Women-Warriors-art - 7/12/09 ਀ഊ"Women Warriors: Myth or Reality?" by Mistress Siobhan ni Seaghdha. ਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: Women-Battle-art, f-fighters-msg, Fightng-Small-art, The-Joust-art, WS-bib, p-hygiene-msg, On-the-Road-art. ਀ഊ************************************************************************ ਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ ਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ ਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ ਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ ਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ ਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀Ⰰഊ ਀䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀⸀⸀⸀䄀䬀䄀㨀⸀⸀匀琀攀昀愀渀 氀椀 刀漀甀猀ഊstefan at florilegium.org ਀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀⨀ഊ ਀圀漀洀攀渀 圀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀㨀  䴀礀琀栀 漀爀 刀攀愀氀椀琀礀㼀ഊby Mistress Siobhan ni Seaghdha ਀ഊ Did medieval women pick up weapons and fight? The answer is an unqualified yes. Did women who were not royalty fight? Still an unqualified yes. Did they fight as regular soldiers, rather than as simply 'defenders of home and hearth'? The answer is still yes, but certainly not without qualifiers. ਀ഊ Numerous books have been written which mention royal women who led their troops in defense of their homeland or to defend or gain a throne. Some of them led by being a symbol to rally around and some fought side by side with their troops. Likewise, there are numerous accounts of other noble women taking up arms to defend home and legal rights. Since this information is readily available, I will not dwell on these ladies. What I have attempted to find out was if women, particularly European women, were commonly a part of armies as regular soldiers and whether they entered tournaments and/or became knights. What follows is the result of my admittedly incomplete research. ਀ഊ We'll start with a brief review of early periods, generally prior to 1000AD. The numbers in parentheses are the reference materials for that section. ਀ഊAmazons, Sythians and Gladiators (6), (14), (18), (19) ਀ഊ Generally speaking, early (prior to 1000AD) European periods included women as warriors more commonly than later periods. During the Roman Empire, women fought in the public arenas, both as free women and as slaves. They competed in the opening of the Coliseum in AD 80. According to Juvenal, it became fashionable for women of the nobility to train and fight in the arenas until Emperor Alexander Severus, in AD 200, issued an edict which banned all women from gladiatorial combat. While the Romans do not appear to have left records regarding women in their own ranks, period historians frequently mention women in the ranks of their enemies, especially those to the north of Italy. ਀ഊ The Spartans and Athenians trained their girls in the art of war and encouraged their participation in competitive war games. Plato, in his Republic, stated that women should become soldiers if they desired although he later modified that in his Laws. Musonius Rufus (AD 30-101) advocated that women and men should receive the same education and training. Although he did not appear to go so far as to include training for war, he did indicate that differences in education should be based on ability and strength, not gender. ਀ഊ The Greek historian Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, tells us that the Greeks, having defeated the Amazons, were taking several boatloads of Amazonian slaves on the Black Sea when the slaves overthrew their captors and escaped. Landing on the shores of the Sea of Azov (northeast side of the Black Sea in the modern Ukraine), they intermarried with the nomadic horsemen called Scythians. Regardless of the truth of this history, the Scythians apparently included women as a matter of course in military endeavors. Twenty-five percent of the Sythian gravesites which have been discovered contained women (as determined through DNA testing). These graves had swords, spears, armor and other items of war along with more typical female items such as spindles and mirrors. Some of these graves indicated high status in that the woman was buried with a male servant and/or a horse. This was done to provide servants to aide the warrior in the afterlife. ਀ഊ What about the infamous `Amazons'? There has been a great deal of argument about whether they actually existed. De Paw (6) notes " There is far more evidence, both literary and archeological, than survives for other people, such as the Hittites or Massagetae, whose existence is unquestioned". The original Amazons appear to have lived in Libya. Rock drawings have been discovered in Libya which show women armed with bows. The Greek historians make mention of them often and report battling Amazons after the Trojan War. Numerous cities, attributed by period historians to the