Making-Mead-art

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Making-Mead-art - 1/1/17

"The Making of Mead" by H.L. Barat FitzWalter Reynolds.

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THE MAKING

OF MEAD

By H.L. Barat FitzWalter Reynolds

Introduction

Ah mead! That mystical, magical golden drink that so many have heard of, but so few have tasted. With this work I hope in some small measure to correct this situation.

I have been making mead for over 15 years. I love the taste of good mead and enjoy making it. Mead has a history as old as any alcoholic beverage, and was a mainstay of alcoholic drinks until beer/ale became popular. It wasn't until the past few centuries that mead's popularity declined to the point where few people have tasted it.

Regretfully, much of the home brewed meads that are out there are, well, bad. Occasionally I have been presented with a sample of "mead" and asked my opinion. I have found there's lots of paint thinner out there. Must be paint thinner, since mead can't taste that bad. The reasons for this are simple: there are few commercial meads available, and few people who produce quality homemade meads. Most people have nothing to compare their efforts to.

For the mead maker who wishes to make historically accurate meads another problem arises. There are few historical references available on the subject of mead making. One significant reference source (significant due to the large number of recipies it contains) that is available is regrettably of late period, that being:

The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt Opened: Whereby is Discovered Several ways for making of Metheglin, Sider, Cherry-Wine, & c. together with Excellent Directions for Cookery: As also for Preserving, Conserving, Candying, & c.

While Digbie is post period, and well after the time when mead was a common drink, his work does give us a glimpse of what types of meads were being produced in near late period. Two additional thing of importance to note about Digbie: it appears from the titles of many of his recipes that the meads he and his associates made were produced for the upper classes, and second: the ingredients and commentary indicate that many were for medicinal purposes. For example:

* White metheglin of my Lady Hungerford: which is exceedingly praised

* The Countess of Bullingbrook's white Metheglin

* Sir Thomas Gower's Meteglin for health

It therefore appears that Digbie is a poor source of information if your wish is to reproduce the drinks consumed by the common man of his time. This is further compounded by the fact that by Digbie's time mead had fallen out of favor as a drink for the masses. If you are going to use Digbie as a primary reference source in your mead making, you should always keep the above points in mind.

All references to Digbie in this work refer to the 1669 edition.

This work also contains a number of mead recipies from various period sources. The original recipe is given (where available), along with a modern translation. All such translation are mine unless otherwise indicated.

In this work we will discuss the ingredients, techniques and equipment used in mead making. There is a section discussing the life cycle of yeast during fermentation. Then on to recipes for making your own meads and mead variations, including several period and near-period recipes. The work finishes with a discussion on bottling techniques, storage, ageing, judging and serving tips.

Concerning the Recipes:

This work contains modern recipes, using modern techniques and equipment in an attempt to reproduce historically accurate meads. All measurements (except those in the historical recipes) are U.S. measurements. All temperatures are listed in degrees Fahrenheit.

My hope in writing this work is to pass on some of the knowledge and skills I have collected in 15+ years of mead making, and hopefully, in some small way, to improve the quality of the meads made today.

My thanks to Lady Tyrca Ivarsdottir for proof reading this work, and to my Master, Count Finn Kelly OʼDonnell for his support and encouragement of my efforts.

H.L. Barat FitzWalter Reynolds

M.K.A. Stephen Pursley

Norman, Oklahoma

U.S.A.

Spursley at cox.com

Written February, 1999.

Updated and revised:

March 2001

July 2002

June 2003

January 2004 The Making of Mead

by Stephen D. Pursley

Contents

Introduction

Mead?

Water

Honey

Yeast

How Yeast is Available

Short and Long Meads

Brewing/Vintning Techniques

Keep it Sterile, StupidSterilizing/Sanitizing Agents

To Boil or Not to Boil?

The Shaker Method of Yeast Propagation

Feeding Mead

Racking

The Life Cycle of Yeast

Respiration

Fermentation

Sedimentation

Autolysis

Equipment

Useful, but not essential equipment:

Clarifying Agents

Additives

Letʼs Make a Batch – A Simple Mead

Another Simple Mead (from the Country Housewife. London. 1762)

Wilt du guten met machen (How to Make Good Mead from Ein

Buch von Guter Spise German, c. 1350)

Mead Variations

Metheglin

Moonlight Metheglin

Mr. Corsellises Antwerp Meath (from Digbie, 1669)

An Excellent white Meathe (from Digbie, 1669

Melomel

Blackberry/Cherry Melomel

Raspberry Mead (Melomel)

Pyment

An Arab Mead (Pyment) (by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, 9^th century)

Hippocras: not a mead

Cyser

Cyser go Boom!!

Braggot

Pieter's Imperial Braggot

How Much Honey to Use

Bottling Techniques

Labeling Your Meads

Storing Your Meads

Aging Your Meads

Serving Your Meads

Tasting and Judging Meads

Glossary of Terms

Bibliography

Mead?

What is mead? The simplest answer is this: mead is an alcoholic beverage made by the fermentation of honey diluted with water. Well, that's pretty simple. But it doesn't say much.

Most meads will be made with 2-5 pounds of honey per gallon of water. Less honey than that and nearly any brewing yeast will ferment out all of the honey leaving a harsh drink with no residual sweetness. More honey than 5 pounds per gallon will tend to produce an overly sweet, syrupy drink when fermenting with most yeast. The yeast used for the fermentation will decide to a large degree how sweet or dry the finished mead is. Sweet mead is traditional, as our ancestors did not have the strains of highly alcohol tolerant yeast that we have. So a dry (low sugar/higher alcohol) mead was not what was usually produced. Most meads were still (noncarbonated), but a sparkling mead (carbonated like champagne) is quite delicious, if not strictly all that traditional.

At this point let me say that I like sweet meads. If you like dry meads, that's great, but dry meads are not as historically accurate as sweet meads. Every piece of documentation I have found (and I have been looking for over a decade) indicate that the meads that our ancestors made were generally sweet. Natural, or wild yeasts that occur on the skins of fruit, grain, and in honey itself (it is kept from fermenting by the high acidity and low water content) do not produce high levels of alcohol. However, over the last few centuries brewers have cultured yeasts and selected strains with specific desired characteristics such as flavor, the ability to settle once fermentation is done (referred to as flocculance), and of course higher alcohol tolerance. So while you can now make a dry mead with a high alcohol tolerance, or with more honey and the same yeast a sweet high alcohol mead, this is not the type of drink make 1,000 years ago. I am more interested in producing meads as was done in their heyday. Therefore this work will concentrate on sweeter, rather than drier wine like meads.

Let's start with the basics. Water, honey and yeast are the three primary ingredients used to make mead.

Water

The single largest component in your finished product will be water. Some people consider water to be so important in their brewing that they have routine water analysis done. You can get deeply involved in the hardness (dissolved minerals), bio-burden (amount of microorganisms) and chlorine content of your water. If such is of concern to you, have fun. I have found through trial and error that if your water tastes good to drink, it produces fine mead.

Some brewers/vintners use only bottled water. Unfortunately most bottled water is just filtered tap water. This filtration does remove most suspended solids. If your water tastes bad and you can get bottled water that tastes good, use the bottled water.

Chlorine

A good practice is to boil your water for ten minutes before brewing so as to drive off most of the residual chlorine found in your municipal water supply. Chlorine can retard or stop fermentation by killing off the yeast. Most municipalities use so little chlorine in their water that this is not a major concern.

Hard vs. Soft Water

In the brewing of some beverages (beer is the best example) the hardness of your brewing water can have a significant effect on the final product. With meads, however, the hardness of the water used will have little if any impact on the finished mead.

One notable exception is in the making of a braggot. A braggot is a cross between mead and beer. The hardness of your water can significantly affect the drink. We will cover this in the section on braggots.

Honey

Oh my! I could write thirty pages on this subject alone. There are so many different types of honey available that two very different meads can be made with the same recipe simply by using two different honeys. There are light clover, alfalfa and orange blossom honeys available, and dark honeys (especially some of the honeys from New Zealand) that look more like maple syrup. Mesquite honey is hard to find, but well worth the search. It will produce a very unique tasting mead. If you can find it, give Chinese Pistachio honey a try. There are so many types of honey available to the modern mead maker that we wonʼt be covering them in detail. In general, if you like the taste of the honey, you will like the taste of mead made from it.

The type of honey used is a matter of personal choice. Until you have had the opportunity to try meads made from different types of honey, I suggest that you use the less exotic (and less expensive) types. This will also save you a great deal of money.

Once you have some experience, try replacing one or two pounds of the less expensive honey with some of the exotic honeys. Using a dark strong honey by itself will produce a very strong flavored and very expensive drink. Not a bad thing, just not a good place to start. Adding a small amount of one of the strong dark honeys to your less expensive lighter honey is a good compromise.

Purchase your honey in bulk, if possible. Check in the yellow pages under honey for a supplier. Buying your honey in bulk from an apiary (that's where honey is produced) is almost always the least expensive way to buy honey. Most apiaries will sell to the general public if you buy a large enough quantity. I usually purchase five or ten gallons at a time (60-120 lbs.). If you can't find a local apiary check at a local farmer's market. If that doesn't work, check at local health food stores or at a local "warehouse" store. The last two can be very expensive.

The larger the container, the lower the cost per pound of honey. Whenever possible, purchase filtered honey. Unfiltered honey will contain more wax and insect parts (well, it is a natural product). Some people advocate using unfiltered honey, thinking something essential is lost from the honey by the filtration process. This is not so. The only thing that you will loose by using filtered honey is aggravation.

Avoid using the table honeys available at your local grocery story, as these honeys tend to be rather bland. Additionally, purchasing honey is such small quantity is the most expensive way to buy honey.

For the novice mead maker I recommend using orange blossom, clover, or mixed wildflower honey. These are nice medium amber colored, medium flavored honeys. Avoid using alfalfa honey, as it tends to be very light in color and flavor, and meads made from it will tend to be rather bland.

Note: in this work I sometimes refer to honey as sugar (which is what honey is mostly made of after all). When I refer to sugar I am referring to honey, not cane sugar.

Yeast

DO NOT USE BREAD YEAST! You might guess that I feel rather strongly about this point. The strains of yeasts used to make bread have been selected for that purpose. You can make good bread with bread yeast, but you will make lousy mead. I've had a few people tell me that they have made wonderful meads using bread yeast. More power to them, but you won't find it in my meads. Bread yeast is usually available as a freeze-dried powder. As with all freeze-dried yeast, most of the yeast cells in the package are dead (making initial fermentation sluggish). Also, bread yeast doesn't settle out very well. The flavor that it adds to mead is, well, bread-like. It's also difficult to get consistent results using bread yeast in the production of meads.

Mead Yeast

Mead yeasts have been selected for the flavors they contribute to the mead, for their ability to settle out after fermentation so you get clear mead, as well as for their ability to produce alcohol. Go to a local brewing supply shop and see if they stock mead yeast. If they don't they can usually order it. Mead yeast is your best choice in mead making.

You will generally find two types, sweet mead yeast and dry mead yeast. Sweet mead yeast is less alcohol tolerant and will leave more residual sweetness (all things being equal). As the yeast converts the sugar in the honey to alcohol, the yeast will die off at around 5-8% alcohol (the alcohol poisons the yeast). If there is sugar left after the yeast is done, you will have sweet mead. The more residual sugar the sweeter the mead. Dry mead can be produced with sweet mead yeast by using less honey so more (or all) of the sugar is converted to alcohol. This is the paint thinner mead I referred to earlier. Dry mead yeast is just what you suspect, a more alcohol tolerant yeast (1015% alcohol before the yeast dies off from alcohol poisoning or lack of food). As sweet mead yeast can produce dry mead under the right conditions, dry mead yeast can produce sweet mead if you use lots of honey. Mind you, it will be sweet mead with a lot of alcohol.

Note: When we discuss dry mead yeast, we are referring to its alcohol tolerance, not to powdered (freeze-dried) yeast.

Wine Yeast

Wine yeast usually produces 12-18% alcohol and is the best choice if mead-specific yeast isn't available. The flavor it adds is much the same as mead yeast. In fact, many dry mead yeasts you will find are the same as most wine yeasts.

Ale Yeast

Your next best choice is ale yeast. Ale yeast is easier to find at a brewing supply shop than mead yeast. It doesn't add much to the flavor of the mead, and acts like a sweet mead yeast and will produce a drink with 5-8% alcohol.

Champagne Yeast

This yeast is highly alcohol tolerant. Under the right conditions it can ferment as high as 20% alcohol or higher. The flavor it adds to the mead is noticeable and delicious. If you hate the taste of Champagne you should avoid this yeast, since some of champagne's characteristic flavors come from the yeast.

Viekra Mead Yeast

If you like high alcohol meads, this is the yeast for you. This mead specific yeast from Germany is hard to find. The manufacturer is:

USE Viekra

Friedrich Sauer

7302 Ostfildern 3 (Scharnhausen)

Germany

If you can find this yeast, be advised that it can ferment for a very, very long time. I have produced several meads with this yeast that were 25% alcohol (50 proof mead!). One batch of very strong mead that I made with this yeast (6 pounds of honey per gallon of water) fermented for a year and a half and became known as "The Mead That Would Not Die." It turned out quite wonderful. It just had to age for five years before it was drinkable.

