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀渀 琀爀愀搀攀ഊwas established ect.(Post period.... IMHO, may be Columbus ਀猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 㨀⤀⤀  吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 愀琀 䈀愀渀欀猀ഊthat retain continuity with today's institutions date ਀昀爀漀洀 ㄀㘀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀   ഊ------- ਀ഊRe paper money and the like. I think the closest it gets in period is ਀倀攀爀猀椀愀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀渀 甀渀猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀Ⰰ 䤀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀ഊIlkhans, to introduce it. ਀ഊCariadoc ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 氀愀眀戀欀眀渀 愀琀 䈀唀䄀䌀䌀䄀⸀䈀䤀吀一䔀吀 ⠀夀愀愀欀漀瘀 䠀愀䴀椀稀爀愀挀栀椀 洀欀愀 䠀䨀䘀攀氀搀⤀ഊDate: 12 Apr 91 14:07:48 GMT ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊ ਀刀攀 䌀栀攀挀欀椀渀最 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀㨀ഊAccording to Goitien in his book about the Cairo Geniza ਀⠀⨀䄀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⨀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䨀攀眀猀 栀愀搀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀ഊinternational checking system that allowed money ਀搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 䈀愀最搀栀愀搀 漀爀 䤀渀搀椀愀 琀漀 戀攀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀渀 椀渀ഊCairo or Andalus. (The Geniza contained some cancelled ਀挀栀攀挀欀猀⸀⤀  吀栀椀猀 最漀攀猀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 琀栀攀 琀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ഊSimilarly, Jews in Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries ਀搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 猀礀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 琀漀 栀愀渀搀氀攀 氀漀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 氀漀愀渀ഊdifficulties that was very similar to modern methods of ਀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 挀愀猀栀 昀氀漀眀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 氀椀焀甀椀搀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀ⰀഊYaakov HaMizrachi ਀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 搀樀栀攀礀搀琀 愀琀 最愀爀渀攀琀⸀戀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀⸀攀搀甀ഊDate: 21 Apr 91 04:32:59 GMT ਀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀Ⰰ 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀ഊ ਀䌀栀愀稀⸀䈀甀琀氀攀爀 愀琀 昀㄀㈀　⸀渀㄀　㤀⸀稀㄀⸀昀椀搀漀渀攀琀⸀漀爀最 ⠀䌀栀愀稀 䈀甀琀氀攀爀⤀ 眀爀椀琀攀猀㨀ഊ> ... At Pennsic I have seen every kind of religious ਀㸀琀愀氀椀猀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 䤀 愀洀 愀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀 䤀 琀爀礀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀洀 愀氀氀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀椀渀 ഊ>period pieces where at all possible. ਀ഊWhich is perfectly period. There's this soapstone mold, used by a ਀樀攀眀攀氀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀琀 䈀椀爀欀愀 漀爀 猀漀洀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 嘀椀欀椀渀最 猀椀琀攀⸀  夀漀甀ഊpoured the molten gold (or whatever) into it to cast ornaments. ਀吀栀攀爀攀✀猀 琀眀漀 挀爀漀猀猀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀 吀栀漀爀✀猀 栀愀洀洀攀爀 椀渀 椀琀⸀  吀栀攀 樀攀眀攀氀攀爀 眀愀猀ഊselling whatever the traffic would bear. ਀ഊDorothea of Caer-Myrddin Dorothy J. Heydt ਀倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀椀猀琀猀                   搀樀栀攀礀搀琀 愀琀 最愀爀渀攀琀⸀戀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀⸀攀搀甀ഊPrincipality of the Mists University of California, ਀䬀椀渀最搀漀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 圀攀猀琀                     䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀ഊ ਀ഊSophisticated Merchants? ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 ㄀㄀ 䴀愀礀 㤀㈀ ഊFrom: tip at lead.aichem.arizona.edu (Tom Perigrin) ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊOrganization: A.I. Chem Lab, University of Arizona ਀ഊUnto Bertram of Bearington, and Unto the Rialto, doth Thomas Ignatius ਀倀攀爀椀最爀椀渀甀猀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䐀漀挀琀漀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 最爀愀挀椀漀甀猀Ⰰ 猀攀渀搀 栀椀猀 洀漀猀琀 栀甀洀戀氀攀ഊgreetings, ਀ഊMy Lord Bertram, ਀ഊ Thy suspicions that the good author hath do ring true with me as well. ਀䤀昀 䤀 洀愀礀 戀攀最 琀栀礀 椀渀搀甀氀最愀渀挀攀 琀漀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀 愀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀爀 琀眀漀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 猀漀洀攀ഊtrifling knowledge. I am afraid that my remarks shall have to somewhat ਀挀甀爀猀漀爀礀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 猀栀愀氀氀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀甀猀ഊI must speak from memory: ਀ഊ Thy author doth state that the value of money was ill defined - I'faith ਀琀栀椀猀 椀猀 猀漀洀攀眀栀愀琀 琀爀甀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 ∀刀漀洀愀渀 䐀攀渀椀攀爀 䐀椀猀挀漀渀琀椀渀甀椀琀礀∀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀ഊperiod of time from 500 until 800 when no single standard did hold forth in ਀䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀  䈀甀琀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀渀Ⰰ  洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 眀漀爀琀栀 椀琀✀猀 眀椀攀最栀琀 戀礀 琀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 ഊfineness. Merchants did oft carry a scales and a touch stone. Pictures of ਀洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀挀愀氀攀猀 搀漀 搀愀琀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 䐀礀渀愀猀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 䔀最礀瀀琀⸀  匀挀愀氀攀猀ഊand weights have been found from such divers countries as Sumer, Phoenicea, ਀刀漀洀攀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀挀攀Ⰰ 䌀攀氀琀椀挀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 愀渀搀 䜀愀甀氀⸀   䤀✀昀愀椀琀栀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 䌀栀愀爀氀攀洀愀最渀攀ഊand Offa did cause to be minted the Denier and Penny of 1.3 Gr weight, did ਀洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 琀愀欀攀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 戀礀 吀愀爀攀⸀⸀⸀  䤀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀攀渀 洀愀渀礀 瀀漀爀琀爀愀椀琀猀 愀渀搀 ഊwoodcuts of fine merchants of the Rennaisnace wherin scales do prominently ਀昀椀最甀爀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀礀 愀甀琀栀漀爀Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀椀挀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀Ⰰ 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 攀瘀攀渀 氀攀猀猀 昀爀漀眀愀爀搀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀ഊassertion that money is of a poor and ill defined standard, for the two ਀最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 眀椀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䠀愀渀猀攀愀琀椀挀 䰀攀愀最甀攀ഊand the Augsburg League, are both German in nature, and did fix and value ਀洀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀　　　 漀渀眀愀爀搀猀⸀ഊ ਀一攀砀琀Ⰰ 琀栀礀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 搀漀琀栀 猀琀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀攀琀琀氀椀渀最 漀昀 搀椀猀瀀甀琀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀ഊdo arise in the Market place had not yet been made... By my arm, this man ਀戀攀 渀漀琀 愀 最漀漀搀氀礀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀瘀攀爀礀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 搀椀搀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀攀氀礀 猀甀挀栀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰഊelse it would not be a chartered market! The manners of settling of ਀搀椀猀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀攀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀愀礀漀爀猀 挀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀漀甀爀猀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 琀漀ഊPied Powder Court, to the Justice of the Nobility who did grant the charter. ਀䄀渀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 椀琀 愀 䠀愀渀猀攀愀琀椀挀 漀爀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最椀愀渀 䰀攀愀最甀攀 琀漀眀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀ഊKontor would settle the disputes. Thus, unless thy scholiard doth protest ਀琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 猀椀渀最氀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 洀愀渀渀攀爀 漀昀 猀攀琀琀氀椀渀最 搀椀猀瀀甀琀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 甀渀氀攀猀猀 琀栀礀 ഊScholiard doth speak of markets without charter, then I know not of what ਀栀攀 猀瀀攀愀欀猀⸀ഊ ਀一攀砀琀 䤀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 氀椀欀攀 琀漀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 猀欀椀氀氀猀 漀昀ഊthe merchants... my response must needs depend on what the good scholiard ਀搀漀琀栀 洀攀愀渀 戀礀 ∀氀椀洀椀琀攀搀∀⸀⸀⸀    吀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀琀椀渀最 戀漀愀爀搀 眀愀猀 眀攀氀氀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀ഊby the year of our Lord 1000, and did not decline from then on. With the ਀挀漀甀渀琀椀渀最 戀漀愀爀搀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 洀愀礀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀攀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀ഊmerchant is normall wont to do, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, ਀搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀愀琀椀漀猀⸀   䤀琀 眀漀甀氀搀Ⰰ 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀Ⰰ 戀攀 猀愀昀攀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀ഊnot all merchants would be au fait with all such operations, but a charter ਀愀猀猀甀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 昀椀渀搀 愀 挀氀攀爀欀 漀爀 猀挀栀漀氀椀愀爀搀 愀琀 愀渀礀 最爀攀愀琀 愀渀搀 挀栀愀爀琀攀爀攀搀 ഊmarket who would perform these tasks, note and notarize the results, and ਀眀椀琀渀攀猀猀 甀渀琀漀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀攀渀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 最漀漀搀 䈀攀爀琀爀愀洀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀礀 匀挀栀漀氀椀愀爀搀ഊhath described were somewhat valid for the time immediately after the great ਀刀漀洀愀渀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀 栀愀搀 挀漀氀氀愀瀀猀攀搀Ⰰ  䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 愀 昀椀愀爀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀ഊEurope after the time of Charlemagne and Offa. An he would fain to say ਀猀甀挀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 䤀 洀甀猀琀 渀攀攀搀猀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 昀攀愀爀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀礀 匀挀栀漀氀椀愀爀搀 栀愀猀 攀爀攀挀琀攀搀 ഊa man of straw, the easier to make his own points. ਀ഊAn thou wouldst to read a bit more... ਀ഊMoney and Its Use in Medieval Europe, P. Spufford ਀吀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀礀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䈀愀渀欀椀渀最 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ 倀⸀ 唀猀栀攀爀ഊCoinage in Mediaeval Europe, P. Grierson ਀吀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀礀 䜀爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䔀挀漀渀漀洀礀Ⰰ 㘀　　 ⴀ ㄀㄀　　Ⰰ 䜀⸀ 䐀甀戀礀ഊCounters, Jettons and the Use of the Casting Table, C. Barnard ਀吀栀攀 䠀愀渀猀攀愀琀椀挀 䰀攀愀最甀攀Ⰰ 䰀⸀ 匀瀀爀愀最甀攀ഊ ਀䤀 栀漀瀀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 昀攀眀 渀漀琀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 漀昀 甀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 爀攀洀愀椀渀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀爀ഊthy humble and obedient servant, ਀ഊThomas Ignatius Perigrinus ਀ഊ ਀匀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 䴀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀㼀开ഊDate: 11 May 92 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 樀琀渀 愀琀 渀甀琀琀攀爀⸀挀猀⸀瘀琀⸀攀搀甀 ⠀吀攀爀爀礀 一甀琀琀攀爀⤀ഊNewsgroups: rec.org.sca ਀ഊUnto the good gentles of the RIalto does Lord Hossein Ali Qomi send greetings ਀愀渀搀 瀀爀愀礀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀氀攀猀猀椀渀最猀 漀昀 䄀氀氀愀栀⸀ഊ ਀䴀愀猀琀攀爀 䈀攀爀琀爀愀洀 爀攀挀攀渀琀氀礀 瀀漀猀琀攀搀㨀ഊ ਀㸀䤀✀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀猀琀 漀昀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 愀渀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 ∀伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀Ⰰഊ>Institutional, and Societal Evolution: Medieval Craft Guilds and the ਀㸀䜀攀渀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 䘀漀爀洀愀氀 伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀猀∀ 戀礀 䄀氀昀爀攀搀 䬀椀攀猀攀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀愀琀ഊ>Mannheim (which I'm assuming is in Germany). The paper is basically ਀㸀愀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀爀愀昀琀 最甀椀氀搀猀 椀渀琀漀 洀漀搀攀爀渀ⴀ猀琀礀氀攀ഊ>companies, but as far as I can tell the author seems to be ਀㸀猀攀氀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀愀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 愀 戀椀琀 猀栀漀爀琀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀䤀渀 漀渀攀 瀀愀爀愀最爀愀瀀栀 栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀猀㨀ഊ> ਀㸀  䄀猀 猀漀挀椀攀琀礀 攀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 猀漀 搀椀搀 愀渀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀ഊ> individuals' activities to be coordinated in a remarkably efficient ਀㸀  洀愀渀渀攀爀 ⴀⴀ 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀⸀  吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 氀漀挀愀氀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀氀礀ഊ> hampered by many uncertainties: the value of money was ill-defined, ਀㸀  昀漀爀洀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 琀漀 猀漀氀瘀攀 挀漀渀昀氀椀挀琀猀 愀爀椀猀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀ഊ> had not yet developed, and the mathematical skills of the traders were ਀㸀  瘀攀爀礀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀⸀  吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 愀 昀攀眀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 