Amazons do, in fact, exist. In the city of Ephesus a temple to the goddess Artemis exists and is attributed to the Amazons. ਀ഊVikings and other Northerners. (4), (8), (11) ਀ഊ Strabo (100BC), Plutarch (102BC) Dio Cassius (49 AD), (Tactus, 60AD) all record the existence of women warriors in northern and eastern cultures with great regularity. Roman accounts of battles record finding bodies of female warriors on the battlefield. Thirty captive Gothic warrior women were paraded in front of Emperor Aurelian in 283 AD. ਀    ഊ Saxo Grammaticus, writing his History of the Danes in 1200AD, mentions a number of fighting women in Denmark. Numerous other Danish women are listed in various histories as leaders of troops and `sword maidens'. While some of them are daughters of kings, some of them appear to be just regular folk. ਀ഊ Saxon culture in 100 AD regarded women as equals with men. When marrying, men gave the women oxen, horses and bridle, shield and spear while she gave him armor or weapons. Graves of Teutonic women have been discovered which included armor, shield, lance, and sword. According to an article in the Times (8/22/00), DNA testing proves that two bodies buried with spears and knifes, dated AD 450-650, were women. Other graves in England and Denmark have been proven to be women buried with swords and other armaments. ਀ഊ Cimbrian women (100 BC) rode in moving `wagon castles' and shot arrows at the enemy. They would occasionally emerge from the 'castle' and fight with swords. ਀ഊMongols, Asians and Arabs (6), (7), (8), (11) ਀ഊ In Japan, squads of female cavalry are noted in the 11th century. The naginata, a curved Japanese spear, as been the traditional weapon of the women of the bushi class since the 15th century. ਀ഊ The Abkhazians, in Georgia, had a social order based on the ability to bear arms. Both men and women were trained in riding and in weaponry. These skills differentiated a free person from a slave. In 14th century Bohemia, John Ziska challenged Queen Sophia (widow of King Wenceslas) with an army of women. His amateur army, with the clever use of guile and strategy, defeated the Queen's professionals. ਀ഊ In the time of Mohammed (7th century) it was not uncommon for women to fight as regular soldiers and noble women had the same rights as men, including the right to wage war. As Islam grew in cultural and religious importance, women's status as equals declined. ਀ഊ Usamak ibn-Mungidh, writing in the early 1100's, mentions several women warriors. His cousin's mother arrived home dressed in armor with weapons at her side and chastised her son for wanting to flee the fighting with the Ismalilites. He relates the story of his grandfather's female slave veiling herself and rushing off to fight until he and his relatives joined her and drove off the enemy. Lastly, he tells of a woman named Nadrah who captured three Frankish men, one at a time, and brought them back to her home. After taking their possessions, she called in her neighbors to kill them. All of his stories are told with evident admiration for the women. ਀ഊ Attila the Hun (AD 450) had women in his army, as did the army of Genghis Khan (12th century) when he invaded the West. ਀ഊ During the Shang Dynasty in China (1850-1100BC), careful histories were kept and reflect a number of female warriors including Shih Hu's all woman army and in the 6th century AD, female household servants were instructed in the martial arts in order to better defend their masters. ਀ഊ Let's now move into strictly European history and discuss women fighters who lived between 500AD and about 1600 AD. ਀ഊTournaments (1), (3), (6), (8), (11), (17) ਀ഊ Many reference works cite `a British chronicle' dated 1348 without giving further details. My thanks go to Brian Price (17) who provides us with the author, Henry Knighton, and the text, translated by G.H. Martin. This chronicle states that a company of as many as 40 ladies went from tournament to tournament, dressed and accoutered appropriately and participated in tournaments. Unfortunately, it does not list specifics of date, place or names and many researchers doubt its veracity (a medieval urban legend?). Nonetheless, there do exist at least three verifiable accounts of women participating in tournaments. ਀ഊ In the 14th century, Sir Richard Shaw wrote of fighting and besting a Flemish knight who, when the armor was opened, turned out to be a woman whose identity was never discovered. ਀ഊ Agnes Hotot of House Dudley (born approximately 1378AD) took up arms in the place of her ailing father and bested her opponent in a mounted duel. The family coat of arms show a woman in a helmet, hair disheveled and breasts exposed (apparently she exposed them after the duel to humiliate her opponent). ਀ഊ Pierre Gentien, a French poet of the 13th century, wrote a rhymed epic in which he names some 50 women who, in order to prepare for the Crusades, held and