How Yeast is Available

Yeast is available in three forms: powdered (freeze-dried), as powdered yeast packaged with a starter, and as a liquid culture.

Powdered Yeast (freeze-dried)

This is the most available, least expensive, easiest to store and least desirable yeast for mead making. Whenever you use powdered yeast you should prepare a starter bottle (we will cover this in a moment). Adding powdered yeast without preparing a starter bottle can produce a slow initial fermentation. Powdered yeast should be stored in a cool dry place. I keep mine in the refrigerator.

Powdered Yeast Packaged with a Starter

A package of powdered or liquid yeast culture is placed inside of a sealed package containing sterile starter solution (usually made from barley malt). The small inner package is ruptured by placing the package on a hard surface and striking it. The package is then shaken and left out (unrefrigerated) for a day or two so that the yeast can multiply. The package will swell since the carbon dioxide produced by the fermenting yeast can't escape. The package should be used before it becomes over pressurized (boom!). Follow the instructions on the package for the best results.

Wyeast produces some of the better yeast cultures around, and they have a wide variety of yeast available. Check at your local brew shop.

Liquid Culture

A liquid yeast culture is what powdered yeast is made from. The yeast is grown in the lab on a gelatin surface that contains nutrients. When the yeast is to be used, it's washed off the gelatin surface with sterile water or a nutrient broth. This culture must be stored refrigerated to keep it from spoiling. Once the culture is more than a few weeks old it will contain so few live yeast cells that it will be nearly useless. When you go to buy a liquid yeast culture, take a container of ice with you to put the tube in. Keep it cold until you are ready to use it, and use it within 2 or 3 days. DO NOT FREEZE A LIQUID YEAST CULTURE AS THIS WILL KILL OFF MOST OF THE YEAST CELLS. Liquid yeast cultures are preferred over powdered cultures. The yeast cells tend to be much healthier than in a powdered culture, thereby giving you a faster initial fermentation.

The single most important thing to keep in mind is to get the freshest yeast you can. Most brewing/vintning yeast out there will have a "best if used before" date on the package.

Starter Bottle

Why make a starter bottle of yeast? When the honey/water mixture (called must) has cooled below about 170°F it is highly susceptible to becoming infected with wild yeast (those floating around in the air, on your skin, on the cat and so on) and/or wild bacteria. Wild yeast and bacteria can produce strange flavors in the finished mead. The best way to combat the wild yeast/bacteria problem is to make sure that everything that comes into contact with the must is sterile, and to pitch (add to the fermenter) a large quantity of the desired yeast. This way the desired yeast will become the dominate microorganism in the must, and will tend to overwhelm any wild yeast/ bacteria that may have slipped past your efforts at cleanliness/sterilization. This is why we make a starter bottle, to pitch a large volume of healthy yeast cells.

When we use a liquid yeast culture, a starter bottle is not needed. A liquid culture will tend to contain a large volume of yeast. Packages of powdered yeast, on the other hand, tend to contain relatively little viable yeast. Therefore fermentations using powered yeast will tend to ferment slowly, giving wild yeast/bacteria a greater change to become plentiful in the must.

When we make a starter bottle using powered yeast, we are in effect making a liquid yeast culture.

How to Make a Starter Bottle

Boil 1/4 cup of powdered malt extract (brew shop again) in two pints of water for 5 minutes. Be careful, as it will try to foam up and boil over on you. Cover and remove from heat. Let cool to 70-80°F and place in a clean, sterilized glass jar or jug. Add the powdered yeast and gently swirl it into the malt/water in the jug. Cover with a double thickness of paper towel and rubber band into place (or use a cork and airlock. We will discuss these in the section on equipment). Place in a warm place (70-80°F) and let it sit for 12-24 hours before pitching. Use malt, not honey, in your starter bottle because you will get many more yeast cells with malt. Honey by itself does not have the needed nutrients for healthy yeast growth, malt does.

Cane sugar should not be used in mead making, as it adds a harsh cider flavor when fermented. It can, however, be used to make a starter bottle of yeast, as very little is used (1/4 cup in two pints of water).

Needless to say, it makes sense to prepare your starter bottle the day before mead making.

Short and Long Meads

Short mead (also referred to as a quick or small mead) is mead with lower amounts of initial fermentable sugar (say from 1-3 lbs. honey/gallon) than a long mead. These meads tend to ferment to completion much faster than a long mead (mead with over 3 lbs. of honey/gallon). Short meads can be fermented to completion in a few weeks, while a long mead will usually take two months or longer to finish.

Most of the recipes in this work are either long meads, or meads on the borderline between a short and long mead. To convert any of the recipes to a short mead, simply reduce the amount of honey used to the 1-3 lbs. honey/gallon range, and use a less alcohol tolerant yeast (or you will end up with paint thinner mead).

Brewing/Vintning Techniques

In case you are wondering, brewing is the art of making beer and vintning is the art of making wine. You will find mead recipes in both beer and wine making books.

To be accurate, a person who makes mead is called a Mazer, and making mead is called mazing. However, most authorities on the subject refer to the process of making mead as brewing. This is the convention used in this work.

Most people consider mead to be a wine, but in the strictest sense it is not. Wine is made from grape juice (some say from any fruit juice), and honey is not any type of fruit juice when last I checked. Nor is it a beer, since beer is made from malted barley (and/or other grains), hops, water and yeast.

Mead is in a class by itself. It's not a beer. It's not a wine. It's mead. But many of the techniques used to make beer and wine are the same as those used in mead making.

Keep it Sterile, Stupid

All equipment used in the production of mead should be clean and sterile. While you can't keep the equipment used in a kitchen truly "sterile" let's use the term anyway.

Why, you ask, is sterility so important? Good question. Wild (naturally occurring) yeast and bacteria are on your skin, your kitchen counters, inside your nice clean looking glass carboy. In short, they are everywhere we don't want them to be. If the wild yeast survives and makes it into the fermenter with your must (the honey/water/ herbs/spices solution is called must), it will convert the sugars in the honey to alcohol, rather than the yeast we have chosen doing the job. While some wild yeast can make a great mead (after all, this is where mead yeast came from) most wild yeast will introduce flavors that we don't want.

Wild bacteria are not much of a concern to mead makers (though they can spoil a beer very, very fast). Wild bacteria is usually only a concern to mazers when making a beer mead cross (a braggot). The techniques listed here for dealing with wild yeast will also get rid of wild bacteria.

The items that you need to be concerned with are the ones that come into contact with the must after it has cooled from a simmer. When it's simmering, nothing harmful will grow in it. There aren't many microorganisms that can survive at such a temperature, and none of them are present in honey or a municipal water supply. Your carboy, funnel, spoon and any other equipment (which we will cover in the equipment section) should be clean and sterile.

Sterilizing/Sanitizing Agents

Chlorine Bleach

1/8 cup of unscented household chlorine bleach per gallon of water is one of the cheapest and most effective sterilizing agents available. A higher concentration of bleach is actually less effective as a sanitizing agent; so don't over do the bleach.

Don't use non-chlorine bleach (a weak solution of hydrogen-peroxide). It may be great to keep your colors colorful and your whites white, but it's lousy for sterilizing.

When you're filling your carboy and whatever you are going to soak your spoon and funnel in (the kitchen sink is the obvious choice) you should aerate the bleach water by using a sprayer. If you get a strong chlorine smell, then the bleach is doing its job. Let the items your are sterilizing soak for at least 20 minutes. When you are ready to use the equipment, shake off most of the chlorine/water. Rinsing is not necessary (really). Needless to say, you will need to pour the bleach water out of the carboy before you fill it with the must.

Do not soak items made from stainless steel in a chlorine/water solution, as exposure to chlorine will pit stainless steal. Use an iodine solution when working with stainless.

Sodium or Potassium Metabisulfite (Campden Tablets)

When crushed and added to a acid solution Campden tablets release sulfur dioxide gas. Campden tablets must be used in large quantities before they will sterilize. At lower concentrations they only inhibits bacterial growth. Since campden tablets are less effective and more expensive than bleach, I don't recommending their use except in one area – sanitizing corks. More on that in the bottling section.

Campden tablets can also be used to prematurely stop a fermentation. See the Additives Section for more information.

Iodine

A very effective sterilizing agent. Most useful in sterilizing stainless steal (such as stainless soda and beer kegs), as iodine will not pit stainless steal the way chlorine does.

Sodium Carbonate

Also known as washing soda, sodium carbonate is an alkaline sanitizing agent. It works very well, but is harder to handle than the other sterilizing/sanitizing agents listed here.

One-Step

A commercially available powered no-rinse percarbonate cleanser for brewing equipment. Very easy to use. Also, a solution of One-Step and water can be used as a de-labeling solution.

To Boil or Not to Boil?

This is a controversy in the mead-making world (yes, we do have a few controversies). The water from your tap and the honey you use contain many microorganisms. Wild yeasts, bacteria and even some viruses are common in honey. They are not a health concern when eating raw honey, but when you ferment the stuff, you want the brewing yeast you are using to be the one to convert the sugar in the honey to alcohol. Some of the wild yeast present in honey can cause some nasty flavors if they are allowed to do the fermentation. So we have to eliminate them before we add our own yeast.

The simplest way to kill the bad yeast and bacteria is to boil the must. Some mead makers feel that boiling the must drives off some of the most delicate honey aromas.

Here is what I do. Boil the brewing water for about 10 minutes; this drives off any residual chlorine that may be present. Take the water off the heat and add your honey. If you add the honey while the pot is on the burner, the honey may caramelized when it settles to the bottom of the pot. Mix the honey in thoroughly with a spoon. Return the brew pot to the heat and bring the must to a very light simmer. After it simmers for a while a white to tan colored foam will form on the surface. This is coagulated albumin from the honey. Skim it off. Continue until no more foam is formed. If the foam is dark tan or brown, turn the heat down immediately. This albumin will make the mead cloudy if itʼs not removed. Watch the must at all times, as it has a low boiling point and can boil over in a flash. When this stuff hits a hot burner or stove top, it makes a mess that gives super glue a run for its money.

This is the basic method used to make all meads.

The Shaker Method of Yeast Propagation

Or, how to get mead done in less than a year without making a pact with the Devil.

When making mead, pitch a large quantity of yeast. Add yeast energizer and yeast nutrient to your carboy full of must in the amounts listed on the packages (we'll cover yeast energizer and nutrient in detail in the section on additives). The next day, shake the carboy hard for five minutes in the morning and five minutes in the evening. Repeat this shaking every day till you start to get out gassing from the mead (gas escaping from the airlock). At this point stop shaking the mead. If you don't, you will end up with mead-flavored ceiling. This shaking method is used in mycology labs to grow production quantities of yeasts (they use an orbital shaker table).

Why does this shaking shorten fermentation time? Two reasons. One: shaking the mead will put some of the oxygen in the head space (the air trapped in the carboy above the liquid level) into the mead. Two: agitating the yeast by shaking will cause the yeast to bud more yeast cells. The more yeast you have in the fermenter, the quicker the fermentation will be completed.

With the shaker method, you can shorten initial fermentation (also called primary fermentation) time. Without the shaker method the initial fermentation can take two or even three times as long. The shaker method does not affect the flavor of the mead. I have done several side-by-side comparisons, some meads with energizer and/or nutrient, some without, some with shaking, some without, and combinations of all of these. No change in flavor or aroma was found.

Feeding Mead

If you would like to produce a high alcohol mead (15% or higher), here's what to do. Use a alcohol tolerant yeast (dry mead (not powdered), Champagne or Viekra mead yeast), then add the honey in stages. This is called feeding.

After fermentation is well under way (a few weeks), simmer some more honey/water as you normally do (simmering and skimming the scum off), and then add this to the fermenter. I feed my meads with 3-5 lbs. of honey simmered in 1/2-gallon of water. You don't need to cool the must you are adding, as you are adding a relatively small volume of hot liquid to a larger volume of cool liquid. Also, the added heat when you add the hot feeding must to the carboy will help get the yeast fermenting again.

You can continue adding more honey this way until the fermenter is full (I use 7.5-gallon carboys for 5-gallon batches), and/or you achieve the desired alcohol/sweetness level you are looking for.

Using this method, you can get a higher alcohol content than you could if you add all of the honey at the beginning. There is one problem with feeding mead; it makes figuring out the alcohol content difficult.

Racking

When fermentation has not taken place for about four-six weeks (no gas blipping out of the airlock), and some sedimentation of the yeast has occurred (say 1/2" or more) you should transfer the mead to a clean sterile carboy. This is called racking.

We rack the mead for several reasons:

1. To get the mead off the yeast sediment. If the mead sits for prolonged periods of time on the sediment (more than a few months) some yeasty flavors will be imparted to the mead.

2. Racking imparts a small amount of oxygen into the mead. While adding too much oxygen to the mead once fermentation is substantially complete can cause the mead to become unstable once bottled, the addition of a small amount of oxygen while racking the mead is desirable. If the yeast has not reached its alcohol tolerance and there is still sugar present to ferment, the addition of this small amount of oxygen will spur additional fermentation. This will help insure that fermentation is truly complete before we bottle the mead.

3. To get the mead off of the fruit placed in the fermenter when making a melomel. More on this in the section on melomels.