最漀漀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀搀Ⰰഊ> such as agricultural and craft goods. Markets for the exchange of ਀㸀  挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 最漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 氀愀戀漀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 爀椀最栀琀猀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 甀渀琀椀氀 氀愀琀攀爀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀吀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀攀猀 渀漀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 琀椀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀琀挀栀攀猀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀ഊ>above and, later on, takes us on a whirlwind tour from the 10th century to ਀㸀琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀⸀  䴀礀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 洀漀爀攀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 琀栀愀渀 䤀Ⰰഊ>are related to the relative degree of sophistication of medieval and ਀㸀刀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀⸀  䤀 栀愀瘀攀 洀攀洀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 愀渀 攀氀搀攀爀氀礀ഊ>merchant connected with the Champaigne Fairs died and left his heirs ਀㸀愀 猀琀爀漀渀最戀漀砀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 瀀愀瀀攀爀猀 ⴀⴀ 愀氀氀 瀀爀漀洀椀猀攀猀 漀昀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 漀渀攀ഊ>sort or another -- a veritable fortune. Likewise, I recall reading ਀㸀愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 愀 洀漀爀攀ഊ>advanced financial system. Finally, while the merchants of that ਀㸀搀愀礀 洀愀礀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀椀渀最 氀椀渀攀愀爀 爀攀最爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 攀挀漀渀漀洀攀琀爀椀挀ഊ>analyses as part of their calculations I believe that complex ਀㸀琀爀椀愀渀最甀氀愀爀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 瀀愀挀琀猀Ⰰ ∀椀渀猀甀爀愀渀挀攀∀ 挀漀漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀琀愀椀氀攀搀ഊ>tracking of relative profits based on bribes or taxes required ਀㸀椀渀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀 琀栀愀渀 愀渀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀圀漀甀氀搀 漀渀攀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀 昀漀氀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀椀愀氀琀漀 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 戀攀 欀椀渀搀 攀渀漀甀最栀ഊ>to shed some light on these issues for me? I expect that viewing our ਀㸀愀渀挀攀猀琀漀爀✀猀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 氀椀瘀攀猀 愀猀 ∀猀椀洀瀀氀攀∀ 洀愀礀 眀攀氀氀 戀攀 椀渀愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀⸀ഊ ਀圀椀琀栀漀甀琀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 䐀爀⸀ 䬀椀攀猀攀爀✀猀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 洀攀 椀琀 椀猀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀ഊjust how short he is selling our economic ancestors. If he is describing ਀琀栀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀瘀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 猀漀洀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 昀漀爀ഊhis remarks, excepting the brief resurgence of trade during the Carolingian ਀爀攀渀愀椀猀猀愀渀挀攀 ⠀氀愀琀攀 攀椀最栀琀栀ⴀ攀愀爀氀礀 渀椀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀⤀⸀  䠀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀漀ഊmake the too-simplistic distinction between natural and money economies ਀眀栀椀挀栀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 椀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 猀甀爀瘀攀礀猀 ⴀⴀ 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 洀甀挀栀ഊless central to the early medieval economy than to the later medieval economy, ਀戀甀琀 椀琀 渀攀瘀攀爀 眀愀猀 攀渀琀椀爀攀氀礀 猀甀瀀瀀氀愀渀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀琀攀爀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀猀琀椀挀 漀昀ഊ"natural" economies -- and he is right on the mark about lack of monetary ਀猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 戀攀椀渀最 愀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 椀洀瀀攀搀椀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀  吀栀攀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀爀ഊand local artisan marketplace never disappeared during the Dark Ages, but ਀爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀搀攀 眀愀猀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀氀礀 搀椀洀椀渀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀ഊof the Roman commercial infrastructure and the insecurity of life brought ਀戀礀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀戀愀爀椀愀渀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀猀⸀ഊ ਀䄀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ∀猀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀∀ 漀昀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊmiddle ages, the matter is extremely complex and what I am about to say ਀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀爀漀瘀攀爀猀礀 愀渀搀ഊcounterexample. While the peasant producer and local artisan market never ਀搀椀猀愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 琀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀愀最愀椀渀Ⰰ 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀ഊbrief Carolingian renaissance) that itinerant pedlars in any large numbers ਀愀爀攀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀 椀渀ഊtheir purview. By the late eleventh century regional trade in Italy, ਀䘀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 倀爀漀瘀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䘀氀愀渀搀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 刀栀椀渀攀氀愀渀搀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 戀攀 洀漀爀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀ഊorganized as guild organizations emerged -- hanses, as they were called, ਀戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀 琀栀攀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 椀渀昀爀愀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 昀漀爀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀ഊregional trade. Lombardy, Catalonia, Provence, the Paris-Normandy-Picardy ਀爀攀最椀漀渀Ⰰ 䘀氀愀渀搀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 刀栀椀渀攀氀愀渀搀 戀攀最愀渀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀 攀渀最愀最攀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀ⴀ爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀ഊtrade on a regular basis. The two great fair-centers of France -- the ਀䤀氀攀 搀攀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀最渀攀 ⴀⴀ 攀洀攀爀最攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀ഊthese guilds. By the early twelfth century terminological distinction ਀戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 爀攀琀愀椀氀 愀渀搀 眀栀漀氀攀猀愀氀攀 琀爀愀搀攀 椀猀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 爀攀挀漀爀搀Ⰰഊi.e., between _regratores_ and _meliores_. Between the mid-twelfth and ਀洀椀搀ⴀ琀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 爀攀戀椀爀琀栀 漀昀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀搀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀ഊit banking, began in northern Italy. The Florentines, Lombards, Genovese, ਀嘀攀渀攀琀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 䰀甀挀挀栀攀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀椀攀渀渀攀猀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最ഊroutes, organizing transport, and arranging finance. By the mid-thirteenth ਀挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 栀漀甀猀攀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 挀爀攀搀椀琀漀爀猀 漀昀 攀瘀攀爀礀ഊmajor monarch in Western Europe. ਀ഊTo answer your question as succinctly as possible, pre-tenth century regional ਀琀爀愀搀攀 眀愀猀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 爀愀爀攀⸀  䈀礀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 琀眀攀氀昀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀搀ഊinterregional trade began to flourish and, with it, limited credit ਀愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 猀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀ⴀ欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀  䈀礀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀ഊtwelfth century this regional and interregional trade network had been ਀椀渀琀攀爀昀愀挀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀搀攀Ⰰ 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀Ⰰഊmediated by Italian merchants, and an extensive network of interlocking ਀挀爀攀搀椀琀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀猀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 戀愀渀欀椀渀最 栀愀搀 攀洀攀爀最攀搀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀渀 攀渀漀爀洀漀甀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀猀⸀  䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊbibliographies in the following works as a decent starting-place: ਀ഊM.M. Postan and E.E. Rice, eds. _The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. II: ਀ऀ吀爀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 䤀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀开⸀  䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㈀⸀ഊ ਀䴀⸀䴀⸀ 倀漀猀琀愀渀⸀  开吀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀挀漀渀漀洀礀 愀渀搀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀开⸀  䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㈀⸀ഊ ਀䌀⸀ 䌀椀瀀漀氀氀愀⸀  开䈀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 刀攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀  䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 愀渀搀ഊ and Economy, 1000-1700_. London, 1976. ਀ഊJ. Gilchrist. _The Church and Economic Activity in the Middle Ages_. ਀ऀ䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㜀⸀ഊ ਀吀⸀䠀⸀ 䰀氀漀礀搀⸀  开吀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 圀漀漀氀 吀爀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀开⸀  䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㜀⸀ഊ ਀倀⸀ 䈀漀椀猀猀漀渀渀愀搀攀⸀  开䰀椀昀攀 愀渀搀 圀漀爀欀 椀渀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀开⸀ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㜀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀ഊ a reprint, but Boissonnade's work is still useful and the ਀ऀ戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 最漀漀搀 昀漀爀 氀愀琀攀 渀椀渀攀琀攀攀渀琀栀 愀渀搀 攀愀爀氀礀 琀眀攀渀琀椀攀琀栀ഊ century sources. ਀ഊI hope that this is helpful. If you would like more, please email me. I ਀栀愀瘀攀 猀漀洀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀攀愀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰഊ ਀䠀漀猀猀攀椀渀 䄀氀椀 儀漀洀椀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Sat, 14 Jun 1997 21:57:52 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀 㰀戀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀 愀琀 氀礀渀砀⸀搀愀挀⸀渀攀甀⸀攀搀甀㸀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 唀猀甀爀礀ഊ ਀一漀戀氀攀 䌀漀甀猀椀渀猀℀ഊ ਀䰀愀搀礀 䴀漀爀最愀渀 洀愀搀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 昀愀挀琀甀愀氀 攀爀爀漀爀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 瀀爀漀栀椀戀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀ഊusery. Unfortunately, my copies of Ha Chinuk, the Book of Mitzvot, ਀琀栀攀 䴀椀猀栀渀愀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 愀爀攀 椀渀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 猀漀 䤀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀ഊcitations at this time. However, the prohibition of "usery" is actually ਀昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 伀吀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 一吀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀搀 氀漀愀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀ഊcan be made, but these are made by depositing collateral with the lender ਀眀栀漀 椀猀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 爀攀琀甀爀渀椀渀最 椀琀 椀渀 最漀漀搀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀栀漀 挀愀渀 洀愀欀攀 愀ഊnumber of legitimate uses out of it while it is in his keeping. The ਀氀攀最愀氀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀 椀猀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 愀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 猀愀氀攀⸀  唀渀搀攀爀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 氀愀眀Ⰰഊa sale takes place when goods are placed in the hands or upon the property ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 戀甀礀攀爀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 漀渀攀 洀漀渀攀琀愀爀礀 挀漀洀瀀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瀀愀椀搀⸀  䄀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀爀礀ഊ(the lending of money at interest) is permitted to non-Jews. To this day, ਀䨀攀眀椀猀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀椀攀猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 昀爀攀攀 氀漀愀渀猀 琀漀 渀攀攀搀礀 䨀攀眀猀⸀  刀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀Ⰰഊpermitted loans between Jews were and are interest-free. You can enter ਀椀渀琀漀 愀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀 瀀愀爀琀渀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 眀栀攀爀攀 礀漀甀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 猀栀愀爀攀 椀渀 攀愀爀渀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀愀琀ഊis a different matter as well. Finally, Torah law provides for a release ਀漀昀 搀攀戀琀猀 攀瘀攀爀礀 猀攀瘀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最猀 攀瘀攀爀礀 猀攀瘀攀渀琀礀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ഊA direct implementation of this rule would result in nobody loaning anyone ਀愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 愀 挀礀挀氀攀⸀  吀栀攀 刀愀戀戀椀猀 琀栀攀爀昀漀爀攀ഊintroduced a scheme which solved this particular problem. Regardless, this ਀瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 吀漀爀愀栀 氀愀眀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀漀漀琀 