participated in a tournament. ਀ഊ The songs and tales of the time are replete with tales of unknown knights who enter tournaments. Could some of them have been women in disguise? ਀ഊKnightly Orders and Warrior Nuns (8), (11), (16) ਀ഊ Whether women achieved knighthood in the same manner as the men is a bit murky. Certainly Knightly Orders were established for women and women were admitted into Orders established for men. Women took knightly titles which were the feminized equivalent of the male title. Nothing I was able to find stated unequivocally that women were knights in exactly the same way that men were. However, listed below is the information I was able to find. ਀ഊ The Order of the Hatchet was founded by Count Raymond Berenger of Barcelona in 1149. He wished to honor the women who fought in defense of the town of Tortosa against an attack by the Moors. One of the honors accorded to the members was precedence over men in public assemblies. ਀ഊ The Order of the Glorious St Mary was founded by Loderigo d'Andalo of Bologna in 1233. It was the first religious order to grant the title of `militissa' to women. ਀ഊ Some military orders maintained convents. The women took the title of soeurs hospitalieres and undertook support roles. This was not a knightly class. ਀ഊ Supposedly, an Order of the Dragon existed which admitted women and, if feats of arms were achieved, they decorated their badges in the same manners as the male members of the Order. I have not been able to find any other details regarding this order. ਀ഊ In the Order of the Garter, 68 women were admitted between 1358 and 1488. Some were of royal blood or married to knights but some were neither. Again, it is not clear to me that their status was the same as that of their male counterparts. ਀ഊ Apparently Orders were established in the Low Countries which admitted only women. These women were granted the title of `chevaliere' or `equitissa'. After a probation of five years, they were formally dubbed as knights (militissae) by a male knight. The reference I have did not state if they engaged in feats of arms nor did it mention the names of the Orders. ਀ഊ The histories mention a number of warrior nuns. Frankly, this one really surprised me although, upon reflection, it really shouldn't have. The times were not always settled and the rule of law not always enforced. A community of women should know how to defend itself against brigands and invaders. ਀ഊ In 10th and 11th century Saxony, some abbesses are recorded as ruling with the powers of barons. ਀ഊ In 590AD, a warrior nun named Chrodielde attempted to overthrow Leubevre, the abbess of Cheribert. War ensued between the two and the Frankish king Childebert had to intercede. Reportedly it took great effort for the king to bring Chrodielde and her army of locals under control. ਀  ഊ In 1265AD, the abbess of Notre-Dame-Aux-Nonnains, Odette de Pougy, challenged Pope Urban IV. He wanted to build a church on land which she thought belonged to the abbey. When he ignored her objections and attempted to proceed with the building, she responded by leading an armed party to drive off the work crews. Two years later, she did it again. Although he responded by excommunicating the entire abbey, the church was not built until after her death, 14 years later. ਀ഊ In 1477AD, Abbess Renee de Bourbon raised an army in order to attack a renegade monastery in Paris. She was on a personal crusade to end the excesses of the monasteries and convents under her domain. When she eventually prevailed, she made each nun and monk sign an oath of loyalty to her. ਀ഊ In the 14th century, Julia Duguesclin, nun and sister of the knight Bertrand Duguesclin assisted in the defense of the fortress of Pontorson. ਀ഊ The problem of warrior nuns became so pervasive that in 15th century Bologna a law forbade citizens from loitering near convents for their own protection! Various popes established decrees forbidding women from engaging in martial combat or wearing armor, again in an effort to reduce the power of these warrior nuns. This is one of the decrees which were used against Joan d' Arc. In 1563AD, the Council of Trent established that bishops had authority over nuns and their abbesses and could enforce it with military means, if necessary. ਀ഊ Although it is outside our period, it is interesting to note that in 1650AD, Philothey Benizelos established a convent in Greece. The women were armed and trained as fighters. She was so successful in attracting female students that the local government became uneasy at her growing power. ਀ഊCrusades (2), (3), (5), (6), (8), (10), (11) ਀ഊ Did women fight in the Crusades? The European historians are largely silent although the Arab ones are not. Some researchers suggest that the reason for the European silence is political in nature. The Crusades were not generally successful. Having women in the armies might provide a