Note: if you are planning to bottle your mead sparkling, ignore reason 2. When bottling a sparkling mead, some fermentation must still be taking place when the mead is bottled to provide the carbonation. See the section on bottling for more information.

I use a racking cane and 5 feet of clear food grade plastic tubing to rack my meads (see the equipment section for more information). You can use a piece of clear plastic tubing by itself for racking. However, you will tend to get more of the yeast sediment into the new carboy if you use tubing without a racking cane.

Technique

Place the "from" carboy (the one with the mead and sediment in it) on a counter. Let it sit for one or two days to insure the sediment has settled from your moving the mead to the counter.

Place a clean sterile carboy of the same size as the "from" carboy on the floor.

Sterilize your clean racking cane with attached tubing. Flush it out with clean water. Fill the tubing/racking cane with clean water. Hold a clean finger over the end of the tubing that is going into the new carboy (this will keep the water from running out of the tubing/racking cane). Remove the airlock from the "from" carboy (if you don't have three arms, it's a good idea to have some help at this stage). Slowly insert the racking cane into the "from" carboy until the end of the racking cane is 1" above the sediment. Insert the other end of the tubing into the new carboy and remove your finger (diagram 1). Since the tubing was filled with water, you don't have to suck on it to get the siphon started.

When the liquid level in the "from" carboy is about 2" above the sediment, slowly tilt the "from" carboy (diagram 2). This allows you to rack more of the mead. Tilt the carboy very slowly so you don't disturb the sediment. Don't worry if a small amount of the sediment gets into the new carboy.

Once you are done racking the mead, remove the tubing from the new carboy and place a clean sterile cork and airlock on the new carboy. You should clean the "from" carboy immediately. If the sediment is allowed to dry it starts to resemble concrete.

The Life Cycle of Yeast

(not as dull as it sounds)

Ya, right! Well, it may not be exciting, but as a mazer you should be familiar with the life cycle of yeast. Otherwise, you won't know what's going on in that carboy.

Yeast is a single-cell microorganism (a fungus), which reproduces by budding. It will go through four distinct phases in its life cycle. They are:

1. Respiration

2. Fermentation

3. Sedimentation

4. Autolysis

Respiration

When the yeast is added to the must (pitched), it will take in what oxygen is available, some of the sugar that is available and will produce more yeast. During this stage, there is no appreciable amount of alcohol produced, just more yeast. For the yeast to reproduce in large quantities, oxygen is needed.

When the hot must is poured into the carboy, there will be very little dissolved oxygen in it. Be careful NOT to aerate the must when it is hot, as this tends to make the finished mead unstable (this is called hot side aeration, by the way).

When you use the shaker method, you will put much of the oxygen that is in the head space of the carboy (the space above the liquid level) into suspension after the must has cooled (this is why we let the mead sit for a day after pitching the yeast before we start shaking it, to let it cool), thereby giving the yeast plenty of oxygen to work with.

The respiration stage usually lasts a few hours.

Fermentation

During this stage the yeast will produce more yeast as in respiration, but the yeast will also begin taking in food (sugar) and putting off alcohol. This stage can take from several days to several years.

The variables that most affect the length of fermentation are:

* Temperature

The higher the temperature, the faster the fermentation. Up to a point that is. Most mead yeasts work best in the 55-75°F range. At higher temperatures they WILLferment faster, but they may also produce some nasty flavors. Above 120°F most yeasts die (but who ferments in the oven anyway?). The fermentation temperature range I shoot for with most of my meads is 65-70°F.

If your fermenter will be in an area where there are significant temperature variations (10-15°F changes), move it to somewhere more stable, or place it in a container filled with water. Or wrap it in a spare sleeping bag. Any one of these techniques will tend to even out temperature changes.

* pH

Very high acidity can slow fermentation. The next time you make up some mead, check the pH of the must. You will be surprised.

Some recipes call for the use of acid blend to acidify the must. With honey sitting at a pH of 3.9 (on average) this is generally unnecessary. We want a fermentation to end with a low pH, as this increases the long-term stability of the mead in the bottle, but an overly low pH during fermentation can slow or even stop a fermentation.

* Nutrients

Honey does not contain many nutrients. If you don't add some, you can expect a very slow fermentation. Adding small amounts of yeast nutrient and yeast energizer will provide the yeast with everything needed to ferment quickly.

Note: If you are making a Braggot, you don't need to add any nutrient or energizer, as the malted barley will provide everything needed for good yeast growth and fermentation.

* Amount of fermentable sugars

If there is no sugar, you get no alcohol (sorry to state the obvious). If you have excessive amounts of sugar, say over six pounds of honey per gallon, fermentation can actually be slowed.

* Alcohol tolerance of the yeast

The more tolerant the yeast, the longer the fermentation.

* Amount of oxygen originally dissolved in the must

The more there is the faster it will ferment, as more yeast will have been produced during respiration.

* Type and volume of yeast used (powdered, liquid culture)

Liquid cultures tend to start off faster they powered ones. Also, the more yeast you pitch, the faster the fermentation.

Sedimentation

When the yeast starts to run out of food (sugar) it will begin to settle to the bottom of the carboy. Some yeast tend to stay in suspension more than others and have to be coaxed out of suspension with clarifying agents (more on clarifying agents later). Sedimentation can take from several weeks to several months.

Autolysis

Once the sugar supply is gone, the yeast will begin to digest each other. Autolysis tends to produce a significant yeasty flavor in the mead. In general, it is best to get the mead off of the yeast sediment (also call lees) within two to three months. Once visible signs of fermentation stops, and a significant amount of yeast has settled (1/2" or more), rack the mead into a clean sterile carboy, leaving the sediment behind. Rack it again once more yeast has settled out. Continue doing this until the mead is clear (this will usually take 2-4 rackings). To get truly clear mead, you will have to sacrifice some of it. When you rack the mead, don't try to get every last drop. If you do, you will most likely get some of the sediment.

If you are making sparkling mead, the small amount of yeast sediment in the bottles is not a problem.

Equipment

If you make beer, you have all of the equipment you will need. If you don't make beer, the following items are essential:

Brew Pot

Stainless steel or enamel on steel, five gallon or larger capacity. You can use an aluminum pot if you like. I don't use an aluminum pot because it's too easy to scorch the must. Scorched honey smells rather revolting and mead made from it is best used as drain cleaner. One way to minimize scorching is to use a trivet (see the next section for instructions on how to make one).

Brew Pot

Spoon

You will need a long handled plastic or metal spoon. Don't use a wooden spoon. Once the must has stopped simmering it's susceptible to contamination. A wooden spoon can carry contaminates such as wild yeasts and bacteria much more easily than a plastic or metal one. If you only have a wooden spoon, don't put it in the must after the must has stopped simmering. If you use a plastic spoon get one that can handle high temperatures.

Funnel

A large plastic or metal funnel with a small bottom opening is ideal. Many funnels available at brew shops have ribs on the outside of the bottom part of the funnel. When you pour liquid into a carboy through a funnel, the air inside gets compressed. Since the liquid is hot the internal air pressure in the carboy goes up fast. The air will blow back out of the funnel and spray you with the hot sticky must. Not fun. The ribs on the bottom of the funnel allow air out while the liquid is going in. The same effect can be achieved by inserting the handle of a tablespoon into the neck of the carboy, and then inserting the funnel into the carboy as shown here.

Racking Cane (Siphon Tube)

Use four or five feet of food grade plastic tubing. When used to siphon ("rack" in brew speak) the mead from one carboy to another, the suction created by the siphon can make the end of the tubing in the ʻfrom' carboy stick to the side or bottom of the carboy, stopping the siphon. Simply cut a small V shaped notch in the end of the tube to prevent this problem. If you want to get a little more advanced, use a racking cane. This is a rigid piece of plastic tubing, with a partial cap on the bottom end. It is attached to a siphon tube. The partial cap on the bottom end keeps the tube from siphoning up the sediment from the bottom of the carboy.

Text Box:

Racking Cane

Bottles

Got to put your finished mead in something, after all. You can use wine bottles and cork them or beer bottles and cap them. I prefer using wine/Champagne bottles.

They have more class than beer bottles. A 5-gallon batch of mead will take about 25 - 750 ml wine bottles (this is the standard size). If you use 12 oz. beer bottles, you will need about 56.

If you use beer bottles, don't use bottles with screw tops. It is very hard to seal them completely with a new cap.

Another option for bottling your mead is to use "flip top" bottles. These bottles have a ceramic or plastic cap permanently attached to the neck of the bottle. If you use flip top bottles, make sure that the rubber seals that fit on the inside of the cap are not cracked or otherwise damaged. New seals can be purchased at your brew shop. If you use a dishwasher to sterilize your flip top bottles, remove the rubber seals before running the bottle through the dishwasher. The heat cycle will ruin the rubber seals. Soak the rubber seals in bleach water to sterilize them and reattach them to the flip top bottles when you are ready to bottle your mead.

Corks/Caps

If you use wine bottles for your still (non-carbonated) mead, you will need some corks. A standard wine bottle takes a No. 9 cork. Use fine grade corks. Don't use tapered corks; they don't stay in very well. I prefer the shorter No. 9 corks that are 11/2" long. They go in easier than the standard No. 9 corks that are 1-3/4" long.

If you are using a double-lever corker:

Place your corks in very warm water. They should be heated until they are slightly soft (the will give about 1/16" when squeezed). If the corks get too soft they won't stay in the bottles. Once the corks are softened drive them in with a double-lever corker.

If you are using a floor corker:

While you are bottling your mead, put 1" of water in a large pot or pan. DO NOT HEAT THE WATER. You should use a large pot or pan as the corks will float on the surface and take up a lot of room. Crush 2 campden tablets and add them to the water. You will need to stir vigorously as the campden will not go into solution easily. Add a squirt of lemon juice to the water to give the campden the acid it needs to work. Add your corks. Cover the pan to trap the resulting sulfur dioxide gas that will sanitize the corks. A 15-30 minute soak will be sufficient.

If you make sparkling (carbonated) mead, you will need to use bottles that can take the pressure (beer or Champagne bottles). If you use Champagne bottles, you will of course need Champagne corks and Champagne wires (brew shop again). Champagne wires are the wire baskets that hold the corks down. The easiest way to figure out how they are used is to look at a commercial bottle of champagne. Always buy more corks/ Champagne corks or beer caps than the number of bottles you are filling. A cap will get bent. A cork will get shredded. Until you get used to using a corker, you will shred many corks.

Carboy

What is a carboy you ask? Do you know the plastic 5-gallon containers they use on top of water coolers? Well, they used to make them out of glass. Glass water carboys can be obtained from your local brew shop. Never use plastic carboys. We'll cover the reasons why in a moment

If you can find them, "acid" carboys are preferred over standard glass carboys. They have thicker walls (usually with ribs in the glass), and are much stronger than a standard glass carboy.

Some carboys have threaded tops, and come with screw on caps. These are good for storing full of bleach water so you can brew on a moments notice (people show up at my house and say "Let's make some mead" at the strangest times).

Carboys are available in a number of sizes, typically 2.5, 5, and 7.5-gallons. I have several 15-gallon carboys I use for my "stock" meads.

Note: a 5-gallon plastic (food grade) bucket can also be used as a fermenter. However, there are several reasons not to use them for fermenting meads. Over extended periods of time (several months) oxygen can come through the walls of a plastic fermenter by osmosis. The addition of even small amounts of oxygen to mead once fermentation is in its advanced stages can make the mead unstable, and may shorten the shelf life of the mead considerably.

15-gsllon carboy

Also, plastic tends to scratch much easier than glass. Even small scratches in the surface of a plastic fermenter can provide places for wild yeast/bacteria to hide from your bleach water sterilizing solution.

One instance where a plastic fermenter is useful is when you are producing melomel (fruit mead). Melomel is fermented for the first two weeks or so with a large quantity of fruit. It is much easier to siphon the mead out and dispose of the fruit from a plastic bucket, than from the small opening of a carboy. However, second and subsequent fermentations should take place in a glass carboy. You don't have to worry about oxygen seeping into your melomel if you use a plastic bucket as a fermenter for the first two weeks. A plastic bucket is fine for short-term fermentations, it is just long term fermentations (over a month) that are problematic if you use plastic.

Airlock

A small plastic or glass device that lets fermentation gases out, without letting the outside air in. Check the airlock once a week to ensure it has sufficient water in it (about half full). I use a weak bleach water solution in my airlocks, just in case some of it gets into the carboy I want the water to be nice and sterile. Don't worry about the bleach, there's not enough to hurt the mead, and it will tend to keep fungus from growing in the airlock.

Glass (left) and Plastic (right) airlocks

The airlock is fitted into a rubber stopper/plug that is then fitted into the neck of the carboy, providing an airtight seal.

Glass airlocks are becoming hard to find. They are much more expensive, harder to clean, and easier to break than the plastic ones.

A airlock is also called a fermentation lock.

Stopper/Plug

A rubber plug that fits into the mouth of the carboy. It has a hole drilled from top to bottom for the airlock to fit into. You can see one on the bottom of the picture of the glass airlock (the one on the left). Different carboys have different size necks. You will need to purchase a stopper that is the right size for your carboy.

You can also purchase rubber stoppers without the hole drill in them. These are useful for sealing a carboy that has been bleached and is waiting on your next batch of mead.