昀漀爀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 戀愀渀欀爀甀瀀琀挀礀 氀愀眀⸀ഊ ਀䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䰀愀搀礀 䴀漀爀最愀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 洀椀猀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 一吀 猀琀漀爀礀⸀  䨀攀眀椀猀栀ഊsacrificial offerings had to be unblemished. Further, certain monetary ਀琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀猀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 琀愀砀⤀ 栀愀搀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀愀椀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀氀攀 猀栀攀挀欀氀攀⸀ഊIt was very difficult for people to bring animals, etc. with them for ਀最爀攀愀琀 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀攀洀攀 昀漀爀 猀攀氀氀椀渀最 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最猀Ⰰഊexchanging money, etc. was established in Jerusalem. So far so good. The ਀瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 栀愀搀 琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀 挀栀攀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 挀甀猀琀漀洀攀爀猀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀ഊa specific Torah law against cheating people in terms of weights and ਀洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀⸀  刀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ∀漀瘀攀爀琀甀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀愀戀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀攀礀 挀栀愀渀最攀爀猀∀ഊhas nothing to do with usery, but with this business of selling ritually ਀瀀甀爀攀 猀愀挀爀椀昀椀挀椀愀氀 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ഊ ਀㸀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 漀渀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 䨀攀眀猀 椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 戀愀搀 爀攀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀㬀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 氀愀挀欀 愀ഊ>religious bar to moneylending, almost all the financiers and bankers in ਀㸀瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 椀渀琀漀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 䨀攀眀椀猀栀⸀ഊ ਀䄀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䨀攀眀椀猀栀 戀愀渀欀攀爀猀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 氀漀眀攀爀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 爀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀ഊcommercial network with letters of credit, etc. to their customers. This ਀椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 䨀攀眀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀愀渀搀猀⸀ഊ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀ夀漀甀爀 䠀甀洀戀氀攀 匀攀爀瘀愀渀琀ഊ Solveig Throndardottir ਀ऀऀऀऀऀ䄀洀愀琀攀甀爀 匀挀栀漀氀愀爀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀簀 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀Ⰰ 倀栀⸀䐀⸀             簀 匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 吀栀爀漀渀搀愀爀搀漀琀琀椀爀Ⰰ 䌀漀䴀         簀ഊ| de Moivre Institute | Carolingia Statis Mentis Est | ਀簀 㘀㜀㘀 倀甀氀氀洀愀渀 刀漀愀搀 ㄀㌀㔀                簀 ㈀㌀ 䔀愀猀琀 䌀漀氀氀椀渀最猀 䄀瘀攀渀甀攀             簀ഊ| Moscow, Idaho 83843 | Collingswood, New Jersey 08108-8203 | ਀簀 洀愀椀氀琀漀㨀戀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀 愀琀 氀礀渀砀⸀渀攀甀⸀攀搀甀ऀ  簀 ⠀㘀　㤀⤀ 㠀㔀㐀ⴀ㠀㈀　㌀                      簀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㘀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀㈀㨀㌀㈀㨀　㘀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: Tim Weitzel ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: Usury ਀ഊActually, an archaic use of the word usury is interest charged or paid on ਀愀 氀漀愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 愀 猀瀀攀搀椀昀椀挀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀 戀攀挀愀猀甀攀 愀渀礀ഊinterest gained off of a loan was usury. But, it was not just the Jewish ਀戀愀渀欀攀爀猀 眀栀漀 猀琀漀漀搀 琀漀 最愀椀渀 瀀爀漀昀椀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀氀椀渀最 漀昀 洀漀渀攀礀⸀  䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀ഊbankers also charged interest in the middle ages, but used sanctioned ਀瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀愀氀 爀甀氀攀猀 琀漀 ∀搀椀猀最甀椀猀攀∀ 椀琀⸀  䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 椀昀 椀琀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 眀愀猀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀ഊthe clergy of the time, but the methods used gave at least a sense of ਀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀攀琀礀 愀渀搀 搀椀搀渀✀琀 漀瘀攀爀琀氀礀 挀漀渀琀爀愀搀椀挀琀 挀愀渀漀渀 氀愀眀⸀ ഊ ਀䘀漀爀 愀渀 攀砀愀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 䈀椀氀氀 漀昀 䔀砀挀栀愀渀最攀⸀  圀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䤀琀愀氀椀愀渀 戀愀渀欀攀爀猀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀ഊto do, and what others adopted, was to specify trade on paper in terms of ਀搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀猀✀ 洀漀渀攀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀⸀  䄀 䈀椀氀氀 漀昀 䔀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀ഊfor a specified amount of money to buy a particular good, say a bolt of ਀眀漀漀氀 挀氀漀琀栀Ⰰ 漀渀 愀 最椀瘀攀渀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 猀愀礀 愀琀 愀 昀愀椀爀⸀  䄀琀 猀漀洀攀 猀琀愀琀攀搀 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀ഊfuture, payment would be made in a specified amount of a specified ਀最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀⸀  吀栀攀 戀愀渀欀攀爀✀猀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 瀀椀挀欀攀搀ഊwould be more valuable at the specified payment time, could speculate on ਀琀栀攀 瀀爀漀昀椀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 洀愀欀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀愀琀 挀氀漀琀栀⸀  䤀琀 洀椀最栀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀漀 戀攀 爀椀猀欀礀Ⰰഊbut the seaonal fluctuation of currency was fairly predictble from one ਀最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀⸀  匀漀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀欀攀爀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 洀愀欀攀 瀀爀漀昀椀琀 昀爀漀洀ഊloaning money by taking in a greater amount than was loaned. Even better ਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀欀攀爀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀砀栀愀渀最攀 琀漀漀欀 瀀氀愀挀攀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀ഊpass money from hand to hand, only a document. ਀ഊSee: ਀ഊSpufford, Peter. Money and its use in medieval Europe. Cambridge ਀㰀䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀猀栀椀爀攀㸀 㬀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 㨀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㠀⸀ഊ ਀倀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 一漀爀洀愀渀 䨀漀栀渀 䜀爀攀瘀椀氀氀攀⸀  䄀渀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ഊLondon ; New York : Longman, 1974. ਀ഊLane, Frederic Chapin. Money and banking in medieval and Renaissance ਀嘀攀渀椀挀攀⸀  䈀愀氀琀椀洀漀爀攀 㨀 䨀漀栀渀猀 䠀漀瀀欀椀渀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 挀㄀㤀㠀㔀⸀ഊ ਀吀爀礀昀昀椀渀 愀瀀 䴀礀爀搀搀椀渀ഊShadowdale, Calontir ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㘀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㈀㄀㨀㄀㄀㨀㄀㌀ ⬀　　　　ഊFrom: "James Pratt" ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: Usury ਀ഊ"Marisa Herzog" said: ਀㸀 吀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀愀爀猀 愀氀猀漀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 甀猀甀爀礀⸀  䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 栀漀眀 琀栀攀礀 最漀琀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊ> laws, but it was one of the things that got them all lynched in the end. ਀ഊ Well, have you ever heard the term "carrying charges"? It seems ਀琀栀愀琀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀最椀渀最 漀昀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 眀愀猀 愀渀愀琀栀攀洀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀最椀渀最 漀昀 ഊmonies to facilitate and safeguard its transfer was not. Hence the ਀䰀漀洀戀愀爀搀 戀愀渀欀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䘀甀最最攀爀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀氀欀 愀搀搀攀搀 猀琀椀昀昀 ഊ"fees" for the oversight and transfer of monies to third parties ਀昀爀漀洀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 昀甀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀渀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀爀攀⸀  ഊPart of the money was retained for costs while the rest went ਀愀猀 愀 戀漀渀甀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀⸀ഊ ਀䌀愀琀栀愀氀⸀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Tue, 17 Jun 1997 09:24:57 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 攀瀀椀渀攀最愀爀 愀琀 樀甀渀漀⸀挀漀洀ഊTo: sca-arts at raven.cc.ukans.edu ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 唀猀甀爀礀ഊ ਀伀渀 吀甀攀Ⰰ ㄀㜀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 　㠀㨀㈀㠀㨀㌀㄀ ⴀ　㔀　　 吀椀洀 圀攀椀琀稀攀氀ഊ writes: ਀ഊ>I don't want to be necessarily contrary, but I think the idea of a ਀㸀挀栀攀挀欀 椀猀ഊ>post-period. ਀ഊI'm sorry - i wasn't clear. A bill of exchange is a negotiable demand ਀昀漀爀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀猀 愀 挀栀攀挀欀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 椀渀猀琀爀洀攀渀琀猀 瀀爀椀漀爀ഊto period, actualy, which take the form of modern checks, although I'm ਀猀琀椀挀欀椀渀最 洀礀 渀攀挀欀 漀甀琀 栀攀爀攀 猀椀渀挀攀 洀礀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 ⠀猀漀甀渀搀猀 氀椀欀攀ഊ":the dog ate my homework, doesn't it? 8)). There are certainly ਀琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀栀攀挀欀猀 愀渀搀 戀椀氀氀猀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 戀漀琀栀ഊentitle the holder in due course to demand payment from the entity on ਀眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 椀猀 搀爀愀眀渀 愀渀搀 漀戀氀椀最愀琀攀 琀栀攀 搀爀愀眀攀攀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀ഊany prerequisite terms and conditions are met Bills of exchange are ਀甀猀攀搀 琀漀搀愀礀 戀漀琀栀 愀猀 昀爀攀攀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀猀洀猀 昀漀爀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀ഊtransactions or in conjunction with letters of credit. ਀ഊElina ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀甀攀Ⰰ ㄀㜀 䨀甀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 ㄀　㨀　㄀㨀㄀　 ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: Barbara Nostrand ਀吀漀㨀 猀挀愀ⴀ愀爀琀猀 愀琀 爀愀瘀攀渀⸀挀挀⸀甀欀愀渀猀⸀攀搀甀ഊSubject: Re: Usury ਀ഊNoble Cousins! ਀ഊLady Elina wrote: ਀ഊ>Thanks! This should be required reading for all those people who believe ਀㸀琀栀愀琀 ∀挀漀椀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀洀∀ 椀猀 吀䠀䔀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀愀礀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀⸀ഊ>The bill of exchange, still used today in international commercial ਀㸀琀爀愀渀猀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀戀氀攀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 猀愀洀攀 愀猀 愀 挀栀攀挀欀⸀  䌀栀攀挀欀猀ഊ>were period. ਀ഊNot quite. It is rather more complicated than that. A lot of transactions ਀椀渀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀愀砀攀猀⤀ 眀攀爀攀 ∀椀渀 欀椀渀搀∀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 愀 氀椀洀椀琀琀攀搀 洀漀渀攀琀愀爀礀ഊeconomy until fairly recently. The Talmud even views money as being a kind ਀漀昀 最漀漀搀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 愀猀 愀 瀀甀爀攀氀礀 愀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀 攀渀琀椀琀礀⸀  吀栀攀 吀愀氀洀甀搀 猀愀礀猀 琀栀愀琀 ∀猀椀氀瘀攀爀ഊaquires copper and gold aquires silver". That is, what is going on in changing ਀洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 愀 猀愀氀攀 漀昀 愀 最漀漀搀 ⠀眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀攀搀 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 氀椀欀攀 洀漀渀攀礀⤀ 昀漀爀 洀漀渀攀礀⸀ഊ ਀䰀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 愀渀搀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 ⠀漀爀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀⤀ 眀攀爀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 戀礀ഊabout the High Middle Ages (if my memory serves me correctly), but you should ਀渀漀琀 瀀爀攀猀甀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 猀攀攀渀⸀  倀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 挀栀攀挀焀甀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 漀渀氀礀ഊpopularized in North America during the late 1950's and 1960's. Prior to ਀琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 甀猀攀搀 倀漀猀琀愀氀 䴀漀渀攀礀 伀爀搀攀爀猀 漀爀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀搀 最漀漀搀猀 䌀⸀伀⸀䐀⸀  吀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀氀礀Ⰰഊthe personal cheque is an I.O.U. instructed to be paid by a specific transfer ਀愀最攀渀琀⸀  倀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 䌀栀攀焀甀攀Ⰰ 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 ⠀眀栀椀挀栀ഊwere generally either demand certificates or some sort of I.O.U.) U.S. ਀匀椀氀瘀攀爀 䌀攀爀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 䜀漀氀搀 䌀攀爀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀愀挀栀 猀甀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 戀愀挀欀攀搀 戀礀ഊspecific pieces of Gold and Silver held by the U.S. Treasury. The Federal ਀刀攀猀攀爀瘀攀 一漀琀攀 眀愀猀 愀渀 椀渀昀氀愀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 戀愀挀欀椀渀最 猀挀栀攀洀攀⸀  吀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀ഊNote (Green Back) operated solely upon the "Faith and Credit of the United ਀匀琀愀琀攀猀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀∀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀攀最愀氀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 渀漀琀攀猀 戀攀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀ഊas payment for debts. Paper money of any type has a long and somewhat ਀甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀⸀  吀栀攀 䌀栀椀渀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀攀 愀ഊpaper currency, but they eventually had to resort to perfuming the bills in ਀愀渀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 挀漀洀瀀攀氀氀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀洀⸀  䴀漀爀攀 爀攀挀攀渀琀氀礀Ⰰ 䈀愀渀焀甀攀 渀漀琀攀猀ഊappear to somewhat predate Government treasury notes. For example, there ਀愀爀攀 琀眀漀 戀愀渀焀甀攀猀 椀渀 䠀漀渀最 䬀漀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 戀愀渀焀甀攀 渀漀琀攀猀Ⰰ 琀眀漀 ⠀椀昀 䤀 爀攀挀愀氀氀ഊcorrectly) in England and one in Scotland. (A Scotts friend of mine was ਀挀漀洀瀀氀愀椀渀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䨀愀瀀愀渀攀猀攀 戀愀渀焀甀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 栀椀猀 匀挀漀琀琀✀猀 倀漀甀渀搀猀⸀⤀ഊ ਀䌀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 戀愀渀焀甀椀渀最 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 挀氀攀愀爀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀猀ഊare inherently inflationary and lead to vulnerability of the settlement ਀挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 愀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀焀甀攀猀 挀爀攀愀琀攀 瘀椀爀琀甀愀氀 洀漀渀攀礀⸀  ⠀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀ഊthose Eurodollars come from. They are created by banquing activity in ਀䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀渀礀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 唀⸀匀⸀ 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀⤀ഊ ਀刀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀 昀漀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀ഊwhile there are still letters of credit. Letters of credit work a bit ਀搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 甀瀀漀渀⸀  一攀椀琀栀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀猀ഊin common use and acceptance outside of international trade during most places ਀愀渀搀 洀漀猀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀ഊ ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ夀漀甀爀 䠀甀洀戀氀攀 匀攀爀瘀愀渀琀ഊ Solveig THrondardottir ਀ऀऀऀऀऀऀ䄀洀愀琀攀甀爀 匀挀栀漀氀愀爀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀簀 䈀愀爀戀愀爀愀 一漀猀琀爀愀渀搀Ⰰ 倀栀⸀䐀⸀             簀 匀漀氀瘀攀椀最 吀栀爀漀渀搀愀爀搀漀琀琀椀爀Ⰰ 䌀漀䴀         簀ഊ| de Moivre Institute | Carolingia Statis Mentis Est | ਀簀 㘀㜀㘀 倀甀氀氀洀愀渀 刀漀愀搀 ㄀㌀㔀                簀 ㈀㌀ 䔀愀猀琀 䌀漀氀氀椀渀最猀 䄀瘀攀渀甀攀             簀ഊ| Moscow, Idaho 83843 | Collingswood, New Jersey 08108-8203 | ਀簀 洀愀椀氀琀漀㨀戀渀漀猀琀爀愀渀 愀琀 氀礀渀砀⸀渀攀甀⸀攀搀甀ऀ  簀 ⠀㘀　㤀⤀ 㠀㔀㐀ⴀ㠀㈀　㌀                      簀ഊ+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+ ਀ഊ ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䄀一匀吀 ⴀ 爀攀㨀 琀攀洀瀀氀攀爀 椀渀漀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀ഊDate: Mon, 02 Feb 98 07:11:12 MST ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䈀愀爀漀渀洀愀渀 愀琀 愀漀氀⸀挀漀洀ഊTo: ansteorra at Ansteorra.ORG ਀ഊIn a message dated 98-02-01 20:53:38 EST, Wolf writes: ਀㸀愀渀搀 ∀挀栀攀挀欀猀 ∀ ⠀瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 瀀爀漀洀椀猀愀爀礀 渀漀琀攀猀 戀愀挀欀攀搀 愀渀搀 栀漀渀漀爀攀搀 戀礀 猀漀洀攀ഊ>central financial authority ... in europes case, the banks ... in ਀㸀挀栀椀渀攀猀攀 挀愀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀⤀ഊ ਀愀渀搀 匀椀爀 䌀椀愀渀 眀爀椀琀攀猀ഊ ਀㸀吀栀攀 挀栀椀渀攀猀攀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 昀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 攀愀猀椀攀爀 琀漀 琀爀愀挀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀愀最攀 昀爀漀洀ഊ>european Orders to european banks. Not the first, just the first (t)here. ਀ഊSince my area of research only encompasses the East and European scopes, I ਀洀愀礀 瘀攀爀礀 眀攀氀氀 戀攀 洀椀猀琀愀欀攀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 䘀䤀刀匀吀 琀漀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀 挀栀攀挀欀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀昀 圀漀氀昀 椀猀ഊright, it appears that the Chinese were first with checks through a ਀最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 愀最攀渀挀礀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀ⴀ 琀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀愀爀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 搀攀愀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 䴀漀渀愀爀挀栀猀 戀甀琀ഊwith individuals too- giving thr traveler the ability to deposit money in a ਀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 漀爀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀椀渀最 椀琀 戀礀ഊpresenting the proper coded writing to the Templar depository - say, in ਀䨀攀爀甀猀愀氀攀洀⸀  吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀攀爀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 洀漀瘀攀 昀爀攀攀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀ഊtroubled areas and not worry about being robbed of ALL their money. This also ਀渀攀挀挀攀猀猀椀琀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 漀昀 氀愀爀最攀 猀甀洀猀 漀昀 洀漀渀攀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀ഊis what got the attention of Phillip the Fair of France, who tried to suppress ਀琀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀愀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀爀甀洀瀀攀搀 甀瀀 挀栀愀爀最攀猀 漀昀 栀攀爀攀猀礀 眀栀椀氀攀 椀渀 挀愀栀漀漀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀ഊpuppet Pope, so that he could borrow the money in the French depository. This ਀愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 氀椀戀攀爀愀琀攀 洀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀 ⠀ 䈀吀圀ⴀ 洀漀渀攀礀 琀栀攀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀ഊloan to Phillip, because he was a bad risk) occured on a Friday the ਀琀栀椀爀琀攀攀渀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 甀渀氀甀挀欀礀⸀  䨀甀猀琀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀ഊside bar-- when Phillip's men finally broke into the Templar's depository, the ਀洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 最漀渀攀⸀  䴀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀 氀攀愀欀 猀漀洀攀眀栀攀爀攀ⴀ 最甀攀猀猀 琀栀椀渀最猀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀ഊchanged too much over the years. ਀ഊBaron Bors of Lothian ਀ഊ ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀匀䌀䄀ⴀ唀崀 䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀猀ഊDate: Mon, 27 Dec 1999 11:26:44 -0800 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 倀愀琀 刀攀攀搀 㰀瀀爀攀攀搀 愀琀 匀伀匀⸀一䔀吀㸀ഊTo: SCA-UNIVERSITAS at LIST.UVM.EDU ਀ഊYou might also look at: ਀吀栀攀 刀漀氀攀 漀昀 倀爀攀挀椀漀甀猀 䴀攀琀愀氀猀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䔀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 戀礀 匀⸀䴀⸀䠀⸀ഊBozorgnia, Contributions in Economics and Economic History, Number 192, ਀䜀爀攀攀渀眀漀漀搀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 圀攀猀琀瀀漀爀琀Ⰰ 䌀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀挀甀琀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㤀㠀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㌀㄀㌀ⴀ㈀㤀㐀㐀㔀ⴀ㌀ഊ ਀䤀琀 栀愀猀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 搀攀愀氀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀ഊeconomic values. ਀ഊPatricia of Leicester ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㌀㄀ 䨀愀渀 ㈀　　　 ㄀　㨀㈀㌀㨀㐀㜀 ⴀ　㘀　　ഊFrom: "Decker, Terry D." ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀䔀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ ㄀㘀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀 愀 昀攀眀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ ⸀ ⸀ഊ ਀㸀 㸀倀愀爀洀攀猀愀渀 挀栀攀攀猀攀 椀猀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀攀氀礀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊ> >Welsers as they were one of the major German banking families in the ਀㸀 㸀椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 吀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀猀 猀愀椀搀 愀猀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最猀Ⰰ  渀漀琀 愀 猀瀀攀挀昀椀挀ഊ> source. When looking at German Cooking, remember the Emperiors lived in ਀㸀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀 愀渀搀 椀渀 椀琀愀氀礀⸀  䄀氀猀漀 漀渀攀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 䠀愀渀猀攀 氀攀愀最甀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀 洀漀瘀椀渀最 ഊ> goods from central europe, northern lands, british isle etc. I would have ਀㸀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 椀琀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 挀椀琀礀 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 眀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 ഊ> could have been traded for throughout Europe and especially the Germanic ਀㸀 氀愀渀搀猀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 一漀眀 䤀 眀椀氀氀 猀椀琀 戀愀挀欀 愀渀搀 氀椀猀琀攀渀 愀渀搀 氀攀愀爀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀爀攀愀猀 ഊ> for specifics. ਀㸀 ഊ> Frederich ਀ഊSabina Welser's cookbook was written in Augsburg and is dated 1553 (IIRC). ਀吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 䤀 洀愀搀攀 眀攀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀漀欀 戀漀漀欀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 琀漀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀ഊcooking in general. ਀ഊAs a small historical note, the Hanse was essentially defunct by the 15th ਀䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 昀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 搀椀猀戀愀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 ⠀㄀㘀㘀㤀⤀⸀  吀栀攀ഊEnglish and the Dutch were taking over the Baltic and Russian trade. ਀䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 椀猀 愀 猀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 挀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀ഊBaltic trade. It originated as a Roman garrison and trade town dealing in ਀猀愀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀愀氀稀欀愀洀洀攀爀最甀琀⸀  䰀愀琀攀爀 椀琀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 琀攀砀琀椀氀攀 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀椀渀最 琀漀眀渀⸀ഊThe wealth and connections from the textile trade were used to create an ਀椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 戀愀渀欀椀渀最 攀洀瀀椀爀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀爀愀搀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最漀漀搀猀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 瀀愀礀 昀漀爀ഊthem. As the Fuggers, Hochstetters and Welsers controlled much of Europes ਀洀椀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀搀攀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 渀漀琀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀⸀  吀栀攀ഊWelsers could afford the best goods and since Sabina calls for parmesan ਀挀栀攀攀猀攀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 爀攀挀椀瀀攀猀Ⰰ 䤀✀洀 昀愀椀爀氀礀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 瀀愀爀洀攀猀愀渀 挀栀攀攀猀攀ഊavailable. How it was transported there is open to question, since it could ਀栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 䐀愀渀甀戀攀Ⰰ 甀瀀 琀栀攀 䴀愀椀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀氀愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀ഊItaly. ਀ഊAs for the Emperors, Augsburg didn't worry much about them, they bought ਀琀栀攀洀⸀  吀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 眀愀猀 䌀愀爀氀漀猀 嘀 ⠀䌀愀爀氀漀猀 䤀 漀昀 匀瀀愀椀渀⤀⸀  䄀ഊfinancial coalition of the Fuggers, Hochstetters and Welsers put up the ਀洀漀渀攀礀 琀漀 戀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀漀爀猀 琀漀 瀀甀琀 䌀愀爀氀漀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀漀渀攀⸀  䘀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀愀爀琀 椀渀ഊthis, the Welsers received a Venezuela and Colombia as a herditary fief in ਀㄀㔀㈀㠀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 䌀愀爀氀漀猀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 刀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 倀漀瀀攀⸀  吀栀攀 洀漀渀漀瀀漀氀礀 眀愀猀 爀攀瘀漀欀攀搀 椀渀ഊ1546, a hard blow but not completely destructive. ਀ഊIn 1550, the Fuggers missed monopolizing the tin mines in Bohemia and ਀匀愀砀漀渀礀Ⰰ 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 愀 瀀愀渀椀挀 愀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 戀愀渀欀爀甀瀀琀⸀  吀栀椀猀 攀瘀攀渀琀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀 漀昀ഊthe Augsburg bankers and the rise of the Dutch and English banking and trade ਀攀洀瀀椀爀攀猀 昀甀攀氀攀搀 戀礀 氀漀漀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀   ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 22 May 2000 22:15:10 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 最爀椀稀氀礀 愀琀 洀椀渀搀猀瀀爀椀渀最⸀挀漀洀ഊSubject: Re: SC - FW: Spices Used as a Form of Currency? ਀ഊI got it! You'll find many references in _Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean 13...." (dont have title right in fron tof me. There are references to merchants paying port taxes using grains [of paradise], cinnamon, long pepper and a couple other tax spices. I seem to recall the references for Naples in the 14th century showed persian traders coming in and paying with pound of spice. It is an indispensable resource as it lists cargo manifests from and to different locations as well as commentary on some obscure substances. ਀ഊniccolo difrnacesco ਀ഊFrom: Beary, Karen [mailto:kbeary at usatoday.com] ਀㸀䤀✀瘀攀 爀甀渀 漀甀琀 漀昀 椀搀攀愀猀 愀渀搀 愀洀 栀漀瀀椀渀最 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀椀猀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀ഊ>help me out. Is there someone (anyone?) making up the list who may have ਀㸀爀甀渀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 戀礀 䄀爀愀戀ഊ>merchants? ਀㸀ഊ>In my research into spices and trade, I've seen evidence (several places) ਀㸀琀栀愀琀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀猀 甀猀攀搀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 ⴀⴀ 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀挀漀爀渀猀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀 ⴀⴀ 愀猀 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀ഊ>currency. But nowhere have I found references to Muslim merchants using ਀㸀猀瀀椀挀攀猀 愀猀 ∀氀攀最愀氀 琀攀渀搀攀爀⸀∀ഊ> ਀㸀吀栀攀 瘀愀氀甀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 漀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 最漀氀搀 漀爀ഊ>jewels and I know that ancient cities were founded on the wealth of ਀㸀䴀甀猀氀椀洀 猀瀀椀挀攀 洀攀爀挀栀愀渀琀猀⸀  䐀漀攀猀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 漀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 欀渀漀眀 栀漀眀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 漀甀琀 椀昀 䄀爀愀戀ഊ>merchants used spices as a form of currency as well as a tradable ਀㸀挀漀洀洀漀搀椀琀礀㼀ഊ ਀㸀䤀稀搀椀栀愀爀愀 愀氀 䠀愀欀椀洀愀 戀椀渀琀 搀甀爀爀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 22 May 2000 22:21:08 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 最爀椀稀氀礀 愀琀 洀椀渀搀猀瀀爀椀渀最⸀挀漀洀ഊSubject: Re: Re: SC - FW: Spices Used as a Form of Currency? ਀ഊMedieval Trade in the Mediterranean World ਀挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 ㄀㤀㔀㔀ഊColumbia University Press ਀一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ 一夀ഊauthor last name:Lopez ਀䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㈀㌀㄀ⴀ　㄀㠀㘀㔀ⴀ㜀ഊLibr of Congr # HF395.M43 1990 ਀ഊI found the listing in my 'card catalog'. ਀ഊniccolo ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀甀攀Ⰰ ㈀㌀ 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㌀㨀㄀㐀㨀㌀㈀ ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: "Decker, Terry D." ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀䔀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀഊ ਀䜀漀漀搀 猀瀀攀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 戀愀渀欀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 昀甀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀挀攀ഊindustry in the 16th Century. The Fuggers, in particular, were deeply ਀椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀漀爀琀甀最甀攀猀攀 猀瀀椀挀攀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ഊ ਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀渀✀琀 爀攀愀搀 琀栀攀洀 戀甀琀 礀漀甀 洀椀最栀琀 琀爀礀 嘀椀挀琀漀爀 嘀漀渀 䬀氀愀爀眀椀氀氀✀猀 䘀甀最最攀爀ഊNews-Letters (1924), The Fugger News-Letters: Second Series (1972) and ਀唀渀瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 䰀攀琀琀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䠀漀甀猀攀 漀昀 䘀甀最最攀爀 䐀甀爀椀渀最ഊthe Years 1586-1605 (1977). ਀ഊThere are also some collections of Italian trade documents and ਀挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 洀愀礀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 椀猀猀甀攀⸀ ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀㸀 吀伀吀䄀䰀 匀倀䔀䌀唀䰀䄀吀䤀伀一 䴀伀䐀䔀 伀一㨀ഊ> ਀㸀 䤀 眀漀渀搀攀爀 椀昀 琀栀攀爀攀 攀砀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀搀攀 椀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀ഊ> futures/options. We do have records of such ventures being ਀㸀 椀渀猀甀爀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊ ਀㸀 ഊ> TOTAL SPECULATION MODE OFF... ਀㸀 ഊ> Adamantius ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㐀 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㌀㨀㔀㤀㨀㔀㠀 ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: "Jeff Gedney" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀഊ ਀㸀 吀伀吀䄀䰀 匀倀䔀䌀唀䰀䄀吀䤀伀一 䴀伀䐀䔀 伀一㨀ഊ> ਀㸀 䤀 眀漀渀搀攀爀 椀昀 琀栀攀爀攀 攀砀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀搀攀 椀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀ഊ> futures/options. We do have records of such ventures being insured, and ਀㸀 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 愀琀 愀氀氀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀攀搀 椀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀攀爀攀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 猀琀漀挀欀 椀渀ഊ> corporations created for such ventures, formally or otherwise. If, say, ਀㸀 䌀攀搀爀椀挀 眀攀爀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 戀甀礀 ∀挀愀氀氀∀ 漀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀渀 最爀愀椀渀猀 漀昀 瀀愀爀愀搀椀猀攀 猀挀栀攀搀甀氀攀搀ഊ> to arrive in Bristol by ship in July, he'd be guaranteed the right to ਀㸀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀 琀栀攀洀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 猀栀椀瀀 愀琀 愀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 愀最爀攀攀搀ⴀ甀瀀漀渀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 愀渀搀ഊ> discounted price. Such options were probably transferable. Wouldn't that ਀㸀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 琀漀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀栀椀渀最 愀猀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 椀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 愀猀 愀 洀攀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀㼀ഊ ਀嘀攀渀琀甀爀椀渀最 椀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀漀渀⸀ ഊThis is how most of the Expeditions of the English East India company ਀眀攀爀攀 昀甀渀搀攀搀⸀ 䄀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 樀甀猀琀 眀椀琀栀 匀瀀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 栀琀攀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀 琀爀愀搀攀猀ⰀഊBTW, but also the Muscovy Company, and a lot of the voyages of ਀攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 眀攀爀攀 昀甀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 ∀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀∀ഊA "company" or set of partners would pay to outfit a ship ( representatives ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 最漀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀瀀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 琀漀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀琀椀愀渀 ഊand crew were not skimming) and they would get a predefined share in ਀琀栀攀 挀愀爀最漀 甀瀀漀渀 爀攀琀甀爀渀⸀  ഊ(this was all "futures trading", since the ship was not even outbound ਀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀⸀⤀ഊPersons in the exchange company would be allowed to speculate on the ਀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀 戀礀 戀甀礀椀渀最 ∀猀栀愀爀攀猀∀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀最漀⸀ഊIt was not impossible that one could "opt out" of a shares contract on a ਀猀椀渀最氀攀 瘀漀礀愀最攀 戀礀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀栀愀爀攀猀 琀漀 䌀攀搀爀椀挀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 ഊcommon was that the person would "cash out" of the company, selling ਀栀椀猀 猀栀愀爀攀猀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀⸀ ഊ ਀䈀爀愀渀搀甀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 24 May 2000 14:04:50 EDT ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 愀氀氀椀氀礀渀 愀琀 樀甀渀漀⸀挀漀洀ഊSubject: Re: SC -spice and economics ਀ഊThere's an oldie but goodie book, ਀ഊPirenne, Henri. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE. ਀䠀愀爀挀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 䈀爀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 䌀漀⸀Ⰰ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ⸀ഊ ਀䤀琀 椀猀 漀氀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 猀琀椀氀氀 爀攀氀椀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 栀攀 椀猀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀ഊseminal historian of medieval economics. ਀ഊOne note for the person doing the Carolingian feast, the spice trade was ਀渀漀琀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀  ∀吀栀攀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀攀爀漀瘀椀渀最椀愀渀ഊera, had left off using spices, welcomed them with growing eagerness. ਀吀栀攀礀 猀漀漀渀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀攀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 漀昀ഊsociety, and the more commerce exported them noth of the Alps, the more ਀琀栀攀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀⸀∀ 瀀⸀ ㄀㐀㐀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀ⴀ攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 渀愀瘀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀ഊre-established between the Tyrrhenian Sea, Africa, and the ports of the ਀䰀攀瘀愀渀琀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 ㄀㄀琀栀 䌀⸀  ഊ ਀䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 瀀漀爀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀猀 挀漀椀渀愀最攀 瘀猀⸀ 戀愀爀琀攀爀 ഊThe establishment of a Fair, under Royal Charter, also granted the ਀昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 琀漀 挀漀椀渀 洀漀渀攀礀⸀  䴀漀渀攀礀 嬀挀漀椀渀猀崀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀Ⰰഊreferences to prices were given in monetary terms in documents, and ਀攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 猀栀漀眀猀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 最椀瘀椀渀最 愀渀搀 爀攀挀椀攀瘀椀渀最 漀昀ഊactual money. Which, of course, is not to say it never happened--just ਀眀愀猀渀✀琀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀洀⸀  伀渀 琀栀攀 攀猀琀愀琀攀Ⰰ ✀椀渀 欀椀渀搀✀ 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 挀漀椀渀㨀ഊday's labor, so many baskets of apples, etc. No reference was given to ਀甀猀椀渀最 猀瀀椀挀攀 愀猀 洀漀渀攀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀✀猀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 戀漀漀欀⸀  䴀愀礀戀攀 琀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀ഊwould have something. ਀ഊAllison, allilyn at juno.com ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀栀甀Ⰰ ㈀㔀 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　　 　㠀㨀㈀㌀㨀㔀㌀ ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: "Decker, Terry D." ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀䔀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ猀瀀椀挀攀 愀渀搀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀猀ഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀猀 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀⸀  䤀渀 㜀㄀㘀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀氀瀀攀爀椀挀 䤀䤀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 一攀甀猀琀爀椀愀Ⰰഊabated the taxes on one pound of cinnamon, two pounds of cloves and 30 ਀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀礀 漀昀 䌀漀爀戀椀攀 椀渀 一漀爀洀愀渀搀礀⸀  䄀渀搀 椀渀 㜀㐀㔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊarchbishop of Mainz, Wynfrith Boniface, received a gift of pepper from the ਀刀漀洀愀渀 搀攀愀挀漀渀 䜀攀洀洀甀氀甀猀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀甀最最攀猀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀挀攀 琀爀愀搀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀ഊdisappear, but continued through Byzantium into Europe at a slower and more ਀挀漀猀琀氀礀 瀀愀挀攀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀㸀 吀栀攀爀攀✀猀 愀渀 漀氀搀椀攀 戀甀琀 最漀漀搀椀攀 戀漀漀欀Ⰰ ഊ> ਀㸀 倀椀爀攀渀渀攀Ⰰ 䠀攀渀爀椀⸀  䔀䌀伀一伀䴀䤀䌀 䄀一䐀 匀伀䌀䤀䄀䰀 䠀䤀匀吀伀刀夀 伀䘀 䴀䔀䐀䤀䔀嘀䄀䰀 䔀唀刀伀倀䔀⸀ ഊ> Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York,. ਀㸀 ഊ> One note for the person doing the Carolingian feast, the spice trade was ਀㸀 渀漀琀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀  ∀吀栀攀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 眀栀漀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀攀爀漀瘀椀渀最椀愀渀ഊ> era, had left off using spices, welcomed them with growing eagerness. ਀㸀 吀栀攀礀 猀漀漀渀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀攀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 漀昀ഊ> society, and the more commerce exported them noth of the Alps, the more ਀㸀 琀栀攀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀⸀∀ 瀀⸀ ㄀㐀㐀⸀ഊ> ਀㸀 䄀氀氀椀猀漀渀Ⰰ     愀氀氀椀氀礀渀 愀琀 樀甀渀漀⸀挀漀洀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Thu, 25 May 2000 18:28:13 -0400 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 䐀愀爀椀挀攀 䴀漀漀爀攀 㰀洀愀最椀猀琀爀愀 愀琀 琀愀洀瀀愀戀愀礀⸀爀爀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: Re: SC -spice and economics ਀ഊ"Decker, Terry D." wrote: ਀㸀㸀 吀栀椀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀猀 漀瀀攀渀 琀漀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀⸀  䤀渀 㜀㄀㘀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀氀瀀攀爀椀挀 䤀䤀 琀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 一攀甀猀琀爀椀愀Ⰰഊ>> abated the taxes on one pound of cinnamon, two pounds of cloves and 30 ਀㸀㸀 瀀漀甀渀搀猀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀愀猀琀攀爀礀 漀昀 䌀漀爀戀椀攀 椀渀 一漀爀洀愀渀搀礀⸀  䄀渀搀 椀渀 㜀㐀㔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊ>> archbishop of Mainz, Wynfrith Boniface, received a gift of pepper from the ਀㸀㸀 刀漀洀愀渀 搀攀愀挀漀渀 䜀攀洀洀甀氀甀猀⸀ഊ>> ਀㸀㸀 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀甀最最攀猀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀挀攀 琀爀愀搀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀ഊ>> disappear, but continued through Byzantium into Europe at a slower and more ਀㸀㸀 挀漀猀琀氀礀 瀀愀挀攀⸀ഊ ਀䤀✀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 搀漀椀渀最 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 戀椀琀 漀昀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䘀爀愀渀欀猀 ⠀洀礀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀 椀猀ഊFrankish) and I recall from one book that throughout the Merovingian ਀攀爀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 猀焀甀愀戀戀氀椀渀最 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䘀爀愀渀欀椀猀栀 欀椀渀最猀 愀猀 琀漀ഊwho would "get" Provence included in their holdings. Provence was the ਀椀洀瀀漀爀琀⼀攀砀瀀漀爀琀 挀攀渀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀漀攀瘀攀爀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀 椀琀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀ഊimportation duties on such items as silk, spices, et al. Importation ਀挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 洀愀礀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 愀猀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 愀猀ഊbefore. ਀ഊ- - Clotild ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㈀㤀 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　　 ㈀㈀㨀㄀㈀㨀㈀㤀 ⴀ　㜀　　ഊFrom: "David Dendy" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 䘀圀㨀 匀瀀椀挀攀猀 唀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀 䘀漀爀洀 漀昀 䌀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀㼀ഊ ਀䜀爀攀攀琀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀猀挀漀ഊ ਀䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 挀愀氀氀 琀漀 洀椀渀搀 愀渀礀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 愀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀ഊMediterranean or Middle Eastern Arabs (which doesn't mean it doesn't ਀攀砀椀猀琀 ⴀⴀ 樀甀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀渀✀琀 栀椀琀 甀瀀漀渀 椀琀 ⴀⴀ 戀甀琀 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 爀攀愀搀 䄀爀愀戀椀挀⤀⸀ഊHowever, in the Islamized area of the medieval Sudan, the vast strip across ਀䄀昀爀椀挀愀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䄀琀氀愀渀琀椀挀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 伀挀攀愀渀Ⰰ 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀愀栀愀爀愀ഊdesert, spices do seem often to have been used as a means of exchange (in ਀琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀愀 琀栀攀礀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 甀猀攀 挀漀椀渀攀搀 洀漀渀攀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 最漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀ഊas cowrie shells, which were accepted as payments at fairly standardized ਀瘀愀氀甀攀猀 椀渀 愀 眀愀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 猀攀琀 琀栀攀洀 愀戀漀瘀攀 渀漀爀洀愀氀 戀愀爀琀攀爀⤀⸀ 䤀戀渀 䈀愀琀琀甀琀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊfamous Muslim world-traveler of the 14th century (the Arab world's answer to ਀䴀愀爀挀漀 倀漀氀漀⤀Ⰰ 昀漀甀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 栀攀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 戀氀愀挀欀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 琀栀愀琀ഊspices were what he should carry to make purchases. On a trip eastward from ਀吀椀洀戀甀欀琀甀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ∀䔀瘀攀爀礀 渀椀最栀琀 眀攀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀 愀渀搀ഊbought what we were in need of in the way of wheat and butter for salt, ਀猀瀀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 最氀愀猀猀 琀爀椀渀欀攀琀猀⸀∀ 嬀焀甀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 刀漀猀猀 䔀⸀ 䐀甀渀渀Ⰰ ⨀吀栀攀 䄀搀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀猀 漀昀 䤀戀渀ഊBattuta* (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 304-305. ਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 洀攀洀漀椀爀猀 漀昀 䤀戀渀 䈀愀琀琀甀琀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀ഊI have only this selection at hand] ਀ഊSuch a custom of payment continued for centuries in sub-Saharan Africa, and ਀眀椀氀氀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 渀椀渀攀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀攀爀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀ⰀഊGustave Nachtigal, a German who in 1869-74 was one of the first Europeans to ਀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀渀 挀漀渀琀椀渀攀渀琀Ⰰ 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀洀 䈀漀爀渀甀 攀愀猀琀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀漀 琀栀攀ഊNile spices of one sort or another were used for payments. For example: ਀∀匀琀爀椀瀀猀 漀昀 挀漀琀琀漀渀 挀氀漀琀栀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 甀猀甀愀氀 洀攀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀Ⰰ 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀ഊ*kohol*, *kimba* pepper, glass beads and the like" [Gustav Nachtigal, ਀⨀匀愀栀愀爀愀 愀渀搀 匀甀搀愀渀Ⰰ 嘀漀氀甀洀攀 㐀㨀 圀愀搀愀椀 愀渀搀 䐀愀爀昀甀爀⨀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀⸀ 戀礀 䄀氀氀愀渀 䜀⸀ 䈀⸀ 䘀椀猀栀攀爀ഊand Humphrey J. Fisher (London: C. Hurst and Co., 1971), p. 26] "In Bornu . ਀⸀ ⸀ 琀栀攀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀椀琀攀 洀攀搀椀甀洀猀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 眀攀爀攀 ⨀欀椀洀戀愀⨀ 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀眀爀椀攀 猀栀攀氀氀猀 愀渀搀ഊ*kohol* . . ." [vol. 4, p. 31] " As mediums of exchange in the Fitri region ਀瀀愀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 爀攀搀 匀甀搀愀渀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀Ⰰ ⨀欀椀洀戀愀⨀Ⰰ 猀愀氀琀Ⰰ 挀漀眀爀椀攀 猀栀攀氀氀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀愀搀猀 愀爀攀 洀甀挀栀 椀渀ഊdemand, but onions and garlic are also used." [vol. 4, p. 37] ਀ഊKimba pepper is *Xylopia aethiopica*. It is a pod off a tree which grows ਀漀渀氀礀 椀渀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀愀栀愀爀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀愀猀琀攀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 瀀甀渀最攀渀琀 戀氀愀挀欀ഊpepper, even a little numbing on the taste buds. I've managed to get hold of ਀愀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀椀氀氀 猀漀漀渀 栀愀瘀攀 椀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀ⴀ挀愀琀愀氀漀最甀攀Ⰰ 漀渀挀攀 䤀✀瘀攀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀ഊprice. ਀ഊRed Sudan pepper is the hot African variety of capsicum pepper (African bird ਀瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀⤀⸀ഊ ਀䐀愀瘀椀搀 䐀攀渀搀礀 ⼀ 搀搀攀渀搀礀 愀琀 猀椀氀欀⸀渀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 18:55:06 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 搀愀瘀椀搀 昀爀椀攀搀洀愀渀 㰀搀搀昀爀 愀琀 戀攀猀琀⸀挀漀洀㸀ഊSubject: RE: SC - Columbus' chilies ਀ഊAt 1:11 PM -0500 6/20/00, Decker, Terry D. wrote: ਀㸀  㸀 䌀漀甀氀搀 戀攀ⴀⴀ戀甀琀 礀漀甀 搀漀渀✀琀 渀攀攀搀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 昀漀爀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ 䜀漀氀搀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀椀渀最 甀瀀ഊ> > long before that. ਀㸀  㸀ഊ> > David Friedman ਀㸀ഊ>Do you have any dates on the trade? A lot of things came from the ਀㸀吀爀愀渀猀ⴀ匀愀栀愀爀愀 椀渀 䄀渀琀椀焀甀椀琀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 匀愀栀愀爀愀 眀愀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 愀 最爀愀猀猀氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀ഊ>was relatively easy. After it turned to desert, the trade route between ਀㸀䴀愀氀椀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀搀氀椀攀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 愀渀搀 椀琀ഊ>was essentially abandoned. IIRC, it became a major slave trading route only ਀㸀椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㜀琀栀 愀渀搀 ㄀㠀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 漀昀 猀氀愀瘀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 眀愀猀 挀甀琀ഊ>off. ਀ഊE. W. Bovill, _The Golden Trade of the Moors_, provides a pretty ਀攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀爀愀搀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䴀愀最栀爀攀戀 愀渀搀 猀甀戀猀愀栀愀爀愀渀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀⸀ ഊHe quotes Ibn Haukal in the 10th century as describing Sijilmasa, in ਀愀渀 伀愀猀椀猀 樀甀猀琀 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀琀氀愀猀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀渀最 椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ഊgold trade. He does say that the way to the mines is "dangerous and ਀琀爀漀甀戀氀攀猀漀洀攀⸀∀ 吀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 ∀䔀愀爀氀礀 眀爀椀琀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 甀渀愀渀椀洀漀甀猀 ഊin attributing the city's wealth to the gold trade with Ghana, ... ਀⸀∀ 䠀攀 愀氀猀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 猀愀氀琀 愀猀 挀漀洀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 吀愀最栀愀稀愀Ⰰ 琀眀攀渀琀礀 搀愀礀猀✀ 洀愀爀挀栀 ഊsouth towards Ghana. ਀ഊThe author writes: ਀ഊ"The gold trade with Ghana was probably well established before the ਀挀漀洀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀爀愀戀愀猀⸀ ⸀⸀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 㜀㌀㐀 愀渀搀 㜀㔀　 ⸀⸀⸀ 琀栀攀礀 ഊsent an expedition down the Sijilmasa-Taghaza road to attack Ghana. ਀⸀⸀⸀  椀琀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀甀搀愀渀 愀渀搀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 最漀氀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 ഊin its purpose." ਀ഊHe mentions that Masudi, tenth century, describes the "silent trade" ਀椀渀 最漀氀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀甀搀愀渀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 䤀 最攀琀 昀爀漀洀 栀椀洀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀爀漀猀猀 匀愀栀愀爀愀渀 琀爀愀搀攀Ⰰ ഊmostly under Tuareg control, continued pretty much from Roman times ਀漀渀⸀ഊ ਀䐀愀瘀椀搀⼀䌀愀爀椀愀搀漀挀ഊhttp://www.daviddfriedman.com/ ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㈀㜀 伀挀琀 ㈀　　　 　㤀㨀㈀㈀㨀㌀㘀 ⴀ　㐀　　 ⠀䔀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Jenne Heise ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 䴀攀愀琀猀⼀猀瀀椀挀攀猀 椀渀 䴀䄀 ⠀眀愀猀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 䤀 愀洀 匀漀 䄀猀栀愀洀攀搀℀ ⠀氀漀渀最⤀⤀ഊ ਀㸀 㸀 圀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䤀 搀漀渀✀琀 琀栀攀椀渀 琀栀攀 琀愀砀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀 洀甀挀栀 椀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 爀攀最愀爀搀 愀猀 漀昀 愀ഊ> > set, constant value, like salt. It's posisble that the use of peppercorns, ਀㸀 㸀 椀渀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 爀攀渀琀猀 洀攀愀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 氀漀眀攀爀 洀攀愀渀猀 栀愀搀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀ഊ> > that spice. ਀㸀 夀漀甀 氀漀猀琀 洀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ✀爀攀渀琀猀✀ 琀栀椀渀最㬀 搀漀渀✀琀 欀渀漀眀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀⸀  唀猀椀渀最ഊ> spices as tax payment and tribute suggest that they were a combination ਀㸀 漀昀 瘀愀氀甀攀搀Ⰰ 攀砀瀀攀渀猀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 爀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 渀漀戀椀氀椀琀礀⸀ 䄀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀甀最最攀猀琀ഊ> it could be intentionally limited for low classed peasant types. Do you ਀㸀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀 漀爀 甀猀攀 戀礀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 挀氀愀猀猀 昀愀爀洀攀爀ഊ> types? I don't say it never happened, but my readings suggest very ਀㸀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 ✀氀甀砀甀爀礀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀✀ 戀礀 愀渀礀 猀愀瘀攀 渀漀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 氀愀琀攀爀 ⠀瀀漀猀琀ഊ> 1300) merchant classes in Italian regions, France and England. Cannot ਀㸀 猀瀀攀愀欀 昀漀爀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀 攀琀 愀氀⸀  吀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀攀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 琀漀ഊ> comment. Lots of viable replacements spices and herbs were readily ਀㸀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀昀漀爀攀洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 甀戀椀焀甀椀琀漀甀猀 洀甀猀琀愀爀搀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀挀漀爀渀 爀攀渀琀猀⸀ 刀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀ഊterms 'taxes' and 'rents' are messy. However, C. Ann Wilson says, "But ਀瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 栀愀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 愀最愀椀渀∀ 戀礀 琀栀攀 ㄀㄀琀栀 挀⸀ ∀愀渀搀 眀愀猀 挀栀攀愀瀀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀漀 戀攀ഊwithin reach of the small manorial landlord". She also mentions late ਀瀀攀爀椀漀搀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀挀漀爀渀 爀攀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀椀挀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 昀漀爀 氀愀琀攀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀㨀 ∀䐀愀洀攀 䄀氀椀挀攀 搀攀ഊBryene in 1419 paid two shillings and a penny per pound for pepper in ਀氀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 愀渀搀 攀氀攀瘀攀渀 愀 瀀漀甀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 眀愀猀 戀漀甀最栀琀 愀琀 匀琀漀甀爀戀爀椀搀最攀ഊfair" and a pound of pepper goes quite a way. By contrast, mustard was ਀猀漀氀搀 昀漀爀 ∀氀攀猀猀 琀栀愀渀 愀 昀愀爀琀栀椀渀最 愀 瀀漀甀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀 漀昀 䐀愀洀攀 䄀氀椀挀攀 搀攀ഊBryene". ਀ഊOne thing I find interesting in this discussion is that the idea of the ਀瀀爀漀猀瀀攀爀漀甀猀 瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 戀攀椀渀最 椀最渀漀爀攀搀⸀ 伀瘀攀爀 愀渀搀 漀瘀攀爀 愀最愀椀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀ഊeconomic history texts mention the idea that, depending on the laws, ਀瀀攀愀猀愀渀琀猀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 栀愀爀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 攀渀漀甀最栀 最爀愀椀渀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 琀漀 猀攀氀氀 愀昀琀攀爀 瀀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀ഊrent, taxes or tithe. Such might not have a lot of spending cash, but the ਀愀猀猀甀洀瀀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䜀爀漀挀攀爀✀猀 最甀椀氀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀琀椀渀攀爀愀渀琀 挀栀愀瀀洀攀渀琀 挀愀琀攀爀攀搀ഊonly to merchants and the aristocracy seems to be an illogical leap. ਀ⴀ ⴀⴀ ഊJadwiga Zajaczkowa, mka Jennifer Heise jenne at tulgey.browser.net ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㈀㜀 伀挀琀 ㈀　　　 ㄀㠀㨀㔀㄀㨀㌀㤀 ⴀ　㐀　　 ⠀䔀䐀吀⤀ഊFrom: Jenne Heise ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 匀䌀 ⴀ 刀攀㨀 䴀攀愀琀猀⼀猀瀀椀挀攀猀 椀渀 䴀䄀ഊ ਀㸀 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 琀椀洀攀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 洀漀渀攀礀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 漀甀爀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀猀⸀  䴀礀 ഊ> basic viewpoint is very early period, when there was much less of the ਀㸀 椀渀ⴀ戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀氀愀猀猀⸀ 䤀 愀最爀攀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 眀攀 最漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 栀愀搀 猀瀀椀挀攀Ⰰ ഊ> that is common knowlege. But we can't say that that medieval peasants had ਀㸀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 洀愀欀椀渀最 挀氀攀愀爀攀爀 圀䠀䔀一 愀渀搀 圀䠀䤀䌀䠀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 栀愀搀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䌀⸀ 䄀渀渀 圀椀氀猀漀渀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀甀琀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 㔀琀栀 愀渀搀 ㄀㄀琀栀ഊcenturies, spices in general were a rare commodity. (I'm summing up the ਀攀渀琀椀爀攀琀礀 漀昀 瀀最 ㈀㜀㤀 愀渀搀 ㈀㠀　 眀栀椀挀栀 䤀✀洀 琀漀漀 氀愀稀礀 琀漀 挀漀瀀礀 栀攀爀攀⸀⤀ഊ ਀一漀眀Ⰰ 