temptation to sin thus bringing God's wrath down on them and causing the failures. Some period chroniclers blame the failure of the 3rd Crusade on the misconduct of women. Downplaying the participation of women may have been a way of avoiding the issue. ਀ഊ Queen Eleanor and her "Amazons" went on the Second Crusade. Although they went through a regular course of training as light cavalry and attained some proficiency in the use of arms, it does not appear that they actually fought in the Holy Land. In 1147AD, Eleanor and her ladies ignored the advice of the seasoned warriors accompanying them (and the strict orders of King Louis) one night as they prepared to make camp near Laodicea. Eleanor insisted that they camp in a different place and the party was attacked by Saracens. King Louis barely arrived in time to save them and suffered heavy losses. Eleanor and her ladies were retired to the castle of her cousin, Raymond, Prince of Antioch for the rest of the season. ਀ഊ Nonetheless, it appears that some women did fight in the Crusades. During the first Crusade, entire villages would leave for the Holy Land. A poem written to commemorate the party led by Godfrey of Bouillon describes companies of women armed with clubs. A palace in Genoa is listed as containing several light cuirasses which had been made for a band of Genoese ladies on crusade in the 1301. Apparently, according to letters written by Pope Boniface VIII, they were dissuaded from doing so. However, the exploits of other Genoese women on crusade against the Turks are recorded in these same letters. ਀ഊ An unnamed historian (8) in the 13th century is quoted as saying that "French women warriors in this period were either duelists who made themselves locally famous in France or hard-fighting crusader soldiers who usually died unidentified." ਀ഊ In the 1300's, the patron saint of Italy, Caterina Benincasa, like Joan d' Arc, heard voices and directed soldiers against the Muslims. ਀ഊ Women are recorded as being the armies of both Emperor Conrad (1191AD) and Count William of Poiters (1101 AD). ਀ഊ At the beginning of the 3rd Crusade, in 1189, Pope Clement wrote a Papal Bull which forbade women from putting on armor or fighting in the crusades. It was largely ignored. ਀ഊ Some researches state that Arab historians may have had political motivations for recording European women as warriors. As propaganda, this would show that Europeans had less care for the virtue of their women than Arabs did. The numbers they report may be inaccurate. However, here is what I was able to find: ਀ഊ During the 3rd Crusade, Imad ad-Din and Baha al-Din (who apparently rode with Saladin) recorded their impressions of both Muslim and Christian woman warriors. They mention a 'woman from over the sea' who arrived in 1189 with 500 horsemen and sufficient support staff and who rode with her troops. They also mention seeing other European women who fought, some of whom could be identified at a distance and others who were only known as women once their bodies were examined. In 1191 they mention a female archer during the siege of Acre who was responsible for a number of deaths before she was overwhelmed and killed. ਀ ഊ Ibn al-Athir also mentions women warriors fighting at the siege of Acre. He speaks of three Frankish horsewomen who were among the prisoners but not recognized as women until their armor was removed. He also mentions a number of Frankish women who challenged the Muslims to single combat. ਀ഊRegular soldiers (2), (6), (8), (11), (12), (13) ਀ഊ Many women appear to have fought as regular soldiers. An anonymous sword and buckler training manual from the 13th century shows a woman named Walpurga in some of the drawings which demonstrate different stances. Nichols (12) discusses the period attitude towards sports and exercise. He points out that women were actively involved in vigorous sports including ball games, tennis, skiing and ice skating, tumbling, archery, horseback riding, hunting, and self defense. ਀ഊ Countess Matilda of Tuscany (born 1046AD) rode to war with her mother and fought for 30 years in the service of Pope Gregory VIII and Pope Urban. ਀ഊ Maria of Pozzuoli is written of in some detail in a letter from Petrarch to Cardinal Giovanni Colonna in 1343. She apparently was a highly respected woman who traveled and fought with the regular army, virginity intact. ਀ഊ In the late 1300s, Queen Valeska of Bohemia required all girls to serve in the military. During this same time period in Italy, 30 women defended the town of Mugello until reinforcements arrived and Luzia Stanga was noted as a well respected cavalry swordswoman. ਀ഊ The Royal Armouries Yearbook 1997 contains an article regarding the Bridport Muster Roll of 1457. Among the 174 names of ordinary people are 5 women, three of whom came with equipment such as sword, buckler, bow, and/or body armor. The authors note that 39% of the