Useful, but not essential equipment:

Bottle Washer

A nice toy. If you have ever tried to get dried wine with cigarette butts out of the bottom of a wine bottle, you will love this piece of equipment. It screws onto your tap with an adapter. I use mine so often I leave the adapter in place. However, you will loose the use of the aerator on your tap if you leave the adapter in place all the time.

Bottle Washer

Trivet

If you are using an electric stove, take a metal wire coat hanger, remove any plastic or lacquer coating with a lighter or sand paper and cut out a piece long enough to be bent into a triangle the size of the burner. Place this on the burner and place the brew pot on the trivet. This will provide a more even heat. If you have ever brewed on an electric stove without a trivet, you know that you end up with a little scorched honey in the shape of the burner on the inside bottom of the pot. If you are using gas, you don't need to use a trivet.

Bottling Cane

This is a short piece of rigid plastic tubing with a spring-loaded valve at the bottom.

It is attached to the spigot of a bottling bucket with a long piece (5 feet) of flexible plastic tubing (food grade). When the bottling cane is put in a bottle, and the valve hits the bottom of the bottle, it allows the mead to flow from the bottling bucket into the bottle. When you lift up on the bottling cane, the flow stops.

Hydrometer

Used to measure the density of liquids. A small sample of the must is placed in a sample jar and is allowed to cool. Remove the sample before you pitch the yeast. The hydrometer is then floated in the liquid (spin the hydrometer to remove any bubbles), and a reading made where the level of the fluid crosses the neck of the hydrometer. After fermentation is done, another sample is tested. From these two readings you can figure out the amount of alcohol in the mead. Also useful in telling when fermentation is done (when the specific gravity does not change over several weeks, this indicates that no more sugar is being converted to alcohol).

Hydrometer

When you take hydrometer readings, do not return the sample of the must to the carboy, as this increases the chance of an infection.

The temperature of the must sample will dramatically affect the hydrometer readings. Read the instructions that come with your hydrometer carefully to ensure your readings are accurate. Then again, if you are not concerned with the alcohol content of your meads, a hydrometer is not a necessary piece of equipment.

A Historical Note: in most period recipes (and near period such as Digbie) a chicken egg was used as a simple hydrometer (a large chicken egg of Digbie's time appears to be about the size of a small chicken egg of our time). The egg was floated in the cooled must. The must was dense enough (contained enough honey) when the diameter of the egg at the "water" line was the diameter of a groat. During Digbie's time, the English silver groat of Charles I ranged from the size of a U.S. Nickel to the size of a U.S. Quarter. Needless to say, an egg does not make a very good hydrometer.

Bottling Bucket

Use a 5-gallon food grade plastic bucket (with a lid) and a plastic spigot (Brew shop. Tell them it's for a bottling bucket, they'll know what you're looking for). About 1/2" above the bottom of the bucket drill a hole the size of the back of the plastic spigot. Clean off the edges so they are smooth (don't want any place for bacteria to hide). Put the tap in place. Take the plastic nut that came with it and tighten it down from the inside of the bucket. You will also need 4-5 feet of food grade plastic tubing that is the right size to fit the spigot.

Bottling Bucket

How to use: rack the finished mead into the bottling bucket (which you have sterilized with bleach water). Attach 4-5 feet of food grade plastic tubing to the spigot and attach your bottling cane to the other end of the tubing. Fill your bottles. While you can siphon the finished mead directly from the carboy into your bottles, you will tend to get more sediment in the bottles if you do so.

Corker/Capper

If you are going to use wine bottles and cork your mead, you will need to purchase or borrow a corker. Corking bottles without a corker is nearly impossible. Most people use a double-lever corker. For those of you who need to bottle a serious amount of mead I strongly recommend you invest in a floor corker.

Text Box: Double-Lever Corker

If you are going to bottle in beer bottles, you will of course need a capper to crimp the caps on.

Floor Corker

Note: a double lever beer capper is just he right size and shape to use as a chock to put under one side of a carboy to tilt the carboy for racking.

De-Labeling Solution

I have performed a side-by-side comparison of several de-labeling method. The methods tested were One-Step, One cup of bleach in five gallons of water, One ounce of dish soap in five gallons of water, and One cup of beach and one ounce of dish soap in five gallons of water. By far, the bleach/dish soap solution was the most effective in removing the majority of labels.

The only labels that don't easily yield to de-labeling solution are metallic beer labels. The glue used to adhere these labels is stronger than most. To remove these labels soak them for several days (several weeks if possible) and scrape them off with a knife.

Needless to say, itʼs best to de-label your bottles before you fill them with mead.

Clarifying Agents

Also known as finings. Clarifying agents are used to, you guessed it, clear the mead. Some yeast do not settle out very well after fermentation, so a little help is needed to convince the little beasties to visit the bottom of the fermenter. Here are a few of the more common clarifying agents available to mead makers:

Bentonite

A very good clarifying agent. Bentonite is a volcanic clay and should be added to the second or subsequent racking. To use, boil 4 cups water, mix in 1 teaspoon of bentonite per gallon of must to be clarified (use a blender or a small glass bottle as a shaker). Add to the must and mix it in thoroughly. In a day or two, you will get a large amount of sediment. You should rack the mead at least once after adding bentonite before bottling, two or three times is better.

Irish Moss

Surprise, it's not a moss at all, it's a seaweed (Chondrus crisus). Add 1/2 teaspoon of Irish Moss per gallon of must in the last 5-10 minutes of the simmer of the must. Used mostly in beers to prevent chill haze (some proteins in beer can make the beer cloudy when the beer is chilled down to refrigerator temperatures). Not very useful in meads, except braggots.

Gelatin

Made from animal skins and bones (yum). Add one teaspoon of gelatin (not jello) to a cup of water at room temperature. Stir it in completely then slowly heat to 140-145°F. Cover and let it cool to room temperature then add it to the must on the second or subsequent racking. Not a very good clarifier by itself, but it works very well in conjunction with bentonite.

Isinglass

One of the oldest clarifiers known. Made from the dried swim bladders of fish. Isinglass will produce a thick, compact sediment in two-five days. To use, take a cup of cold water, add two teaspoons lemon juice and 1/2 teaspoon isinglass. Stir vigorously with a sterile spoon. Let stand overnight (covered) at 55°F or cooler (do not freeze). Take 1/2-gallon of must from the fermenter and add the isinglass mixture to it. Mix well with a sterile spoon. Add the 1/2-gallon of must/isinglass back to the fermenter. Use on the second or subsequent racking.

PolyClar

This white powder is polyvinylpolypyrolidon. Add two tablespoons of PolyClar to a cup of sterile water. Mix well and add to the must on the second or subsequent racking. PolyClar works well and is easier to prepare than the other clarifying agents. However, it's not needed for most meads. I use it primarily in braggots (chill haze again).

Sparkolloid

A polysaccharide mixed with diatomaceous earth. Sparkolloid is the single best clarifier for meads. Add 1/8 teaspoon of sparkolloid to 1-1/2 cup boiling water. Simmer until all of the sparkolloid has dissolved (10-20 minutes). Mix thoroughly into the must while the sparkolloid/water mixture is still hot. It will clarify mead in three or four days. Use on the second or subsequent racking.

Egg Whites

Stiffly beaten and added to the second or subsequent racking. Egg whites have been used as a clarifying agent for wines, and to some extent for meads, for a very long time. However, the amount of egg whites to use is in questions. Some period sources suggest using as many as 10-15 egg whites per gallon of wine/mead. Others recommend one egg white per 5-gallons.

I do not recommend the use of egg whites as a clarifying agent. First, there is the risk of contaminating the mead. Second, the other clarifying agents available today are superior in their ability to clarify meads compared to egg whites.

Additives

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)

Useful as an antioxidant. Or, in English, if you use a small quantity of vitamin C in the mead, it will be more stable in the bottle. If the mead becomes oxidized, it tends to taste flat.

I don't use the stuff myself. If you want to, used it in small quantities, it can't hurt. Use 1 tsp. per 5-gallons, add to the fermenter (you don't need to boil it). Don't use vitamin C tablets you get at your health food store. They contain binders that we don't need in mead. Use pure crystal or powdered vitamin C. You can get it at your brew shop.

Acid Blend

Usually several acids mixed, including citric, maltic and tartaric acids. Considering the pH of honey (3.9 on average), and the fact that acid blend is added to increase the acidity of the must (lower the pH), I can see no reason to ever use it, as making the mead overly acid will slow fermentation. If you feel that it is needed to balance the sweetness of mead with acid blend, I recommend that you add it after fermentation is complete.

Campden Tablets

Potassium metabisulfite is available in tablet form (Campden tablets), and can be purchased at your local brewing supply store. Two Campden tablets crushed up and dissolved in a half cup of water with a shot of lemon juice (an acid environment is needed for Campden tablets to produce sulfur dioxide gas) can be added to a fermenting mead to prematurely end fermentation. This can be done to ensure a residual sweetness by stopping the yeast before all of the sugar is converted to alcohol.

If you use the right yeast for the amount of honey used, you will not need to prematurely end a fermentation in this manner. However, on a few occasions I have had a batch of yeast outperform previous batches of the same yeast, and ended up with a very dry mead. You can use Campden tablets to stop the yeast before all of the sugar is gone.

I dislike using metabisulfite in my meads as I have several friends allergic to sulfides. However, campden tablets can be very helpful in sanitizing corks at bottling time.

Yeast Energizer

As honey lacks most nutrients needed for a healthy fermentation, add yeast energizer to the must to get a good fermentation. Energizer usually consists of diammonium phosphate, folic acid, niacin, thiamin, sodium pantothenate, yeast cells and magnesium sulfate. Follow the package instructions, as different manufacturers make different strengths of yeast energizer. If you use too much the mead will have a metallic taste (and you canʼt age it out or get rid of it).

Yeast Nutrient

Diammonium phosphate. Yeast energizer does not have enough diammonium phosphate for a good fermentation. So we add a little more in the form of yeast nutrient. Usually a white crystalline powder. Follow the package instructions, as different manufacturers make different strengths of yeast nutrient.

Yeast Hulls

Also known as yeast ghosts or yeast skeletons. It consists of yeast cell walls, and is used to unstick a stuck fermentation (when a fermentation ends before the yeast reaches its alcohol tolerance and there is still sugar left). Use 1/2 oz. per five gallons.

Let's Make a Batch

(an example of a medium sweet still mead)

A Simple Mead

From Le Menagier de Paris, c. 1393

The Source:

"BEVERAGES FOR THE SICK - BOCHET

To make six sesters of bochet take six pints of very soft honey and set it in a cauldron on the fire, and boil it and stir it for as long as it goes on rising and as long as you see it throwing up liquid in little bubbles which burst and in bursting give off a little blackish steam; and then move it, and put in seven sesters of water and boil them until it is reduced to six sesters, always stirring. And then put it in a tub to cool until it be just warm, and then run it through a sieve, and afterwards put it in a cask and add half a pint of leaven of beer, for it is this which makes it piquant (and if you put in leaven of bread, it is as good for the taste, but the colour will be duller), and cover it warmly and well when you prepare it. And if you would make it very good, add thereto an ounce of ginger, long pepper, grain of Paradise and cloves, as much of the one as of the other, save that there shall be less of the cloves, and put them in a linen bag and cast it therein. And when it hath been therein for two or three days, and the brochet tastes enough of the spices and is sufficiently piquant, take out the bag and squeeze it and put it in the other barrel that you are making. And thus this powder will serve you well two or three times over."

(Translation found in Eileen Power's The Goodman of Paris, 1928, pp. 293-4) Notes:

1. A sester is approximately 2-gallons. This figure is taken from Gross: Guild Merchant, II, 214 (in French), and Davies: History of Southampton, pp 139 ff (English), trans and ed. by E. P. Cheyney, University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History: Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European history, published for the Dept. of History of the University of Pennsylvania., Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press [1897]. Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 12-17.'

The figure of two gallons is provided in the English translation of this 14^th century guild charter from Southampton England.

The Translation:

To make 12-gallons of mead, take six pints of very soft honey (9 lbs.). Place on fire and boil stirring continually until the foam stops rising. Add 14-gallons of water and boil stirring continually until it boils down to 12-gallons of liquid.

Cool until just warm, filter, place in a cask and add half a pint of leaven of beer (leaven is the sediment found at the bottom of a cask or other fermenter in which beer has fermented – it consist of live yeast cells, dead yeast cells, and a small quantity of fermented beer).

You can use leaven of bread, which will taste good, but the mead will have a duller color. Cover well and keep warm. The length of time of the fermentation is not mentioned.

Optional: To make the mead very good, add a ounce of ginger, long pepper, grain of Paradise, and cloves. Use equal amounts of each, except use a smaller amount of cloves. Put the spices in a bag and cast them into the fermenter. Leave the spices in the fermenting mead for three days, then remove the bag, squeeze the liquid out, and use the bag of spices again in two or three additional batches of mead.

The Recipe:

Honey

The amount of honey used will depend on:

1. The amount of residual sweetness you desire (how much sugar is left after fermentation).

2. The desired alcohol content.

Use 5 lbs. of honey if using a low alcohol tolerant yeast (such as a typical ale yeast). This will produce a slightly sweet mead with a alcohol content around 1.5-2%.