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 猀瀀椀挀攀 猀攀氀氀椀渀最 椀渀 䰀愀琀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀ഊreference to peasants... ਀∀伀甀琀猀椀搀攀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀ഊregional fairs; and the commoner and cheaper ones, such as pepper and ਀最椀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 猀漀氀搀 戀礀 椀琀椀渀攀爀愀渀琀 挀栀愀瀀洀攀渀⸀ 倀爀椀挀攀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 昀愀椀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀ഊkeener than those of London. Dame Alice de Bryene in 1419 paid two ਀猀栀椀氀氀椀渀最猀 愀渀 愀 瀀攀渀渀礀 瀀攀爀 瀀漀甀渀搀 昀漀爀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 椀渀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 愀渀搀ഊeleven a pound when it was bought at Stourbridge Fair. ਀䈀甀琀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 琀栀攀 爀愀爀攀爀Ⰰ 洀漀爀攀 攀砀漀琀椀挀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀漀瘀攀爀ഊthey were available there throughout the year. So when a member of a ਀栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀 栀愀搀 琀漀 最漀 琀漀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 漀渀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀攀搀 琀漀ഊsend or bring back several different spices. ਀吀栀攀 䜀爀漀挀攀爀✀猀 䌀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 攀渀挀漀甀爀愀最攀搀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 愀昀昀愀椀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 愀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀ഊthe fifteenth century even tried to ban its members from selling spices at ਀琀栀攀 昀愀椀爀猀Ⰰ 氀攀猀琀 琀爀愀搀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 琀栀甀猀 戀攀 搀椀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀ഊtowns the shopkeepers, who acted as agents for members of the Company, ਀挀栀愀爀最攀搀 瀀爀椀挀攀猀 攀瘀攀渀 栀椀最栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 漀渀攀猀⸀ഊA few Landowners had another source of spices in rents, which were ਀漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 瀀愀椀搀 椀渀 愀最爀攀攀搀 眀攀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀⸀ 䄀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀挀漀爀渀 爀攀渀琀 眀愀猀Ⰰ 漀昀ഊcourse, insignificant in this context, but a fixed rent of a larger ਀焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 愀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀 昀漀爀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀眀漀 瀀爀椀攀猀琀猀ഊliving at Munden's Changry in Bridport in the mid-fifteenth century ਀爀攀挀椀攀瘀攀搀 栀愀氀昀 愀 瀀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀渀琀猀⸀∀ 瀀 ㈀㠀㌀⸀ഊ -- ਀䨀愀搀眀椀最愀 娀愀樀愀挀稀欀漀眀愀Ⰰ 洀欀愀 䨀攀渀渀椀昀攀爀 䠀攀椀猀攀ऀ      樀攀渀渀攀 愀琀 琀甀氀最攀礀⸀戀爀漀眀猀攀爀⸀渀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: Mark Mettler [mailto:mettler at bulloch.net] ਀匀攀渀琀㨀 䘀爀椀搀愀礀Ⰰ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 　㌀Ⰰ ㈀　　　 㐀㨀㔀㄀ 䄀䴀ഊTo: sca_moneyer at egroups.com ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀猀挀愀开洀漀渀攀礀攀爀崀 匀瀀甀爀 䴀漀渀攀礀ഊ ਀䄀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀瘀椀愀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 椀猀㨀 圀栀愀琀 椀猀 ✀猀瀀甀爀 洀漀渀攀礀✀㼀ഊ ਀䌀氀甀攀 ㄀㨀  ㄀㜀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀 开䐀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 漀昀 倀栀爀愀猀攀 愀渀搀 䘀愀戀氀攀开 ⠀㄀㠀㤀㠀⤀Ⰰ 戀礀 䔀⸀ 䌀漀戀栀愀洀 䈀爀攀眀攀爀㨀ഊSpur Money: Money given to redeem a pair of spurs. Gifford says, in the time of Ben Jonson, in consequence of the interruptions to divine service occasioned by the ringing of the spurs worn, a small fine was imposed on those who entered church in spurs. The enforcement of this fine was committed to the beadles and chorister-boys. ਀ഊIf I recall, that is also where we get the phrase "to dog one's heels" - the ਀挀栀漀爀椀猀琀攀爀 戀漀礀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 ∀搀漀最 琀栀攀 栀攀攀氀猀∀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀甀爀ⴀ眀攀愀爀攀爀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 猀瀀甀爀ഊmoney was paid. ਀ഊMalachias ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䘀爀椀Ⰰ ㄀㈀ 䐀攀挀 ㈀　　㌀ ㄀㘀㨀　㌀㨀㈀㜀 ⴀ　㔀　　 ⠀䔀匀吀⤀ഊFrom: ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 愀渀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 昀漀漀搀 ☀ 洀愀爀欀攀琀ഊTo: ਀ഊJust came across this: ਀䘀⸀ 䨀⸀ 䘀椀猀栀攀爀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 䘀漀漀搀 䴀愀爀欀攀琀Ⰰ ㄀㔀㐀　ⴀ㄀㘀㐀　Ⰰ∀ 椀渀ഊE.M. Carus-Wilson, ed., Essays in Economic History, I (London, 1954), p. ਀㄀㌀㔀ⴀ㄀㔀㄀⸀ഊ ਀䌀栀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 眀愀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀Ⰰ 洀愀爀欀攀琀 最愀爀搀攀渀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀ 倀愀渀椀 䨀愀搀眀椀最愀 娀愀樀愀挀稀欀漀眀愀Ⰰ 䬀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 倀椀欀愀 樀攀渀渀攀 愀琀 昀椀攀搀氀攀爀昀愀洀椀氀礀⸀渀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 15:45:31 -0600 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀吀攀爀爀礀 䐀攀挀欀攀爀∀ 㰀琀⸀搀⸀搀攀挀欀攀爀 愀琀 眀漀爀氀搀渀攀琀⸀愀琀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] Partly OP: Brown vs. white rice? ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀伀渀攀 洀椀最栀琀 琀爀礀 琀栀攀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 倀甀戀氀椀挀 刀攀挀漀爀搀猀 伀昀昀椀挀攀 ⠀愀猀 琀栀攀 最攀渀琀氀攀洀愀渀 眀栀漀 眀爀漀琀攀ഊthis http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/SPICES1.htm did) or possibly ਀攀瘀攀渀 琀爀礀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 䄀爀挀栀椀瘀攀猀⸀  匀栀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀猀 ⠀漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀ഊthe Archives of the Indies in Seville) might be a little hard to find. Port ਀爀攀挀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 昀愀椀爀氀礀ഊplentiful. ਀ഊThere are also some excellent sources in various economic history papers, ਀戀甀琀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 愀爀攀渀✀琀 眀攀戀戀攀搀 愀渀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 戀攀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀ഊacademic publishers. Johnna might prove more useful than I in finding ਀猀甀挀栀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Tue, 17 Feb 2004 09:05:52 -0500 (EST) ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 㰀樀攀渀渀攀 愀琀 昀椀攀搀氀攀爀昀愀洀椀氀礀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] shipping manifests and port records ਀吀漀㨀 䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀㸀 䄀 猀栀椀瀀瀀椀渀最 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 漀昀 眀栀愀琀 椀琀攀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀栀椀瀀瀀攀搀 漀渀 漀渀攀ഊ> voyage of a ship, correct? How detailed are these? Do they actually ਀㸀 搀攀琀愀椀氀 眀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 猀栀椀瀀瀀攀搀㼀 伀爀 樀甀猀琀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 洀愀礀戀攀 漀渀氀礀ഊ> the shipper and the amount of cargo shipped? ਀ഊUsually they are very detailed, in order to prove that the same stuff came ਀漀昀昀 琀栀攀 猀栀椀瀀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀 愀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最⸀ഊ ਀㸀 圀栀愀琀 搀漀 礀漀甀 洀攀愀渀 戀礀 瀀漀爀琀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀㼀 䄀渀搀 栀漀眀 搀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 愀ഊ> shipping manifest? How far back do such records exist? ਀ഊI'm not sure how far back records exist, but port records would indicate ਀栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 眀栀愀琀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀 漀渀 挀愀爀最漀攀猀ⴀⴀ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 琀爀愀挀欀 琀愀爀爀椀昀昀猀⸀ 匀漀ഊthey would be detailed, but government records. ਀ഊ-- Pani Jadwiga Zajaczkowa, Knowledge Pika jenne at fiedlerfamily.net ਀ഊ ਀一攀眀猀最爀漀甀瀀猀㨀 爀攀挀⸀漀爀最⸀猀挀愀ഊSubject: Re: Coins and their Commonality? ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 猀欀爀漀猀猀愀ⴀ甀渀渀 愀琀 渀漀渀猀攀渀猀攀⸀䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀⸀漀爀最 ⠀匀栀愀爀漀渀 䰀⸀ 䬀爀漀猀猀愀 ∀一漀 一漀渀猀攀渀猀攀∀⤀ഊOrganization: MedievalScotland.org ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 圀攀搀Ⰰ ㈀㄀ 䄀瀀爀 ㈀　　㐀 　　㨀㄀㤀㨀㐀㤀 䜀䴀吀ഊ ਀樀欀 㰀欀氀攀猀猀椀最 愀琀 挀漀砀⸀渀攀琀㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> skrossa-unn at nonsense.MedievalScotland.org (Sharon L. Krossa "No ਀㸀 一漀渀猀攀渀猀攀∀⤀ 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> >Yes, medieval and early modern people did. They lent plate, they lent ਀㸀 㸀猀瀀漀漀渀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 氀攀渀琀 戀攀氀琀 戀甀挀欀氀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 氀攀渀琀 爀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 椀渀ഊ> >Aberdeen they may even have lent barrels of salmon... ਀㸀 ഊ> So they could have barrels of salmon during Lent? ਀ഊNo, as a valuable commodity that was in effect as good as currency, not ਀琀漀 攀愀琀⸀ഊ ਀匀漀洀攀漀渀攀 愀猀欀攀搀 洀攀 椀渀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 攀洀愀椀氀 昀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀✀氀氀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀ഊhere what I replied to him: ਀ഊI based the comment not on any specific recollection of a case of salmon ਀戀攀椀渀最 氀攀渀琀 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 洀礀猀攀氀昀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 漀爀 洀漀爀攀ഊrelevance, other historians such as ਀ഊGemmill, Elizabeth, and Nicholas Mayhew. _Changing Values in Medieval ਀匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀㨀 䄀 匀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 倀爀椀挀攀猀Ⰰ 䴀漀渀攀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 圀攀椀最栀琀猀 愀渀搀 䴀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀开⸀ഊCambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. ਀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀愀洀愀稀漀渀⸀挀漀洀⼀攀砀攀挀⼀漀戀椀搀漀猀⼀䄀匀䤀一⼀　㔀㈀㄀㐀㜀㌀㠀㔀㌀⼀洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀猀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀ഊhttp://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521473853/medievalscotla02 ਀ഊthat salmon appears to have sometimes been used almost like an alternate ਀昀漀爀洀 漀昀 挀甀爀爀攀渀挀礀⸀ 伀爀Ⰰ 爀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀 琀栀椀渀最 漀昀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 瘀愀氀甀攀ഊused like other things of value, such as items made of precious metal, ਀樀攀眀攀氀爀礀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 吀栀愀琀 椀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 椀渀 眀攀搀 ⠀瀀氀攀搀最攀⼀猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 昀漀爀ഊfuture payment), they were used to pay off debts, etc. And so, like ਀漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀椀渀最猀 漀昀 瘀愀氀甀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀愀礀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 洀愀礀 攀瘀攀渀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 氀攀渀琀⸀ഊ ਀⠀吀栀甀猀 洀礀 ∀䤀 琀栀椀渀欀 ⸀⸀⸀ 洀愀礀 攀瘀攀渀 ⸀⸀⸀∀ 爀攀愀氀氀礀 搀椀搀 洀攀愀渀 ∀䤀 琀栀椀渀欀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀洀愀礀∀ഊ;-) ਀ഊIn fact, reading through Gemmill & Mayhew, they actually write (and ਀昀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀漀眀渀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 攀渀琀爀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀戀攀爀搀攀攀渀 愀渀搀 攀氀猀攀眀栀攀爀攀⤀㨀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ戀攀最椀渀 焀甀漀琀攀 瀀⸀ ㌀　㘀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊFrom the 1420s salmon assumes an importance in the record of the ਀挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 䄀戀攀爀搀攀攀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀⸀ഊUnfailing demand for this fish in thte markets of northern Europe made ਀猀愀氀洀漀渀 愀猀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 爀攀愀搀礀 洀漀渀攀礀 椀渀 琀爀愀搀椀渀最 愀渀搀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 挀椀爀挀氀攀猀 椀渀ഊthe north-east. ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ攀渀搀 焀甀漀琀攀ⴀⴀⴀⴀഊ ਀愀渀搀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ戀攀最椀渀 焀甀漀琀攀 瀀⸀ ㌀　㠀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊIn just the same way, demand for salmon was such that ready sales on ਀瀀爀漀昀椀琀愀戀氀攀 琀攀爀洀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀氀礀 戀攀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀攀搀⸀ 匀漀 氀漀渀最 愀猀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 猀漀Ⰰഊsalmon became so creditworthy as to be as good as money itself. Our ਀瀀爀椀挀攀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 瀀氀攀渀琀椀昀甀氀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 洀漀渀攀礀 漀眀椀渀最 昀漀爀 猀愀氀洀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀ഊsalmon owing for money, while in settlement of debts it seems to be ਀愀氀洀漀猀琀 愀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 昀椀渀愀氀 瀀愀礀洀攀渀琀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 挀漀椀渀 漀爀ഊfish or both. ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ攀渀搀 焀甀漀琀攀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊ ਀愀渀搀 ⠀攀瘀攀渀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀⤀ഊ ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ戀攀最椀渀 焀甀漀琀攀 瀀⸀ ㌀　㤀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊWhether cash or salmon were originally advanced lenders might often ਀猀攀挀甀爀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀漀愀渀猀 搀攀洀愀渀搀椀渀最 瀀氀攀搀最攀猀 漀昀 氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 爀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 昀椀猀栀椀渀最 琀愀挀欀氀攀ഊas a guarantee of repayment. ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀ攀渀搀 焀甀漀琀攀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊ ਀匀漀 氀漀漀欀猀 氀椀欀攀 䤀 挀愀渀 愀洀攀渀搀 洀礀 猀琀愀琀攀洀攀渀琀 琀漀㨀 䤀渀 䄀戀攀爀搀攀攀渀 琀栀攀礀 攀瘀攀渀 氀攀渀琀ഊsalmon :-) ਀ഊAffrick ਀ⴀⴀ ഊSharon L. Krossa "No Nonsense" skrossa-unn at nonsense.MedievalScotland.org ਀䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀㨀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀䴀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀匀挀漀琀氀愀渀搀⸀漀爀最⼀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Sat, 6 May 2006 22:58:58 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀吀攀爀爀礀 䐀攀挀欀攀爀∀ 㰀琀⸀搀⸀搀攀挀欀攀爀 愀琀 眀漀爀氀搀渀攀琀⸀愀琀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: [Sca-cooks] 14th Century Food Imports ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㐀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀琀攀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 戀漀甀最栀琀 愀渀搀 猀漀氀搀 椀渀ഊthe markets of Constantinople. The containers were usually considered tare ਀琀漀 戀攀 猀甀戀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 最爀漀猀猀 眀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀氀攀⸀  䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀ഊBy the cantar (150 Genoese pounds) - ਀猀甀攀琀 椀渀 樀愀爀猀ഊbroken almonds in bags ਀栀漀渀攀礀 椀渀 欀攀最猀 漀爀 猀欀椀渀猀ഊrice by the bag ਀䐀爀椀攀搀 昀椀最猀 漀昀 䴀愀樀漀爀挀愀 愀渀搀 匀瀀愀椀渀 椀渀 栀愀洀瀀攀爀猀ഊCummin in bag ਀倀椀猀琀愀挀栀椀漀猀 椀渀 戀愀最ഊSaltmeat ਀挀栀攀攀猀攀ഊchestnuts ਀ഊBy the hunderdweight (100 Genoese pounds) - ਀爀漀甀渀搀 瀀攀瀀瀀攀爀ഊginger ਀猀甀最愀爀ഊpowdered sugar ਀挀椀渀渀愀洀漀渀ഊmastic ਀ഊBy the pound - ਀猀愀昀昀爀漀渀ഊclove stalks and cloves ਀挀甀戀攀戀猀ഊrhubarb ਀洀愀挀攀ഊlong pepper ਀最愀氀愀渀最愀氀ഊnutmegs ਀猀瀀椀欀攀 ⠀猀瀀椀欀攀渀愀爀搀㼀⤀ഊcardamoms ਀ഊBy other measures - ਀搀愀琀攀猀ഊfilberts ਀眀愀氀渀甀琀猀ഊsalted sturgeon tails ਀猀愀氀琀ഊoil of Venice ਀漀椀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀挀栀ഊoil of Apulia ਀漀椀氀 漀昀 䜀愀攀琀愀Ⰰ 攀琀挀ഊwheat ਀戀愀爀氀攀礀ഊwine of Greece ਀眀椀渀攀 漀昀 吀甀爀瀀椀愀 椀渀 䌀愀氀愀戀爀椀愀ഊwine of Patti in Sicily ਀眀椀渀攀 漀昀 倀愀琀琀椀 椀渀 䄀瀀甀氀椀愀ഊwine of Cutrone in Calabria ਀眀椀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀挀栀ഊwine of Crete ਀眀椀渀攀 漀昀 刀漀洀愀渀椀愀ഊcountry wine ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ 㠀 䴀愀礀 ㈀　　㘀 ㄀㐀㨀㌀㜀㨀㄀㔀 ⴀ　㔀　　ഊFrom: "Terry Decker" ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 ㄀㐀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䘀漀漀搀 䤀洀瀀漀爀琀猀ഊTo: "Cooks within the SCA" ਀ഊLa practica della mercatura by Francesco Balducci Pegolotti in the first ਀栀愀氀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀  䄀 瀀愀爀琀椀愀氀 琀攀砀琀 椀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀ഊhttp://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/pegol.html . A full version ਀漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 琀攀砀琀 眀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㘀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀攀氀 䰀愀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀ഊdell mercatura edited by Allen Evans. ਀ഊPegolotti was a factor for the Florentine merchants Bardi. While he does ਀最椀瘀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 愀 琀爀椀瀀 琀漀 䌀愀琀栀愀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀琀攀瀀瀀攀猀 爀漀甀琀攀 琀漀ഊBeijing rather than on the main silk road and it actually for the reign of ਀䬀甀戀氀椀愀 䬀栀愀渀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 䬀甀戀氀椀愀✀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀猀Ⰰ 椀昀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀猀ഊright. ਀ഊThe goods mentioned are for everything entering the region of Constantinople ਀昀爀漀洀 愀氀氀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 樀甀猀琀 琀栀愀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀栀椀渀愀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ഊ ਀䈀攀愀爀ഊ ਀㸀 匀漀甀爀挀攀⠀猀⤀㼀㼀㼀ഊ> ਀㸀  吀攀爀爀礀 䐀攀挀欀攀爀 㰀琀⸀搀⸀搀攀挀欀攀爀 愀琀 眀漀爀氀搀渀攀琀⸀愀琀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀 眀爀漀琀攀㨀ഊ> In the early 14th Century, the following items were being bought and sold in ਀㸀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 漀昀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 琀愀爀攀ഊ> to be subtracted from the gross weight of the sale. Bear ਀㸀ഊ> SNIP ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀漀渀Ⰰ ㈀㘀 䨀甀渀 ㈀　　㘀 　㤀㨀　㠀㨀㌀㈀ ⴀ　㐀　　ഊFrom: rmhowe ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀匀䌀䄀ⴀ䄀匀崀 䔀渀愀洀攀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䜀漀氀搀猀琀漀渀攀 嬀最氀愀猀猀崀ഊTo: - EKMetalsmiths , - Dunstan ਀ऀ㰀䐀甀渀猀琀愀渀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀最爀漀甀瀀猀⸀挀漀洀㸀Ⰰऀⴀ 匀䌀䄀ⴀ䄀刀吀匀ഊ , - Metallum_Lochac ਀ऀ㰀䴀攀琀愀氀氀甀洀开䰀漀挀栀愀挀 愀琀 礀愀栀漀漀最爀漀甀瀀猀⸀挀漀洀⸀愀甀㸀ഊ ਀㰀猀渀椀瀀 ⴀ 猀攀攀 攀渀愀洀攀氀椀渀最ⴀ洀猀最 昀椀氀攀㸀ഊ ਀䈀吀圀㨀  䄀戀漀甀琀 瀀漀猀琀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 猀椀氀瘀攀爀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀猀 ⴀ 猀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 䤀 瀀椀挀欀攀搀 甀瀀ഊearlier this year: ਀䈀愀搀挀漀挀欀Ⰰ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀㬀 䨀漀栀渀 刀攀礀渀漀氀搀猀 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 伀✀匀甀氀氀椀瘀愀渀㨀  ഊA New Touch-Stone for Gold and Silver Wares [and] A Brief ਀愀渀搀 䔀愀猀椀攀 圀愀礀 䈀礀 吀愀戀氀攀猀 琀漀 䌀愀猀琀 唀瀀 匀椀氀瘀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 漀昀 堀䤀ഊOunces ij Penyweight and Gold to the Standard of XXII Carracts; ਀圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䈀愀搀挀漀挀欀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 刀攀礀渀漀氀搀猀 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 伀✀匀甀氀氀椀瘀愀渀 ⠀椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀⤀ഊHard Cover, First Edition, 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall; Praeger ਀倀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 一夀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㄀㬀ഊx, [20], 218 pages followed by about 120 pages of tables. ਀䐀䔀匀䌀刀䤀倀吀䤀伀一㨀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 瀀栀漀琀漀氀椀琀栀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 昀愀挀猀椀洀椀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀ഊEdition published in London in 1679. ਀ഊ The first section of this book is a compendium of useful information ਀眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 琀漀 愀搀瘀椀猀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀猀 攀渀最愀最攀搀 椀渀 戀甀礀椀渀最 愀渀搀 猀攀氀氀椀渀最 最漀氀搀ഊand silver wares. It includes excerpts from early statutes regulating ਀洀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀愀氀攀 漀昀 洀攀琀愀氀氀椀挀 眀愀爀攀猀Ⰰ 愀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀ഊof testing these wares with a touchstone, sketches of symbols ਀甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀愀礀 漀昀昀椀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀攀最愀氀 爀攀搀爀攀猀猀攀猀 漀昀ഊpersons who found gold and silver wares deficient. ਀ഊ The second section offers tables that show how gold and silver ਀挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 甀瀀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 漀昀 瀀甀爀椀琀礀 琀栀攀渀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 戀礀 愀搀搀椀渀最ഊand subtracting alloy. ਀        ␀㌀　⸀㔀　 ㄀⼀㈀　　㘀ഊ ਀䴀愀最渀甀猀ഊ ਀ഊDate: Wed, 20 Sep 2006 13:51:03 -0500 ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 ∀吀攀爀爀礀 䐀攀挀欀攀爀∀ 㰀琀⸀搀⸀搀攀挀欀攀爀 愀琀 眀漀爀氀搀渀攀琀⸀愀琀琀⸀渀攀琀㸀ഊSubject: Re: [Sca-cooks] 100 Mile Feasts ਀吀漀㨀 ∀䌀漀漀欀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀∀ 㰀猀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀 愀琀 氀椀猀琀猀⸀愀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀⸀漀爀最㸀ഊ ਀㸀 䔀椀琀栀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 栀攀氀瀀 眀椀琀栀 最椀瘀椀渀最 愀 洀漀爀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 昀攀攀氀 琀漀 攀瘀攀渀琀猀 戀礀ഊ> helping the local resources use to more closely mirror the historic local ਀㸀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀  䤀 搀漀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀 搀攀最爀攀攀 愀 ㄀　　 洀椀氀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀ഊ> historically extravagant and that 10 miles might more closely represent a ਀㸀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 昀漀爀 愀渀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀 洀愀爀欀攀琀 搀愀礀⸀  䄀渀搀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 漀昀昀 漀渀 琀栀攀ഊ> historic radius as I haven't researched it. I am just thinking about ਀㸀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀愀氀欀椀渀最⼀爀椀搀椀渀最  椀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀愀爀琀⼀眀愀最漀渀 漀昀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀Ⰰഊ> participating in the market and going back home that day or the next. ਀㸀ഊ> What other kind of events or projects do you think would be fun to ਀㸀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀㼀ഊ> ਀㸀 匀栀愀爀漀渀ഊ ਀吀攀渀 洀椀氀攀猀 椀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 搀愀礀猀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀 昀漀爀 愀渀 漀砀 挀愀爀琀⸀  䄀 琀爀椀瀀 琀漀ഊmarket would likely be no more than a couple of miles because you want the ਀昀漀漀搀 琀漀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀 椀渀 爀攀愀猀漀渀愀戀氀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 猀攀氀氀 椀琀 愀渀搀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 栀漀洀攀⸀  䐀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀ഊtimes will vary depending on how perishable the food is and where the best ਀洀愀爀欀攀琀 椀猀⸀ഊ ਀䤀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 戀愀欀攀爀猀 氀椀欀攀搀 琀漀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀 昀漀爀攀椀最渀 眀栀攀愀琀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀ഊthat used a larger bushel than the Winchester bushel. This allowed them to ਀猀焀甀攀攀稀攀 漀甀琀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 攀砀琀爀愀 昀氀漀甀爀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀琀 攀砀琀爀愀 椀渀挀漀洀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀  ഊAssize of Bread. ਀ഊSalt cod travelled hundreds of miles to market, as did oil, olives, sugar ਀愀渀搀 猀瀀椀挀攀猀⸀  䌀愀琀琀氀攀Ⰰ 猀栀攀攀瀀Ⰰ 最漀愀琀猀 愀渀搀 瀀椀最猀 眀攀爀攀 栀攀爀搀攀搀 氀漀渀最 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 琀漀ഊslaughterhouses all over Europe. If you want to get a feel for the ਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀甀最最攀猀琀ഊreading the works of Fernand Braudel. Even the manor system, which comes ਀挀氀漀猀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ㄀　　 洀椀氀攀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 椀搀攀愀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 氀漀渀最 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀ഊtransactions. ਀ഊBear ਀ഊ ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 吀甀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀 䘀攀戀 ㈀　　㠀 ㄀㈀㨀　　㨀㈀㔀 ⴀ　㠀　　ഊFrom: Lilinah ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 刀攀㨀 嬀匀挀愀ⴀ挀漀漀欀猀崀 䈀漀漀欀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀ഊTo: sca-cooks at ansteorra.org ਀ഊLucrezia wrote: ਀㸀 䠀愀猀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 猀攀攀渀 琀栀椀猀 戀漀漀欀㨀ഊ> ਀㸀 吀栀攀 匀瀀椀挀攀 刀漀甀琀攀㨀 䄀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 戀礀 䨀漀栀渀 䬀攀愀礀⸀ 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀㨀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀ഊ> California Press, 2006, [first published by John Murray Ltd., London] ਀ഊ It's not a history of spices per se or of exotic land cultures. It's ਀愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀挀攀 爀漀甀琀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 爀攀愀氀椀琀礀 眀愀猀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 戀礀 猀攀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀ഊdevelopment of navigation and exploration, economic and political ਀挀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 䤀琀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 ㌀㈀ 挀漀氀漀爀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀爀攀攀 洀漀搀攀爀渀ഊmaps. And it is footnoted and has an excellent and extensive ਀戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 漀昀 戀漀琀栀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀䄀猀 漀渀攀 戀氀甀爀戀 漀渀 琀栀攀 樀愀挀欀攀琀 猀愀礀猀㨀ഊ"With the aid of ancient geographies, travelers' accounts, mariners' ਀栀愀渀搀戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 猀栀椀瀀猀✀ 氀漀最猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀猀Ⰰ 䬀攀愀礀 爀攀挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀猀 琀栀攀ഊshifting spice routes." ਀ഊI picked it up recently and enjoyed it immensely. ਀ⴀⴀ  ഊUrtatim (that's err-tah-TEEM) ਀琀栀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀 昀漀爀洀攀爀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䄀渀愀栀椀琀愀ഊ ਀ഊFrom: "Anthony N. Emmel" ਀䐀愀琀攀㨀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㈀㤀Ⰰ ㈀　　㠀 ㄀㈀㨀㌀㠀㨀㌀㐀 倀䴀 䌀䐀吀ഊTo: ansteorra at lists.ansteorra.org ਀匀甀戀樀攀挀琀㨀 嬀䄀渀猀琀攀漀爀爀愀崀 䄀洀瀀栀漀爀愀攀ഊ ਀䘀爀漀洀㨀 匀琀攀昀愀渀 氀椀 刀漀甀猀 ഊ<<< But it is a good point that ਀愀洀瀀栀漀爀愀 眀攀爀攀 甀猀攀搀 猀漀洀攀 瀀愀猀琀 䌀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀椀渀最 眀椀渀攀⸀ ഊThat site seems to give 6th century as the latest, and even then only ਀椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 䴀攀搀椀琀攀爀爀愀渀攀愀渀⸀ 一漀琀 猀甀爀攀 眀栀礀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 愀洀瀀栀漀爀愀 猀攀攀洀猀 ഊto have dropped off in the beginning of medieval times, unless it has ਀琀漀 搀漀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 搀攀洀椀猀攀 漀昀 挀椀瘀椀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀搀攀⸀ 㸀㸀㸀ഊ ਀  圀愀爀搀ⴀ倀攀爀欀椀渀猀 椀渀 栀椀猀 戀漀漀欀 吀栀攀 䘀愀氀氀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䔀渀搀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 愀爀愀挀栀愀攀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 搀椀最猀 漀昀 瀀漀琀琀攀爀礀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀猀搀椀渀最 愀洀瀀栀漀爀愀攀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 挀氀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀爀攀愀欀搀漀眀渀 椀渀 琀爀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀愀氀氀 漀昀 刀漀洀攀⸀  䤀渀琀攀爀猀琀椀渀最 猀琀甀搀礀⸀ഊ ਀  栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀愀洀愀稀漀渀⸀挀漀洀⼀䘀愀氀氀ⴀ刀漀洀攀ⴀ䔀渀搀ⴀ䌀椀瘀椀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀⼀搀瀀⼀　㄀㤀㈀㠀　㜀㈀㠀㔀⼀爀攀昀㴀猀爀开㄀开㄀㼀椀攀㴀唀吀䘀㠀☀猀㴀戀漀漀欀猀☀焀椀搀㴀㄀㈀　㘀㠀㄀㈀　㤀㘀☀猀爀㴀㄀ⴀ㄀ഊ ਀  䈀攀爀渀栀愀爀搀 瘀漀渀 䈀爀甀挀欀ഊ Rosenfeld ਀ഊAnthony N. Emmel ਀匀挀栀漀氀愀爀 ☀ 䌀愀琀栀漀氀椀挀 䜀攀渀琀氀攀洀愀渀ഊ ਀㰀琀栀攀 攀渀搀㸀ഊEdited by Mark S. Harris commerce-msg Page 26 of 26 ਀ഊ