names on the list do not have any equipment. ਀ഊ In the early 1400s, Jeanne des Armoises is listed as fighting at both Poitiers and Guinee. The Spanish gave her a fleet of warships and in 1439, she was placed in charge of an army. In this same time period, Bona Lombardi convinced her husband, Captain Brunoro, to teacher her the arts of war. They fought side by side for many years and she saved his life on more than one occasion. ਀ഊ In 1518, a group of 350 girls were enlisted to construct and defend fortifications at the Protestant Garrison in Guienne, France. ਀ഊ In 1524, Ameliane du Puget led a troop of women who dug a trench known as the Tranchee des Dames (today the Boulevard des Dames runs along the place were the trench used to be). This act assisted in breaking the Siege of Marseilles in the war between the Constable of Bourbon and the King. ਀ഊ Dona Catalina de Erauso left a nunnery in 1596 and became a soldier of fortune. ਀ഊ Margarite Delaye lost an arm fighting in the siege of Montelimar in 1569 and Captain Mary Ambree is listed as assisting in the release of the town of Ghent from the Spanish in 1582. ਀ഊ ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀攀爀猀 漀昀 䠀攀愀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 䠀漀洀攀  ⠀㌀⤀Ⰰ ⠀㠀⤀Ⰰ ഊ ਀     䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀渀攀 搀攀 倀椀猀愀渀 ⠀㄀㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⤀ 眀爀漀琀攀 椀渀 吀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀愀搀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 昀漀爀 眀漀洀攀渀 琀漀 戀攀 攀搀甀挀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀琀 漀昀 眀愀爀昀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 眀爀漀琀攀 愀 琀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 洀愀渀甀愀氀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 䘀攀愀琀猀 漀昀 䄀爀洀猀 愀渀搀 䌀栀椀瘀愀氀爀礀⸀  䐀愀瘀椀搀 䨀漀渀攀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀甀琀 椀渀 圀愀爀爀椀漀爀 圀漀洀攀渀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀猀琀氀攀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 挀愀瀀愀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 甀渀椀琀猀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀挀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀爀甀攀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀搀礀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 氀攀昀琀 眀椀琀栀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀椀琀氀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 栀攀爀猀 戀礀 爀椀最栀琀 漀爀 戀攀椀渀最 栀攀氀搀 椀渀 栀攀爀 栀甀猀戀愀渀搀✀猀 渀愀洀攀⸀ഊ ਀     䤀渀 ㄀㈀㐀　䄀䐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 吀攀甀琀漀渀椀挀 䬀渀椀最栀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀氀攀愀最甀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 倀爀甀猀猀椀愀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀漀欀 爀攀昀甀最攀 椀渀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 琀漀眀渀猀⸀  䤀渀 䌀甀氀洀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 欀渀椀最栀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 琀愀欀攀渀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀洀攀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀⸀  吀栀攀礀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 最愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 搀漀渀渀攀搀 洀愀椀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀甀渀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀氀氀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 栀愀渀搀⸀  吀栀攀 倀爀甀猀猀椀愀渀猀 眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀⸀ഊ ਀     吀栀攀 眀漀洀攀渀 眀栀漀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 漀昀 吀漀爀琀漀猀愀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䴀漀漀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 栀漀渀漀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 䈀愀爀挀攀氀漀渀愀⸀ ⠀猀攀攀 䬀渀椀最栀琀氀礀 伀爀搀攀爀猀⤀⸀ഊ ਀     䰀愀搀礀 䄀最渀攀猀 刀愀渀搀漀氀瀀栀 縀䈀氀愀挀欀 䄀最渀攀猀縀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 䄀䐀 ㄀㌀　　⤀ 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 栀攀氀搀 栀攀爀 挀愀猀琀氀攀 昀漀爀 㔀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀 漀昀 匀愀氀椀猀戀甀爀礀 椀渀 ㄀㌀㌀㐀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 攀愀挀栀 愀猀猀愀甀氀琀Ⰰ 猀栀攀 栀愀搀 栀攀爀 洀愀椀搀猀 搀甀猀琀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀 栀攀爀 猀挀漀爀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀爀猀⸀ഊ ਀     吀栀攀 䐀甀琀挀栀 挀椀琀礀 漀昀 䠀愀爀氀愀愀洀Ⰰ 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀瀀愀渀椀猀栀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㘀㠀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 搀攀昀攀渀搀攀搀 椀渀 瀀愀爀琀 戀礀 琀眀漀 猀椀猀琀攀爀猀 ⠀䄀洀愀爀爀漀渀 ☀ 䬀攀渀愀甀 䠀愀猀猀攀氀愀愀爀⤀ 眀栀漀 氀攀搀 愀 戀愀琀琀愀氀椀漀渀 漀昀 ㌀　　 眀漀洀攀渀 愀爀洀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀眀漀爀搀Ⰰ 搀愀最最攀爀 愀渀搀 洀甀猀欀攀琀⸀  刀攀昀甀猀椀渀最 琀漀 眀攀愀爀 洀攀渀✀猀 挀氀漀琀栀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀漀爀攀 氀椀最栀琀 愀爀洀漀爀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀爀攀猀猀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀     一椀挀漀氀愀 搀攀 氀愀 䠀愀礀攀Ⰰ 搀愀甀最栀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀琀攀氀氀愀渀 漀昀 䰀椀渀挀漀氀渀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 爀愀椀搀猀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀栀攀爀椀昀昀 漀昀 䰀椀渀挀漀氀渀猀栀椀爀攀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㄀㘀⸀ഊ ਀    䤀渀 琀栀攀 猀椀攀最攀 漀昀 伀爀氀攀愀渀猀Ⰰ 䘀爀愀渀挀攀 ⠀㄀㐀㌀㠀⤀ 眀漀洀攀渀 搀攀昀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀 戀礀 瀀漀甀爀椀渀最 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 漀椀氀Ⰰ 眀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 氀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 愀猀栀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀⸀  吀栀爀攀攀 戀愀琀琀愀氀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 漀昀 匀椀攀渀愀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㔀㐀⸀  圀漀洀攀渀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 愀猀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀攀最攀猀 漀昀 倀愀瘀椀愀 愀渀搀 倀愀搀甀愀⸀ ഊ ਀一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀 ⠀㠀⤀Ⰰ ⠀㄀㄀⤀ഊ ਀     圀攀✀瘀攀 愀氀氀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 爀椀最栀琀㼀  匀甀爀瀀爀椀猀攀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 搀椀搀 攀搀甀挀愀琀攀搀 昀漀氀欀猀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 眀愀猀 爀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 眀漀洀攀渀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 一攀眀 圀漀爀氀搀⸀ 䌀漀氀甀洀戀甀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 儀甀攀攀渀 䤀猀愀戀攀氀氀愀 ⠀栀攀爀猀攀氀昀 愀 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀 眀漀洀愀渀⤀⸀  吀栀攀 䄀洀愀稀漀渀 刀椀瘀攀爀 最漀琀 椀琀猀 渀愀洀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 䌀愀瀀琀愀椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀挀漀 搀攀 伀爀攀氀氀愀渀愀✀猀 攀渀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 眀漀洀攀渀 眀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀⸀ 倀椀稀愀爀爀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 栀椀猀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀挀愀猀⸀  䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 眀漀洀攀渀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀漀欀 甀瀀 愀爀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀 瀀氀愀挀攀ഊ ਀     䤀渀攀稀 匀甀愀爀攀稀 猀愀椀氀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 匀瀀愀椀渀 琀漀 倀攀爀甀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㌀㜀䄀䐀 琀漀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 昀漀爀 栀攀爀 洀椀猀猀椀渀最 栀甀猀戀愀渀搀⸀  唀瀀漀渀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 栀椀猀 搀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 猀栀攀 猀攀琀琀氀攀搀 椀渀 䌀甀稀挀漀 愀渀搀 爀攀ⴀ洀愀爀爀椀攀搀⸀  匀栀攀 椀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 愀猀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀愀爀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䄀爀甀挀愀渀椀愀渀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ഊ ਀     䤀渀 ㄀㔀㈀㄀䄀䐀Ⰰ 䌀漀爀琀攀稀 栀愀搀 戀漀琀栀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 眀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀 愀爀洀礀⸀  䠀椀猀 眀椀昀攀Ⰰ 䴀愀爀椀愀 䔀猀琀爀愀搀愀Ⰰ 椀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最⸀  䈀攀愀琀爀椀稀 搀攀 倀愀爀搀攀猀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 愀猀 琀愀欀椀渀最 愀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 瀀愀爀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 椀渀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 䴀攀砀椀挀漀⸀ഊ ਀䐀甀攀氀猀 ⠀㈀⤀Ⰰ ⠀㠀⤀ഊ ਀     䄀 渀漀戀氀攀眀漀洀愀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 挀栀漀漀猀攀 愀 挀栀愀洀瀀椀漀渀 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀爀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 昀椀最栀琀 琀栀攀 搀甀攀氀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀  䜀攀爀洀愀渀 氀愀眀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀 昀漀爀 愀 眀漀洀愀渀 琀漀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀 愀 洀愀渀 琀漀 愀 樀漀甀猀琀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 漀昀 漀渀攀 猀甀挀栀 樀漀甀猀琀 ⠀㄀㈀㈀㠀䄀䐀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 眀漀渀⸀  䤀渀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 搀甀攀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀渀 猀琀漀漀搀 眀愀椀猀琀 搀攀攀瀀 椀渀 愀 瀀椀琀⸀  䠀攀 眀愀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 愀爀洀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀氀甀戀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 氀攀昀琀 栀愀渀搀 琀椀攀搀 戀攀栀椀渀搀 栀椀猀 戀愀挀欀⸀  吀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 栀愀搀 愀 ㌀ⴀ㔀氀戀 爀漀挀欀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 愀 猀栀愀眀氀⸀  䤀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀 眀漀渀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀甀爀礀 琀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 愀氀椀瘀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀椀琀⸀  䤀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀爀攀愀猀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 搀甀攀氀 眀愀猀 爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀挀挀甀猀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 爀愀瀀攀⸀  䤀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀 眀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 氀漀猀琀 愀 栀愀渀搀⸀  䤀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 眀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀渀 氀漀猀琀 栀椀猀 栀攀愀搀⸀  䤀渀 䈀漀栀攀洀椀愀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 瀀愀爀琀椀攀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 