Use 10 lbs. of honey if using a medium alcohol tolerant yeast (such as a typical lager yeast). This will produce a medium sweet mead with a alcohol content around 5-8%.

Use 15 lbs. of honey if using a high alcohol tolerant yeast (such as a typical wine yeast).

This will produce a medium sweet mead with a alcohol content around 10-14%.

Use 20 lbs. of honey if using a very high alcohol tolerant yeast (such as a Champaign yeast). This will produce a medium sweet mead with a alcohol content around 17-21%.

Use 25-30 lbs. of honey if using a very high alcohol tolerant yeast (such as Champaign yeast). This will produce a very sweet desert type mead with a alcohol content around 17-21%.

The original recipe calls for .75 lbs. of honey/gallon of water. This amount of honey will produce a very unpleasant, very dry (low residual sugar) mead if you use anything but a low alcohol tolerant yeast. As the strains of yeast available today have a significantly higher alcohol tolerance than yeasts available just a few hundred yeast ago, it is arguable that the meads produced in period were likely of a much lower alcohol content than we can produce today.

The Method:

To make 5-gallons of straight mead, take 2-gallons of water. Heat the water to boiling. Remove from heat and stir in the honey until it is completely dissolved. Return to the heat. Simmer andskim of the foam that forms (the foam consist of serum albumen from the honey – its removal makes for a clearer, brighter finished product). If the scum forming is dark tan or brown, turn the heat down. Skim it off till it stops showing up (10 minutes to and hour and a half or longer, depending on the amount of albumin in the honey). Once no more foam appears remove the honey-water solution (called must) from the heat.

In a clean sterile fermentation vessel (a 5-gallon glass carboy), add 3-gallons of cold water. The cold water must be added before the must or the heat of the hot must will most likely break the carboy. Add the must to the carboy. Use a funnel and pour slowly. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Donʼt fill the carboy completely to the top, leave 5" of airspace (head space) above the liquid level. Put an drilled rubber cork and airlock on the carboy. As the must cools, the volume of air in the carboy will decrease and some of the liquid in the fermentation lock may be drawn into the fermenter, so be sure to use a weak bleach/ water solution in the fermentation lock. Do not agitate the must at this stage. Allow the must to cool until the mixture is only warm (less than 85°F). Pitch the leaven (yeast sediment from the bottom of the fermenter) from a just completed batch of beer (1 cup is more than sufficient). If you are not a beer brewer, pitch a commercially available yeast such as Wyeast Dry Mead Yeast if you want a higher alcohol mead or use Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast if a sweeter mead is desired. As mentioned in the yeast section, there are several other commercial yeast which can be substituted such as ale yeast or wine yeast - again depending on how sweet or dry you desire the finished mead to be.

Add the spices, if desired, using the method indicated in the translation. Another option when working with spices is to bring two or three pints of water to a boil, remove it from the heat, and add the spices. Let the spices steep for five to ten minutes. Strain the resulting "tea" through clean cloth or a disposable coffee filter. Add this liquid to the fermenter along with the 3-gallons of cold water. Don't add the actual spices to the fermenter, just the water they steeped in. This will tend to avoid some harsh flavors you can get if you add the spices directly to the fermenter.

Alternatively, you can add this tea at the first or any subsequent racking. I have on occasion added my spice tea right before bottling. This tends to produce a stronger flavor from the spices than adding the tea at the beginning of fermentation.

Yeast Nutrient/Energizer

As honey lacks the nutrients for a robust fermentation, it is a good practice to add yeast nutrient and energizer to the must. If added, the fermentation will finish in 1/2-1/5 the time of mead without added yeast nutrient/energizer.

An alternative to adding yeast nutrient/energizer is to add 2 beer bottles worth of unfermented/ unhopped beer. The malted barley will provide the yeast with all of the nutrients needed for a robust fermentation.

Add the yeast nutrient/energizer or your unfermented/unhopped beer when you pitch your yeast.

Fermentation

Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count. Allow to ferment to completion. Depending on fermentation temperature, this can take 2-5 months. Rack the mead into a clean carboy leaving the mead leaven behind. This may or may not kick off a new fermentation. The mead leaven can be used as the yeast source for a new batch of mead. Note: do not "re-pitch" mead yeast (or beer yeast) more than twice. Yeast mutates easily, and re-pitching yeast several times can result in mead with undesirable flavors/aromas.

If a new fermentation begins, allow it to sit until obvious fermentation is done and the yeast settles out. Then rack the mead again. Continue this process until racking does not produce further fermentation.

Clarify the mead by allowing it to stand and settle naturally, or use one of the period methods of clarifying such as the introduction of isinglass or egg whites.

Once the mead is done fermenting (no more blips of the airlock and yeast is no longer settling out), clean, de-label and sanitize 30 - 750 ml wine bottles. Once they are de-labeled, look in each to insure there's nothing nasty in them. If need be, blast the bottles out with a bottle washer and scrub them with a bottle brush. The bottles must be COMPLETELY CLEAN.

Sterilize the bottles. You can do this by filling the bottles with a bleach water solution. Another method is to use a dishwasher. Place the bottles in the dishwasher, neck down, add one cup of bleach, and run them through a full cycle. Don't worry too much about the water getting into the bottles (you've already made sure they were clean), you're after the heat cycle. Let the bottles go completely through a wash and dry cycle. Don't use the energy saving cycle, as this will lower the temperature of the wash water and the dry cycle. Let the bottles cool with the door closed.

Fill the bottles with the finished mead however you like. I use a bottling bucket, a length of clear plastic (food grade) tubing and a bottling cane. One thing to remember: the less you agitate the mead during bottling the better. Agitation will put oxygen into the mead, causing it to have a shorter shelf life. So don't let the mead splash into the bottles when you are filling them.

While you are filling the bottles, place your corks in very warm water. They should be heated until they are slightly soft (the will give about 1/16" when squeezed). If the corks get too soft they won't stay in the bottles. Drive the corks in with a corker, label the bottles (I've got so many meads that if I didn't label them, I wouldn't know what's what), and put them in storage. Let the bottles sit upright for two days to let the corks harden, then store them on their sides so that the corks don't dry out. If you have a floor corker

Color: Golden amber

Alcohol Content: Varies depending on amount of honey and yeast used. See the chart on page 10 for more information

Batch Size: 5-gallons

Another Simple Mead

From the Country Housewife. London. 1762

The Source:

Take eight Gallons of Water, and as much Honey as will make it bear an egg; add to this the Rinds of six Lemmons, and boil it well, scumming it carefully as it rises. When 'tis off the Fire, put to it the Juice of the six Lemmons, and pour it into a clean Tub, or earthen Vessel, if you have one large enough, to work three days, then scum it well, and pour off the clear into the Cask, and let it stand open till it has done making a hissing Noise; after which stop it up close, and in three months time it will be fine, and fit for bottling.

The Translation:

* 15 lbs. honey

* 6 Lemon rinds

* Juice of 6 Lemons

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey in 3-gallons of water. We won ʼt be boiling all 8 gallons of water as in the original recipe, as 8 gallon brew pots are hard to find. We will add the additional water to the fermenter.

Grate the rinds of 6 lemons and add to the brew pot with the honey/water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. It will boil down a little.

Add 2-gallons cold water to a 7.5-gallon carboy. Add the must to the carboy, along with the juice of 6 lemons. Add yeast nutrient and yeast energizer. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must to 7-gallons. Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

After 3 days transfer the mead to a sterile secondary fermenter, leaving the sediment and the lemon rind behind. Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle.

Color: Pale gold

Alcohol Content: 5-8%
Batch Size: 7-gallons

Wilt du guten met machen

(How to Make Good Mead)

From Ein Buch von Guter Spise (German, c. 1350)

The Source:

The original recipe is in German. I have translated it into English for your convenience (unless, of course, you are German). Please note, this is a rather loose translation, not a literal one.

Der guten mete machen wil, der werme reinen brunnen, daz er die hant dor inne liden künne. und neme zwei maz wazzers und eine honiges. daz rüere man mit eime stecken, und laz ez ein wile hangen. und sihe ez denne durch ein rein tuch oder durch ein harsip in ein rein vaz. und siede denne die selben wirtz gein eime acker lane hin und wider und schume die wirtz mit einer vensterehten schüzzeln. da der schume inne blibe und niht die wirtz. dor noch giuz den mete in ein rein vaz und bedecke in, daz der bradem niht uz müge, als lange daz man die hant dor inne geliden müge. So nim denne ein halp mezzigen hafen und tu in halp vol hopphen und ein hant vol salbey und siede daz mit der wirtz gein einer halben mile. und giuz ez denne in die wirtz, und nim frischer hoven ein halp nözzeln und giuz ez dor in. und giuz ez under ein ander daz ez geschende http://werde.so">werde. so decke zu, daz der bradem iht uz müge einen tae und eine naht. So seige denne den mete durch ein reyn tuch oder durch ein harsip. und vazze in in ein reyn vaz und lazze in iern drie tac und drie naht und fülle in alle abende, dar nach lazze man in aber abe und hüete daz iht hefen dor in kumme und laz in aht tage ligen daz er valle. und fülle in alle abende. dar nach loz in abe in ein gehertztez vas und laz in ligen aht tage vol und trinke in denne erst sechs wucher oder http://ehte.so">ehte. so ist er allerbeste.

The Translation:

To make good mead, warm clean water to the point where you can just stand to place your hand in it. Use two parts water to one of honey. Stir with a stick, then let it sit a while. Then strain through a clean cloth or a hair sieve into a clean barrel.

Put the must back into the brewpot and boil it as long as it takes to walk the length of an acre and back. Skim the foam from the pot with a bowl with holes in it. Pour the mead into a clean barrel and cover it tightly, so that no vapor escapes. Let it cool until one can bear to put ones hand into it.

Take a half maz pot of hops and a hand full of sage. Add this to the must and boil for the time it takes to walk 1/2 mile.

Add the must a half nut of fresh yeast (the amount that would fit into half a nut shell). Cover, so that the vapor can get out. Let it ferment for a day and a night.

Strain the mead through a clean cloth or hair sieve and pout it into a clean barrel. Let it ferment three days. Rack it.

After fermentation stops, let it sit and settle for 8 days. Rack to a clean barrel and let it sit for eight days. Drink within the next 6-8 weeks for best results.

My Recipe:

* 14 lbs. honey

* 2 oz. Hops

* 1/2 oz. Sage

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey in 3-gallons of hot water. The straining listed in the translation is not needed unless you are using raw unfiltered honey.

Boil and skim for 10-15 minutes. Cover and let the must cool until it is only very warm to the touch. Add the hops and sage and boil the must for 10 minutes. Cover, remove from heat and allow the must to cool over night. Do not uncover the mead until itʼs cool (70-80°F) and you are ready to put it into the carboy, otherwise it may become infected with wild yeast/bacteria.

Add the must to a sterile carboy. Add the yeast, yeast energizer and yeast nutrient to the carboy. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 4.5-gallons. Put an airlock on the carboy. Let it ferment for a day, then rack into a sterile carboy leaving the spices behind. Ferment for three days. Rack into a clean sterile carboy. When fermentation is complete, allow it to sit for eight days so the yeast can settle out. Bottle.

Color: Pale gold to amber (depending on the honey used)

Alcohol Content: 5-7%

Batch Size: 4.5-gallons

Mead Variations

* Metheglin - mead with spices

* Melomel - mead with fruit (except grapes and apples)

* Pyment - mead with grapes

* Hippocras: not a mead

* Cyser - mead with apples

* Braggot - mead with barley

* Still or Sparkling

Metheglin

Bring two or three pints of water to a boil, remove it from the heat, and add the spices. Let the spices steep for five to ten minutes. Strain the resulting "tea" through clean cloth or a disposable coffee filter. Add this liquid to the fermenter. Don't add the actual spices to the fermenter, just the water they steeped in. This will tend to avoid some harsh flavors you can get if you add the spices directly to the fermenter. Or, for a stronger flavor and aroma, add the tea to the mead at bottling time.

Herbs and Spices

What spices to use? The following lists some herbs and spices taken from modern, period and near-period recipes.

There are many more herbs and spices than those listed that work well in meads. If you are going to experiment with a new herb/spice, use small amounts to start with. The amount of herbs or spices to add to your metheglin is a matter of personal taste. In general, use the less strongly flavored herbs/spices in amounts of up to 1 oz. in a 5-gallon batch. The stronger flavored herbs and spices should be used in smaller quantities, usually 1/2 oz. or less in a 5-gallon batch.

As a rule of thumb, if a spice will go well in a cake or cookie, it will make a fine melomel.

Allspice Fennel Long Pepper Rosemary

Angelica Ginger Marjoram Sage

Anise seed Hops Mint Sassafras

Bay leaves Hyssop Mugwort Sorrel

Cardamon Juniper berries Nutmeg Sweet basil

Cinnamon Lemon grass Orange peel Sweetbriar

Cloves Lemon peel Primrose Tea

Coriander seed Licorice root Rhubarb

Obtaining some of these herbs/spices may prove difficult. Your local grocery store will carry the more mundane ones. Some of the others can be purchased at a well stocked brew shop. Still others can be found at natural/health food stores.

It's not an herb, it's not a spice, it's WOOD. A hand full of oak chips (brew shop) added to the fermenter will give your mead that unique oak cask aged taste.

Note: before using any herb and/or spice in your meads, make sure they are safe for human consumption. Some of the herbs used in period recipes can be quite toxic. The period recipes in this work have been chosen to avoid this problem, and may be produced without concern.

Letʼs Talk About Hops

Historically, mead was a sweet drink, and adding bittering agents to "balance" the sweetness is counterproductive. However, Digbie does mention the use of hops in several of his meads. For example:

A Receipt to make Metheglin as it is made at Liege
Communicated by Mr. Masillon.

. . . And if you do intend to keep your Meathe a long time, you may put into it some hopps on this fashion. Take to every Barrel of Meathe a Pound of Hops without leaves, that is, of Ordinary Hops used for Beer, but well cleansed, taking only the Flowers, without the Green-leaves and stalks. . .

That's 16 oz. of hops to a barrel (64-gallons U.S.). Making the amount of hops used 1/4 oz. per gallon. This is about the same amount of hops used in modern beers.

Mr. Webbes Meath

Master Webbe, who maketh the Kings Meathe, ordereth it thus. Take as much of the Hyde-park water as will make a Hogshead of Meathe. Boil in it about two Ounces of the best Hopp's for about half an hour. By that time, the water will have drawn out the strength of the Hopp's. . .

That's two ounces of hops in a hogshead of water. Very little if any hop flavor or aroma will result from such a small quantity.

The first of Septemb. 1663. Mr. Webbe came to my House to make some for Me. He took fourty three Gallons of water, and fourty two pounds of Norfolk honey. As soon as the water boiled, He put into it a slight handful of Hops; which after it had boiled a little above a quarter of an hour; he skimed off; then put in the honey to the boyling water, and presently a white scum rose, which he skimed off still as it rose; which skiming was ended in little above a quarter of an hour more.

A slight handful of hops (1-2 oz. I would say) in fourty three gallons of water will produce little if any hop flavor or aroma.

If you wish to use hops in your mead, give it a try and see if you like the flavor.

A Note on Cinnamon

There are several varieties of trees that botanists refer to as being in the "cinnamomum" family.

The spice we know as cinnamon is ground from the dried bark of trees in the evergreen (laurel) family. There are several varieties of cinnamon-producing trees which differ slightly in the flavor and color of cinnamon they produce. Some types resemble thick-stemmed bushes 6-10 feet tall, while others grow as large as 5 feet in circumference and 50 feet in height. When harvested the bark is slit and stripped off both the trunk and branches. As it dries it curls up tightly, making the familiar long, slender cinnamon sticks.

The majority of the cinnamon sold in the U.S. and Europe is derived from trees of the "cinnamolnum cassia" division of this family. This group is native to China, Indo-China and Indonesia, It is reddish brown in color with a strong characteristic aroma and flavor.

The other major type is "Ceylon" cinnamon. Ceylon cinnamon is characteristically tan-colored, with flavor and aroma much milder than that of cassia.

Either type can be used in the production of a spiced mead. Be aware that if you use Ceylon cinnamon you will either need to increase the amount used or you will end up with a much milder and less noticeable cinnamon flavor.

Moonlight Metheglin

by Honorable Lord Alexander Ravenshaw

* 20 lbs. honey

* 4-6 Sticks of cinnamon

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey into 3-gallons of hot water. Return to heat. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms.

Simmer the cinnamon sticks in 1-gallon of water for 10 minutes for a strong cinnamon flavor. Or use the tea method for a milder cinnamon flavor. Discard the spices. Add 1-gallon cold water to the carboy. Add the cinnamon water and must to the carboy.

Add yeast nutrient and yeast energizer. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Donʼt completely fill the carboy, leave 5" head space. Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle.

Color: Gold to amber
Alcohol Content: 8%
Batch Size: 5-gallons

Mr. Corsellises Antwerp Meath

from Digbie, 1669

The Source:

To make good Meath, good White and thick Marsilian or Provence-honey is best; and of that, to four Holland Pints (the Holland Pint is very little bigger then the English Winepint:) (a English winepint appears to be approximately the same size as a U.S. pint) of Water, you must put two pounds of Honey. The Honey must be stirred in Water, till it be all melted. If it be stirred about in warm water, it will melt so much the sooner.

When all is dissolved, it must be so strong that an Egge may swim in it with the end upwards. And if it be too sweet or too strong, because there is too much Honey; then you must put more water to it; yet so, that, as above, an Hens Egge may swim with the point upwards: And then that newly added water must be likewise well stirred about, so that it may be mingled all alike. If the Eggs sink (which is a token that there is not honey enough) then you must put more Honey to it, and stir about, till it be all dissolved, and the Eggs swim, as abovesaid. This being done, it must be hanged over the fire, and as it beginneth to seeth, the scum, that doth arise upon it, both before and after, must be clean skimmed off. When it is first set upon the fire, you must measure it first with a stick, how deep the Kettel is, or how much Liquor there be in it; and then it must boil so long, till one third part of it be boiled away. When it is thus boiled, it must be poured out into a Cooler, or open vessel, before it be tunned in the Barrel; but the Bung-hole must be left open, that it may have vent. A vessel, which hath served for Sack is best.

The Translation:

* 20 lbs. light honey

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey in 5-gallons of hot water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. Simmer till 1/3 of the volume is gone. Cover, remove from heat and allow it to cool over night. Do not uncover the mead until itʼs cool (70-80°F) and you are ready to put it into the carboy, otherwise it may become infected with wild yeast/bacteria.

Add the must to a sterile carboy. Add the yeast, yeast nutrient and yeast energizer to the carboy. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 3.5-gallons. Put an airlock on the carboy. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle.

Color: Pale gold

Alcohol Content: 10-12%

Batch Size: 3.5-gallons

An Excellent white Meathe

from Digbie, 1669

The Source:

Take one Gallon of Honey, and four of water; Boil and scum them till there rise no more scum; then put in your Spice a little bruised, which is most of Cinnamon, a little Ginger, a little Mace, and a very little Cloves. Boil it with the Spice in it, till it bear an Egge. Then take it from the fire, and let it Cool in a Woodden vessel, till it be but lukewarm; which this quantity will be in four or five or six hours. Then put into it a hot tost of Whitebread, spread over on both sides, pretty thick with fresh barm (Yeast, probably the lees from a pervious batch); that will make it presently work. Let it work twelve hours, close covered with Cloves. Then Tun it into a Runlet wherein Sack hath been, that is somewhat too big for that quantity of Liquor; for example, that it fill it not by a Gallon; You may then put a little Limon-pill in with it. After it hath remained in the vessel a week or ten days, draw it into Bottles. You may begin to drink it after two or three Months: But it will be better after a year. It will be very spritely and quick and pleasant and pure white.

The Translation:

* 20 lbs. light honey

* 3 Sticks of Cinnamon

* 1/4 - 1/2 oz. Grated Ginger Root

* 1/8 - 1/4 oz. Mace

* 1/8 oz. Cloves

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey in 4-gallons of hot water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. Lightly crush and add the spices to the pot. Simmer for an additional 15 minutes (or you can make a tea as described earlier in this work). Cover, remove from heat and allow it to cool over night. Do not uncover the mead until it's cool (70-80°F) and you are ready to put it into the carboy, otherwise it may become infected with wild yeast/bacteria.

Add the must to a clean sterile carboy. Add the yeast, yeast nutrient and yeast energizer to the carboy. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Don't completely fill the carboy, leave 5" head space. Put an airlock on the carboy. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

Let it ferment for 12 hours, then rack into a clean sterile carboy leaving the spices behind. Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle.

Color: Pale gold

Alcohol Content: 8-10%
Batch Size: 5-gallons

Melomel

A melomel is mead made with fruit other than grapes and apples (we have special names for those).

Many recipes call for two or three pounds of fruit in a five gallon batch. In truth, using two or three pounds of most fruit will only add a hint of fruit flavor and a little color. Most of the successful melomel recipes I have used or devised require six to ten pounds (or more) of fruit for a five gallon batch.

Choose your fruit. Blackberry, blueberry, raspberry, cherry, gooseberry, mango, elderberry, peach, pear, kiwi, lemon, lime, whatever you like. Put the fruit in several freezer bags and freeze it hard. Let the fruit thaw and crush the fruit (I leave it in the freezer bag and smash it a bit). The freezing causes the cell walls of the fruit to rupture. Several freeze - thaw cycles will insure maximum juice extraction. Dump the whole mess into the carboy. Pour the simmered and skimmed must over the fruit while the must is still hot. This will help pasteurize the fruit without setting the pectin in the fruit skins (pectin is what makes jelly gel). If the must is boiling (a no-no), the pectin in the fruit may set causing the melomel to be hazy.

You don't need to add yeast nutrient or energizer. The fruit will add more than enough nutrients for the yeast to ferment well. Use the shaker method after you pitch your yeast.

After initial fermentation, or after two weeks, whichever comes first, rack the mead into a secondary fermenter leaving the fruit skins and pulp behind. If you leave the mead on the skins too long, you may pick up some nasty flavors.

Ferment to completion like any other mead, bottle and enjoy.

Blackberry/Cherry Melomel

* 15 lbs. honey

* 7 lbs. Blackberries

* 2-gallons cherry juice

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Freeze, thaw and crush the blackberries and put them in a sterile carboy.

Dissolve the honey in 2-gallons of hot water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. It will boil down a little.

Put the cherry juice in the carboy. Add the must to the carboy. Add yeast nutrient and yeast energizer. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Donʼt completely fill the carboy, leave 5" head space. Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

When fermentation stops, or after 2 weeks (whichever comes first) transfer the mead to a sterile secondary fermenter, leaving the sediment and fruit behind. Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle.

Color: Cherry Red
Alcohol Content: 8%
Batch Size: 5-gallons

Note: If you can't find cherry juice (and it can be hard to find), use a cherry concentrate from your brew shop. Most bottles of fruit flavor concentrate contain enough to make 5-gallons. Use 1/2 of a bottle of concentrate (enough for 2.5-gallons) and 2-gallons of water instead of the 2-gallons of cherry juice listed.

Raspberry Mead (Melomel)

* 30 lbs. honey

* 7-10 lbs. Raspberries

* Yeast nutrient

* Yeast energizer

* Wyeast Dry Mead Yeast (remember, not powdered yeast)

Freeze, thaw and crush the raspberries and put them in the carboy with 1-gallon of cold water.

Dissolve the honey in 4-gallons of hot water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. It will boil down a little.

Add the must to the carboy. Add yeast nutrient and yeast energizer. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Donʼt completely fill the carboy, leave 5" head space. Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

Color: Pale Rose

Alcohol Content: 16%
Batch Size: 5-gallons

Things to Know About Melomels

* Do not use a fruit packed in cane sugar. Cane sugar will give your mead a harsh cider flavor that does not go away with aging.

* Get the mead off the fruit after two weeks (or when primary fermentation is over, whichever comes first).

* Melomels will tend to ferment to completion faster (in most cases much faster) than a straight mead.

* If you are using a berry fruit, most of the color of the melomel will come from the skins. The less time the mead stays on the skins, the lighter the color of the finished mead.

* If you use fruit juice instead of whole fruit, you donʼt have to worry about pectin. You will need about 3-gallons of fruit juice, or 50-100 oz. of a fruit juice concentrate for a five gallon batch of melomel.

* Some brew shops carry flavor extracts. These are usually all natural (read the label to be sure). They work fine to make melomels. However, I have found that using real fruit (or juice) produces a better tasting product with much more depth and complexity.

* Limes make a truly nasty melomel.

* Most melomels become drinkable faster than straight meads. Melomels made with berry fruits tend to become drinkable faster than other types of melomels.

Pyment

Pyment is mead made with the juice of grapes. Most brew supply shops carry wine grade juice concentrates. These make for some very good pyments. The more juice you use, the more wine like the finished product will be.

As a general rule, with a lighter juice (white wine concentrates) use a lighter honey such as clover, orange blossom and the like. For reds and purple juices (concord grape), you can use darker honeys.

If you are making a pyment with whole grapes, rather than juice or concentrated juice, donʼt allow the must to ferment on the skins for more than two weeks. Needless to say you will need to add a wine press to your list of equipment if you plan to use whole grapes.

You can add spices to your pyment as described in the Metheglin section. As a general rule, if a spice goes well in a cake, it goes well in pyment (or any other type of mead for that matter). I have found that cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves (use only a small amount, say 1/8 oz.) and mint work very well in pyments.

An Arab Mead (Pyment)

by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (9^th century)

Introduction:

This recipe for Pyment (fermented honey with grape juice) is based on a redaction by Forester Nigel FitzMaurice of a 9^th century CE medicinal formulary – the Aqrabadhin of Al-Kindi, written by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (c. 800-870). Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi was an eminent Baghdad philosopher who wrote on a wide range of subjects from astrology, medicine, cooking, mathematics, swordsmithing, sorcery, and the making of alcoholic beverages.

While The Holy Qur'an includes a very strict, unambiguous restriction on the imbibing of intoxicants by the faithful, it appears that during Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi's time some production and imbibing of intoxicants was allowed. Several similar recipes for meads and mead variants appear in other medicinal formularies from the Islamic world. This would indicate that the imbibing of intoxicants was allowed in at least some parts of the Islamic world if consumed for medicinal purposes.