猀眀漀爀搀猀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 眀漀洀愀渀 栀愀搀 琀漀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 愀 挀椀爀挀氀攀 搀爀愀眀渀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀椀琀⸀ഊ ਀     䄀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 洀愀渀礀 眀漀洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 搀甀攀氀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 ㄀㔀　　✀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 ㄀㘀　　✀猀⸀  䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀挀漀瀀攀 漀昀 漀甀爀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 䤀 漀昀昀攀爀 愀 戀爀椀攀昀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀猀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀 氀椀攀 琀栀攀爀攀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 ㄀㘀琀栀 愀渀搀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㜀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 縀刀漀愀爀椀渀最 䜀椀爀氀猀縀 琀攀氀氀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀 眀栀漀 搀爀攀猀猀攀搀 愀猀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 爀漀愀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀攀攀琀猀⸀  吀栀攀 䬀椀渀最 漀昀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㘀㈀　Ⰰ 戀愀搀攀 栀椀猀 挀氀攀爀最礀 琀漀 猀攀爀洀漀渀椀稀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀椀猀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀爀⸀  䄀 戀漀漀欀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 刀漀愀爀椀渀最 䜀椀爀氀猀Ⰰ 搀愀琀攀搀 ㄀㘀㄀㄀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 愀 搀爀愀眀椀渀最 漀昀 愀 眀漀洀愀渀 猀洀漀欀椀渀最 瀀椀瀀攀 愀渀搀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最 愀 猀眀漀爀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀瘀攀爀⸀  伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀爀椀攀猀 椀琀 琀攀氀氀猀 椀猀 漀昀 䴀愀爀礀 䘀椀爀琀栀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䴀漀氀氀礀 䌀甀琀瀀甀爀猀攀⸀ 匀栀攀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 挀愀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀 漀渀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀猀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀 ㄀㘀　　猀 椀渀 倀攀爀甀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀氀漀椀琀猀 漀昀 䐀漀渀愀 䄀渀愀 䰀攀稀愀洀愀 搀攀 唀爀椀渀稀愀 愀渀搀 䐀漀渀愀 䔀甀猀琀愀焀甀椀愀 搀攀 匀漀渀稀愀Ⰰ 縀琀栀攀 嘀愀氀椀愀渀琀 䰀愀搀椀攀猀 漀昀 倀漀琀漀猀椀縀 愀爀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀漀漀欀 吀栀攀 匀眀漀爀搀 愀渀搀 圀漀洀愀渀欀椀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 氀椀猀琀猀 愀 昀愀椀爀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 昀攀洀愀氀攀 搀甀攀氀椀猀琀猀⸀ഊ ਀     䤀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀渀ⴀ爀漀礀愀氀⼀渀漀戀氀攀 眀漀洀攀渀 搀椀搀 昀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 攀洀攀爀最攀渀挀椀攀猀 ⠀攀⸀最⸀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀猀 漀爀 栀漀洀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 戀愀渀搀椀琀猀 漀爀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀爀猀⤀⸀  䌀爀甀猀愀搀椀渀最 眀漀洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 氀攀昀琀 戀攀栀椀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀礀 洀漀瘀攀搀 漀渀⸀  伀渀攀 眀愀礀 琀漀 猀琀愀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 琀漀 椀琀 戀礀 欀渀漀眀椀渀最 栀漀眀 琀漀 昀椀最栀琀⸀  䄀渀礀漀渀攀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 洀礀猀攀氀昀⤀ 眀栀漀 栀愀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 樀漀甀猀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 爀椀渀最猀 漀爀 焀甀椀渀琀愀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀 漀爀 樀漀甀猀琀椀渀最 猀漀挀椀攀琀椀攀猀 挀愀渀 琀攀氀氀 礀漀甀 琀栀愀琀 樀甀猀琀 戀攀椀渀最 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀搀 爀椀搀攀爀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 洀愀欀攀 漀渀攀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 愀 挀漀洀瀀攀琀攀渀琀 樀漀甀猀琀攀爀 漀爀 栀漀爀猀攀戀愀挀欀 昀椀最栀琀攀爀⸀  䤀琀 琀愀欀攀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 昀漀爀 戀漀琀栀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀渀搀 爀椀搀攀爀⸀  䠀愀瘀椀渀最 漀渀攀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 挀漀洀瀀攀琀攀渀挀礀⸀  匀椀渀挀攀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 眀漀洀攀渀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 栀漀爀猀攀戀愀挀欀Ⰰ 眀攀 洀甀猀琀 愀猀猀甀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 猀漀洀攀眀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 椀昀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀 搀漀 渀漀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 椀琀⸀  匀漀洀攀琀栀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀爀洀愀氀 ⠀瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 栀礀最椀攀渀攀 挀漀洀攀猀 琀漀 洀椀渀搀⤀ 椀猀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 渀漀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀礀 眀爀椀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  吀栀愀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 洀攀愀渀 椀琀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 漀挀挀甀爀⸀  䤀 愀洀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀爀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 攀砀椀猀琀猀⸀  圀攀 樀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 最漀 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀 椀琀⸀  ഊ ਀     䄀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀 漀昀 挀愀甀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 渀漀琀攀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 䤀 