The Original Recipe:

Note: The measurements have been converted to modern units.

Five gallons of the best juice from pulp of the grape is taken. It is cooked over a low fire until its foam disappears. Then eight pounds of the best genuine honey is put in. It is boiled over a low fire until its foam also disappears. One half of it evaporates. Then .22 ounce is taken of, Cardamom, and .10 ounce each of Ceylonese cinnamon, clove, and long pepper.

(They are) well pulverized and put into a fine linen cloth. Then it is thrown into the decoction after the froth has been removed. When the cooking is over, it is possible to introduce the hand into it. The powder is macerated into it strongly. It is taken out and .33 ounce of Saffron put into (the liquid). It is put into flasks and the tops are stoppered. After a little sun is allowed on it, one may use it. The older it gets, the better, Allah willing.

This recipe will produce approximately 3-gallons.

My Recipe:

To make 15-gallons of pyment dissolve 36 lbs. of wildflower honey in 5-gallons of water (see the end of this recipe for an ingredients list for a 5-gallon batch). This is easier to do if you bring the water to a boil before adding the honey. Make sure to remove the water from the heat before adding the honey or the honey will settle to the bottom of your brewpot and caramelize. Simmer over low heat and skim off the serum albumin that rises. If the foam turns dark tan or brown turn the heat down quickly. Continue to simmer and skin until no more foam rises.

Fill a clean and sterile 15-gallon glass fermenter with 286 oz. of grape concentrate (a quantity

of concentrate sufficient to produce 9 gallons of juice), along with 3-gallons of cold water. Once the must stops producing foam it was added to the fermentation vessel.

The temperature of the resulting mixture is sufficiently high to pasteurize the grape juice, but not so high as to cause the pectin in the grape juice to set. This is the rational for not simmering the grape juice as the original recipe calls for. If the grape juice had been simmered, the pectin in the juice would set and cause the resulting drink to be cloudy. This would not have affected the flavor of the mead, only its appearance. Allow the must to sit at this temperature for approximately 20 minutes to ensure complete pasteurization of the grape juice.

After the 20 minute pasteurization, sufficient cold water was added to bring the total volume of liquid to 15-gallons.

Fermentation:

Pitch 3 packages of Lalvin 71B yeast in the fermenter. This yeast is used commercially and by home vintners as one of the yeasts of choice for red wines. As this pyment is made using purple/red grape concentrate, a red wine yeast is appropriate.

Yeast nutrient/energizer is not needed as grape juice contains all of the nutrients needed for a vigorous fermentation.

The shaker method of yeast propagation was not employed as it is rather difficult (and dangerous) to shake a 15-gallon batch. When making a 5-gallon batch of pyment use the shaker method to accelerate the fermentation.

Allow the pyment to ferment at room temperature until fermentation stops and the pyment begins to clear (approximately 3 months).

Rack into a clean sterile secondary fermenter. Fermentation will kick off again. When the fermentation is nearly done (one blip of the airlock every 30 minutes), bottle in Champagne bottles. Cork with champaign corks and wire them down.

As fermentation is not complete, and since the bottles are tightly sealed, CO₂ will be produced by the still fermenting yeast in the bottles and the CO₂ will go into solution. This produces a slightly (or not so slightly if you bottle too early) carbonated pyment just as the original recipe would have done by putting the pyment in stopered flasks to ferment.

Variations from the Original:

I have in the past produced this pyment both with, and without spices. The spices listed in the original recipe are in such small quantities (less than 1 oz. for all the spices combined), very little flavor is added to the pyment. If either a larger quantity of spices are used, or if a white grape juice is used in place of a purple/red grape juice, the flavor of the spices is more prominent in the finished pyment. I have speculated that the spices were added to the original recipe simply to have the resulting pyment qualify as a medicinal drink.

The red wine characteristics of this pyment are evident in the color, aroma, and flavor. The finish (aftertaste) has a tannin bite that is a desired characteristic of red wines, balanced by the residual sweetness of the wildflower honey.

Color: Deep, dark bluish purple
Alcohol Content: 11-14%

Batch Size: 15-gallons

To make a 5-gallon batch of pyment use:

* 15 lbs. Honey (clover, orange blossom or any other light flavored honey)

* 96 oz. Concord Grape Concentrate

* 1 package Lalvin 71B yeast

Bibliography:

Gayre, G. Robert and Charlie Papazian. Brewing Mead . Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1986.

Levey, Martin. The Medical Formulary (or the Aqrabadhin of Al-Kindi) by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966. Includes photos of the pages of the original Arabic text with English translations.

The Holy Qur'an (commentaries by Maulana Muhammed Ali). Ahmadiyyah Anjuman Isha'at Islam, Lahore, Pakistan, 1973. A English/Arabic edition of the Holy Qur'an.

Hippocras: not a mead

Well, if itʼs not mead, why did I list it? Many books on mead list hippocras as spiced pyment. This is incorrect. Hippocras IS NOT honey and grape juice fermented with spices. Historically, the drink called Hippocras was made by mixing wine with a small amount of honey and spices/herbs at serving time. This way, a wine of lower quality could be made more palatable. Other references show that hippocras was a medicinal drink. The alcohol in the wine was used as a vehicle to deliver medicinal herbs. Honey was added to cover up the flavor of the medicine (as is still done today with cough syrups).

Cyser

A cross between mead and a hard cider. Cysers tend to have a very crisp flavor, unlike most meads which tend to be rather mellow.

When you make a cyser you will need to add about three gallons of apple juice to your fermenter, so cut down on the amount of water simmered with the honey. Yeast energizer and nutrient are not needed when you make a cyser, as the apple juice has everything the yeast needs for a good fermentation.

The apple juice you use must not contain any preservatives, as many food preservatives will stop a fermentation completely. You can use either pasteurized or non-pasteurized apple juice. The flavor of the resulting mead won't be affected.

I have found that a Cyser fermented at a lower temperature (55-60°F) will tend to produce a much smoother drink than one fermented at room temperature. Needless to say, a lower fermentation temperature will require a longer fermentation time. You can (and many have) produce a more than adequate Cyser fermenting at room temperature, but I am willing to wait a little longer (well, a lot longer) for a smoother drink. For those of you who are beer brewers, no doubt you see a direct analogy between the above and the difference between ales and lagers.

Cyser go Boom!!

* 3-gallons fresh apple juice with no preservatives (any preservative other than a small quantity of vitamin C can stop the fermentation)

* 8 pounds honey

* 2 large sticks cinnamon

* 5 cloves

* Wyeast Sweet Mead Yeast

Dissolve the honey into 2.5-gallons hot water. Return to heat. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms.

Simmer the spices in 1-gallon of water for 10 minutes. Discard the spices. Put the apple juice and the spiced water in a sterile carboy. Add the must to the carboy. Add yeast nutrient and yeast energizer. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume of the must up to 5-gallons. Donʼt completely fill the carboy, leave 5" head space. Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. Let the carboy sit for a day, then use the shaker method to increase the yeast count.

Ferment at 55-60°F. When fermentation dies down, transfer the cyser to a sterile secondary fermenter, leaving the sediment behind. Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle. This cyser will need to age six months to a year before it is drinkable.

This is a very clear, slightly sweet cyser. Wonderful sparkling (except when the bottles blow up).

Color: Amber to golden
Alcohol Content: 7-9%
Batch Size: 5-gallons

Braggot

Wonderfully complex, usually strong and not for the faint of heart. A braggot is a wonderful thing to behold (and to drink).

Put simply, a braggot is a cross between mead and a beer. Most recipes for braggots I have seen are on the strong to very strong side.

Concerning Water Hardness and Braggots

Very hard water (200 parts per million of dissolved minerals or more) will tend to result in less bitterness from the hops. The use of soft-hard water is recommended (0100 parts per million of dissolved minerals) for braggots.

Pieter's Imperial Braggot

by Lord Pieter Lambic

* 10 pounds liquid amber malt extract

* 10 pounds honey

* 1-2 oz. Hallertauer hops (full boil)

* 2-gallons sour cherry juice

* Wyeast Dry Mead Yeast

Boil the malt and hops in 2.5-gallons of water for 60 minutes. Add the hops after the malt/ water begins to boil. It will boil down to about 2-gallons. Meanwhile, dissolve the honey in 2-gallons water. Simmer and skim (just like the other recipes) till no more scum forms. It will boil down a little.

Yes, you simmer the honey and boil the malt separately. You don't want to boil the honey, and you need to boil the malt with the hops to get the bittering out of the hops, so they have to be treated separately.

Put the sour cherry juice into a sterile 7.5-gallon carboy. Add the malt (wort) and honey (must) to the carboy. No yeast nutrient or energizer is needed, as the malt has all that is needed for good yeast growth. Add cold water to the carboy to bring the total volume up to 6-gallons (you probably won't need to add much if any water to the carboy with this recipe). Put an airlock on the carboy. Do not agitate the must at this stage. When the temperature is down to 70-80°F pitch the yeast. The shaker method is not needed for a braggot.

When fermentation stops, transfer the braggot to a sterile secondary fermenter, leaving the sediment behind. Ferment to completion, racking as needed and bottle. Braggots ferment quickly.

This braggot is thick, strong and very alcoholic. Age for 2-5 years before drinking. Really.

Note: If you can't locate sour cherry juice, substitute 3 Krick beer kits (3.3 lbs. of malt in each) for the 10 lbs. of malt and the two gallons of sour cherry juice. If you do this you will need to add 1 to 1-1/2-gallons of cold water to the carboy to keep it from cracking when you pour the hot wort and must in (or run the wort through a wort chiller).

Color: Dark brown to black

Alcohol Content: 16%
Batch Size: 6-gallons

By the way, this recipe originally used 15 pounds of malt and 15 pounds of honey. If you like it strong, use these amounts.

How Much Honey to Use

When you decide to start making your own recipes, you may be wondering how sweet the drink will be. This depends on the amount of honey and the type of yeast used.

For the purposes of the following chart, wine yeast can be considered equal to dry mead yeast. Ale yeast can be considered equal to sweet mead yeast.

This chart assumes a 5-gallon batch. For example: if you used 6 lbs. of honey/gallon (6 lbs. X 5-gallon batch=30 lbs. honey) and used a dry mead yeast, you would end up with a medium sweet mead (one with lots of alcohol, by the way). If you used a sweet mead yeast with this amount of honey you would end up with a very sweet mead.

Note: when a recipe says to use 5-6 lbs. of honey per gallon, that means 5-6 lbs. honey and enough water to make a gallon. Not 5-6 lbs. honey and a gallon of water.

Note: this chart does not take into account the sugars derived from any fruit or malted barley added to the mead. This chart is for straight meads only.

Bottling Techniques

Still Meads

If you choose to bottle your mead still (noncarbonated), you will need to take some precautions. The last time you rack your mead, you should get very little sediment, and no evidence of fermentation. If the mead is still cloudy, out gassing when shaken, or noticeable sediment is being produced (over several weeks, needless to say), then it's not ready to bottle.

Once the mead is truly done fermenting, de-label and clean thirty 750 ml. wine bottles. Five gallons of mead will fill 24 - 750 ml. wine bottles, but I always prepare a few extra bottles.

Sterilize the bottles, then fill with them with mead with the bottling cane. If you fill the bottles to the top, then withdraw the bottling cane, you will get the correct amount of head space (space from the top of the liquid to the top of the bottle).

Put 24 corks in a sauce pan of water, and heat. When the corks are just slightly soft, they are ready to use. Drive each cork in with a corker until the top of the cork is even with the top of the bottle. A standard wine bottle takes a #9 cork. Always use fine grade corks.

Things to Know About Corks

* After you bottle, store the bottles upright for two days. This lets the corks harden. Then store the bottles on their sides to keep the corks wet. If you don't, the corks will dry out and shrink. This will let air in and will turn your mead into garbage rather quickly. Store your meads at room temperature.

* If you have a problem with corks coming out, your probably boiled the corks until they were too soft. Or, you have wine bottles with the wrong size necks. I always check new wine bottles to see what size the opening is (the second joint on my little finger just fits into a #9 opening - or did until I had that joint replaced). Or fermentation wasn't done, and you've got pressure in the bottles. If this is the case, sterilize a fermenter and put the mead back in (with a airlock of course) and let it ferment until it's done.

* If you still have problems with corks coming out, do this: when you cork the bottles, drive the corks in so that they are about 1/4" below the top of the bottles. Fill this space with sealing wax. You can store bottles sealed this way standing upright.

Sparkling Meads

Sparkling Sweet Meads

For a sweet sparking mead, here's how to bottle it. While the mead is still fermenting just slightly (one blip of the airlock every 30 minutes), bottle in Champagne bottles. You prepare the bottles the same way as with regular wine bottles. As mentioned before I sterilize my bottles in a dishwasher (full heat cycle). Fill the bottles with the mead. While you are doing this, place 25 plastic Champagne corks in bleach water and let them soak for at least 20 minutes. Rinse the plastic corks off, and insert them firmly into the Champagne bottles. Some times you may need to use a rubber mallet to get them in completely. Do this carefully. Once the corks are in, wire them down with Champagne wires.