攀渀搀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 愀爀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀攀爀琀椀愀爀礀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀⸀  䄀猀 猀甀挀栀Ⰰ 䤀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 最甀愀爀愀渀琀攀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 瘀攀爀愀挀椀琀礀⸀  䴀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 搀漀 渀漀琀 最椀瘀攀 洀甀挀栀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 漀昀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀Ⰰ 栀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 琀爀甀渀挀愀琀攀搀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀愀⸀  匀漀洀攀搀愀礀 䤀 栀漀瀀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀攀愀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀Ⰰ 氀漀漀欀椀渀最 愀琀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀⸀  䄀猀 愀 昀椀最栀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀焀甀椀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀䌀䄀Ⰰ 洀礀 椀渀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 琀漀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀 椀昀 愀渀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 爀攀最愀爀搀椀渀最 渀漀渀ⴀ爀漀礀愀氀⼀渀漀戀氀攀 昀攀洀愀氀攀 昀椀最栀琀攀爀猀⸀  唀猀攀 眀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 漀甀琀 洀漀爀攀 愀渀搀 椀昀 礀漀甀 搀漀Ⰰ 氀攀琀 洀攀 欀渀漀眀℀  倀氀攀愀猀攀 昀攀攀氀 昀爀攀攀 琀漀 焀甀漀琀攀 琀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀漀 挀漀瀀礀 椀琀 愀猀 氀漀渀最 愀猀 礀漀甀 最椀瘀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 挀爀攀搀椀琀⸀ഊ ਀䐀椀愀渀渀攀 䬀愀爀瀀Ⰰ 䴀䔀搀⸀ഊKnown in the Society for Creative Anachronism as Siobhan ni Seaghdha, OP ਀䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀Ⰰ ㈀　　㄀ 搀椀愀渀渀攀欀愀爀瀀 愀琀 爀琀挀椀⸀渀攀琀ഊ ਀ഊBibliography ਀ഊBooks and Journals ਀⠀㄀⤀  䈀愀爀戀攀爀Ⰰ 刀椀挀栀愀爀搀 ☀ 䈀愀爀欀攀爀Ⰰ 䨀甀氀椀攀琀Ⰰ 吀漀甀爀渀愀洀攀渀琀猀㨀 䨀漀甀猀琀猀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀瘀愀氀爀礀 ☀ 倀愀最攀愀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀Ⰰ 圀攀椀搀攀渀昀攀氀搀 ☀ 一椀挀漀氀猀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㤀ഊ(2) Beaumont, Edouard, The Sword and Womankind, The Panurge Press, NY, 1929 ਀⠀㌀⤀  䌀氀愀礀琀漀渀Ⰰ 䔀氀氀攀渀 䌀⸀Ⰰ 䘀攀洀愀氀攀 圀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀Ⰰ 吀椀渀氀攀礀 䈀爀漀猀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㜀㤀ഊ(4) Edwards, R.R. & Ziegler, V. (Ed.), Matrons and Marginal Women in Medieval Society, Boydell Press, 1995 ਀⠀㔀⤀  䜀攀戀戀攀氀椀Ⰰ 䘀爀攀搀爀椀猀挀漀Ⰰ 䄀爀愀戀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀椀愀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀猀Ⰰ 䐀漀爀猀攀琀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㤀ഊ(6) Grant de Pauw, Linda, Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War, University of Oklahoma Press, 1998 ਀⠀㜀⤀  䠀椀琀琀椀Ⰰ 倀栀椀氀氀椀瀀 䬀⸀Ⰰ 䄀渀 䄀爀愀戀ⴀ匀礀爀椀愀渀 䜀攀渀琀氀攀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 圀愀爀爀椀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀爀甀猀愀搀攀猀 ⠀洀攀洀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 唀猀愀洀愀栀 椀戀渀 䴀甀渀焀椀搀栀⤀ Ⰰ 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 倀爀椀渀挀攀琀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㜀ഊ(8) Jones, David E., Women Warriors, a History, Brassey's, 1997 ਀⠀㤀⤀  䬀攀氀氀礀Ⰰ 䄀洀礀Ⰰ 䔀氀攀愀渀漀爀 漀昀 䄀焀甀椀琀愀渀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䘀漀甀爀 䬀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀　ഊ(10) Nicholson, H., Women on the Third Crusade, Journal of Medieval History, V23 (4), 335-348 ਀ഊWebsites ਀⠀㄀㄀⤀  圀漀洀攀渀 愀猀 圀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀Ⰰ  眀眀眀⸀氀漀琀栀攀渀攀⸀搀攀洀漀渀⸀挀漀⸀甀欀⼀漀琀栀攀爀猀⼀眀漀洀攀渀⸀栀琀洀氀 ഊ(12) Women in Sport: Images from the Late Middle Ages, John A. Nichols, Slippery Rock Un., Slippery Rock, Pa. www.sru.edu/depts/artsci/hist/Nichols/research/womensport.htm ਀⠀㄀㌀⤀  䄀渀漀渀礀洀漀甀猀 䘀攀挀栀琀戀甀挀栀㨀 䴀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 䤀⸀㌀㌀ ⠀㄀㌀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 匀眀漀爀搀 ☀ 䈀甀挀欀氀攀爀 䴀愀渀甀愀氀⤀ 眀眀眀⸀琀栀攀栀愀挀愀⸀挀漀洀⼀椀㌀㌀⼀㄀㌀㌀⸀栀琀洀ഊ(14) Did the Amazons Really Exist?, Lyn Webster Wilde, www.stoa.org/diotima/essays/wilde.shtml ਀⠀㄀㔀⤀  圀漀洀攀渀 椀渀 圀愀爀 䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀Ⰰ 刀攀椀渀愀 倀攀渀渀椀渀最琀漀渀ഊ www2.h-net.msu.edu/~women/bibs/bibi-womenandwar.html ਀⠀㄀㘀⤀  圀漀洀攀渀 䬀渀椀最栀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀搀搀氀攀 䄀最攀猀Ⰰ 眀眀眀⸀栀攀爀愀氀搀椀挀愀⸀漀爀最⼀琀漀瀀椀挀猀⼀漀爀搀攀爀猀⼀眀漀洀ⴀ欀渀⸀栀琀洀 ഊ(17) An Account of Women at Tournaments, GH Martin, www.chronique.com/Library/Tourneys/women_at_tourney.html ਀⠀㄀㠀⤀  吀栀攀 䠀漀爀猀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀礀琀栀椀愀渀猀Ⰰ 䘀愀爀愀 匀栀椀洀戀漀Ⰰ 眀眀眀⸀琀甀爀愀渀椀愀渀栀漀爀猀攀⸀漀爀最⼀猀礀琀栀椀愀渀猀⸀栀琀洀氀ഊ(19) Women's Life in Greece and Rome, www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/wlgr/wlgr-philosophers ਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊFeel free to use and copy this information to any SCA group as long as you credit us and send me notice of how you used it.. ਀ഊDianne Karp copyright 2001 diannekarp at rtci.net ਀ഊIf this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan. ਀ഊ ਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀⸀ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ圀漀洀攀渀ⴀ圀愀爀爀椀漀爀猀ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 ㄀㄀ 漀昀 ㄀㄀ഊ ਊ