Let the bottles set out at room temperature for two or three weeks. Open one bottle and judge if it's over or under carbonated. If it's over carbonated or just right, store the bottles refrigerated. If it's under carbonated, let the bottles set out for a few more weeks and test again. Don't recap the opened bottles, drink them instead. If the mead is very over-carbonated, put it back in the fermenter and let it ferment for a few more weeks and bottle again.

Fermenting the mead in the bottle to carbonate is called bottle conditioning. Some additional fermentation will take place in the bottles. Since the C0₂ can't escape, it will go into solution and carbonates the mead. Bottle conditioned meads will have a small amount of yeast sediment in the bottom of the bottles. You don't need to worry about autolysis of this yeast, as there is such a small amount in each bottle. Also, some research has shown that a small amount of yeast in the bottle aids in stability, and extend the shelf life of the mead.

Do not add any additional sugar to a sweet sparkling mead at bottling time as you do with beers. If you do, you will likely end up with glass hand grenades.

Sparkling Dry Meads

If you are making a dry (low sugar) sparking mead, do this: when the mead is completely done fermenting, boil 7/8 cup of honey or 1-1/4 cup of malt in a pint of water for 15 minutes and add it to your bottling bucket. Add the mead to the bottling bucket and bottle in Champagne bottles. Since the mead is dry (no or very little sugar left), the added sugar will produce the right amount of carbonation. The amounts of honey or malt listed above is for a 5-gallon batch. For a larger or smaller batch, you will need to use a proportionally larger or smaller amount of these sugars.

Kegs/Casks

Of course, you can also keg your meads. Five gallon stainless steel "corney" kegs (soft drink syrup kegs) are a good choice. You can purchase these kegs, a C0₂ bottle, tubing and regulator at your brew shop. For the large scale mead maker, 15.5-gallon steel beer kegs are available. However, they use a different style of connector than the 5-gallon corney kegs, so it's best to settle on one or the other size (I use both sizes myself).

The biggest point against using kegs is: you can't hand someone a small amount of mead to take home. It's also hard to send a portion of a 5-gallon keg along with someone else to an event you aren't attending. This is why I bottle most of my meads, rather than kegging them.

Wooden casks can also be used for storing your meads. However, their use is beyond the scope of this work. Needless to say, wooden casks have the same points against them as kegs. Also, they are hard to sterilize.

Labeling Your Meads

Make your labels however you wish. The labels you have seen in this work were produced using Adobe Photoshop, MacroMedia FreeHand and several other programs.

A good looking label will enhance the experience for whoever drinks your mead. While you can label your mead with masking tape and a black magic marker, this tends to make the whole thing look like a amateurish effort. After all, when you have gone to all the trouble to produce a quality mead, you should present it in a nice looking bottle with a informative and cleanly designed label.

However you make your labels, here is one method for attaching them to the bottles: place a sponge on a plate. Soak the sponge in water and put about a tablespoon of white glue on top of the sponge. Work the glue in (mixing it with the water in the sponge). Press the label onto the sponge, then onto the bottles. Add more glue and water as needed. The advantage to this method is that the labels are easy to remove when you want to reuse the bottles. The disadvantage to this method is that the labels are easy to remove when you don't want them to come off.

Storing Your Meads

Storage of Still Meads

If you have bottled your still mead in wine bottles with corks, it's best to store these meads on their sides. This keeps the corks wet. If the corks dry out, they will shrink (and possible be pushed out by the weight of the mead behind them). If you have waxed the tops of the corks after you inserted them, you can store the bottles standing up. If you have bottled in flip top or beer bottles, you can store these bottles standing up or lying down. Store your still meads at 55-70°F.

Storage of Sparkling Meads

If you have used beer bottles or Champagne bottles with corks and wires, you should store your mead standing up at refrigerator temperature

Aging Your Meads

When you use the shaker method and yeast energizer/nutrient to accelerate the fermentation of your mead, the need for long aging is reduced or eliminated. The only types of meads which will need more than a month or two of aging are:

* Braggots

Braggots will tend to need 4-6 months of aging for medium strength braggots (2 lbs. honey/malt per gallon). Strong braggots will need from 1-5 years of aging.

* Ginger Meads

If you use a little ginger (1/4 - 1/2 oz. in a 5-gallon batch) age the mead 2-4 months.

If you use a lot of ginger (1-4 oz. in a 5-gallon batch) age the mead 6-12 months.

* Dry Cysers

Age 6-12 months.

* High Alcohol Meads

If you make a braggot, pyment or any other type of mead with a high alcohol content, say over 14%, you will need to age such meads longer than lower alcohol meads. When you bottle your meads, taste them. If you get an alcohol warmth in your mouth, you will need to age such meads 4-6 months. This gives a chance for the alcohol warmth to sublime, and become less prominent. Such an alcohol warmth is considered a fault in most styles of fermented beverages.

Age your meads at room temperature (60-75°F) except those sparkling meads that have developed some serious pressure. Those should be aged in the refrigerator.

Serving Your Meads

At what temperature do you serve mead? That depends on the mead and your taste. In general, most meads are served chilled (refrigerator temperature). Medium strength braggots are best served at cellar temperature (55-60°F). Strong braggots can be served chilled or at cellar temperature.

If you have bottle conditioned mead (let it ferment in the bottle to carbonate), do not shake or stir up the mead when serving. Chill it standing upright. This allows the yeast to settle to the bottom of the bottle. When you pour the mead, pour slowly and smoothly. The last 1/2" or so of the mead will contain the yeast sludge. It isn't harmful to drink (it's full of vitamins), it just doesn't taste very good.

When you open a sparkling mead, be careful, or you can loose an eye.

Tasting and Judging Meads

· If provided, read the list of ingredients and the recipe used to make the mead.

· Swirl the mead in a clear glass. Look at the color and clarity. Is the mead cloudy? Are there any particles floating or suspended in the mead? Is the color "bright"? Is the color consistent with the ingredients?

· Smell the mead. If it's a melomel, does the fruit come through first, then the honey? If it's a metheglin, do the spices come through strongly, or as an accent to the honey? Both are acceptable, depending on the type of mead in question. If documentation was provided, look to see how much of each spice was used. For a braggot, the hops and malt should dominate.

· Do you smell any "off" aromas, such as a sour, bitter or acidic smell? In general, such aromas indicate that the mead was either fermented at to high a temperature, or it became infected with a wild yeast or bacteria.

· As I'm sure you are aware, different parts of the tongue detect different flavors.

· What flavor(s) come through first? For a melomel or pyment the fruit should show itself first, then the honey. For a braggot, the malt/hops should show first. Take another sip while smelling the mead.

· If you taste a alcohol "warmth" as discussed in the ageing section, then the mead has not aged long enough. In general, such an alcohol warmth is considered a fault with all fermented beverages that are not distilled, be they beer, ale, wine or mead.

· Does the sweetness/dryness of the mead agree with the amount of honey and the yeast used?

· Is the mead too dry or too sweet for its style? Is it overly acid?

· For a sparkling mead: is the mead over or under carbonated? Or is it just right? A good basis for comparison is to compare the level of carbonation to that of a good commercial Champagne (for a sparkling straight mead, metheglin, cyser or pyment) or against a good commercial beer for a braggot.

· Does the mead taste good? After all, this is what we are striving for; mead that is pleasant to drink.

· Between tasting each mead, clean the pallet with a small piece of plain white bread or unsalted cracker and a sip of water.

· If you are tasting or judging a large number of meads, avoid drinking too much of each one. Intoxication will alter your senses of smell and taste.

· If you smoke, don't for at least one hour before tasting or judging. Don't smoke while judging, as your sense of smell and taste will be affected significantly.

Glossary of Terms

Acid Blend

A mixture of citric, maltic and tartaric acids. Used to increase the acidity of must.

Albumin

A component of honey (and the primary component of egg whites). Causes cloudy meads. Removed during the mead making process by heating and skimming the albumin from the must.

Ale Yeast

A yeast with an alcohol tolerance of about 5-8%. Equivalent to a sweet mead yeast.

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)

An antioxidant. Used to increase the stability of meads in the bottle. Excess oxygen in meads after fermentation shortens their shelf life, and makes them taste flat.

Autolysis

The final stage in the life cycle of yeast where the yeast has run out of food and the yeast begins to digest each other.

Bentonite

A volcanic clay used to clarify meads.

Bottle Conditioning

Allowing a mead to ferment in the bottle. CO₂ produced by this fermentation can't escape the sealed bottle and goes into solution, causing the mead to become carbonated.

Braggot

A mead with malted barley. A cross between a beer and a mead.

Brewer

A maker of beer/ale.

Cane Sugar

Not used in mead making, as fermenting any sizable amount of cane sugar produces a harsh cidery flavor that does not go away with aging.

Campden Tablets

Potassium or sodium metabisulfite. When added to a acid solution Campden tablets release sulfur dioxide gas. Used as a bacterial inhibitor and to prematurely stop a fermentation.

Champagne Yeast

A yeast with an alcohol tolerance of about 20%.

Chill Haze

A haze formed in some beers and braggots by proteins when the drink is cooled to refrigerator temperatures. Irish moss added to the last 5 minutes of the wort boil will reduce or prevent chill haze.

Chlorine

Present in many municipal water supplies to prevent contamination. When used to make mead, boil your water for ten minutes before brewing to drive off most of the residual chlorine. Chlorine can retard or stop fermentation by killing off the yeast.

Clarifying Agent

One of various compounds used to clear a cloudy mead by causing yeast and other particulate matter suspended in the mead to settle to the bottom of the fermenter. Also known as finings.

Cyser

A mead with apple juice. A cross between a mead and a hard cider.

Digbie

Refers to "The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt Opened", 1669 edition.

Dry

low sugar/high alcohol.

Dry Mead Yeast

A mead specific yeast with an alcohol tolerance of about 10-15%. Not powdered yeast.

Egg Whites

A clarifying agent. Not recommended for use in meads.

Feeding a Mead

Adding more fermentables (sugars) to the mead in stages to increase the alcohol content or to increase the residual sweetness.

Fermentation

The second stage in the life cycle of yeast where sugar is taken in and alcohol and CO₂ are produced.

Finings

One of various agents used to clear a cloudy mead. Also known as clarifying agents.

Gelatin

A clarifying agent made from animal bones and skins.

Hippocras

A wine with herbs and honey added. Not a mead style.

Honey

Do I really need to tell you what honey is? No, I didnʼt think so.

Honorable Brotherhood of Brewers and Vintners, The

A brewing, vintning and mead making guild in Oklahoma and Texas.

Hops

Used as a bittering agent in beers and braggots, and as a herb in some meads.

Initial Fermentation

Also called primary fermentation. The period from the pitching of the yeast into the must until fermentation ceases the first time. Secondary and subsequent fermentation take place after racking, or in the case of bottle conditioned meads, in the bottle.

Irish Moss

A seaweed used to clarify meads. Useful in preventing chill haze in braggots.

Isinglass

A clarifying agent made from the swim bladders of fish. Available in a liquid suspension or in powdered form.

Liquid Yeast Culture

A suspension of yeast cells in a liquid nutrient.

Long Mead

Meads with over 3 lbs. of honey/gallon of water. Meads which take more than a few weeks to ferment to completion.

Mazer

You. A maker of mead.

Mead

An alcoholic beverage made by the fermentation of honey diluted with water.

Meath, Meathe

Alternative period and near-period names for metheglin.

Melomel

A mead with fruit (except grapes or apples).

Metheglin

A spiced mead.

Must

The honey/water/herb/spice solution that will become mead after fermentation. Unfermented mead.

Pitch

To add the yeast to the fermenter.

PolyClar

A clarifying agent and antioxidant.

Potassium Metabisulfite
See Campden tablets.

Powdered Yeast

Freeze dried yeast. Powdered yeast is the least desirable type of yeast culture for making meads. When using a powdered yeast, make a starter bottle to help insure a healthy fermentation.

Purple Stuff, The

Barat's Concord Grape Pyment (also known by several other names I can't print).

Pyment

A mead with grapes.

Quick Mead

See short mead.

Rack/Racking

The process of siphoning the mead from one fermenter to another to get it off of the yeast sediment (or fruit when making a melomel).

Residual Sweetness

The amount of sugars left in a mead after fermentation.

Respiration

The first stage in the life cycle of yeast where oxygen and sugar are taken in and more yeast are budded.

Sedimentation

The third stage in the life cycle of yeast where food becomes scarce, the yeast becomes dormant and settles to the bottom of the fermenter.

Shaker Method, The

A method of adding yeast nutrient, energizer and agitating the must so as to shorten the length of fermentation.

Short Mead

Meads with 1-3 lbs. of honey/gallon of water. Meads which take less than a month to ferment to completion. Also called quick or small meads.

Small Mead

See short mead.

Sodium Metabisulfite

See Campden tablets.

Sparkling Mead

A carbonated mead.

Sparkolloid

A clarifying agent made from a polysaccharide mixed with diatomaceous earth. The single best clarifier for meads.

Starter Bottle

A sterile malted barley/water solution is placed in a sterile container with a powdered yeast culture to produce a liquid yeast culture. This is done so that a large number of healthy yeast cells can be pitched to provide a faster fermentation.

Still Mead

A mead which is not carbonated.

Stuck Fermentation

A fermentation which ends prematurely. When a yeast ceases fermentation while there is still sugar available for fermentation and the yeast has not yet reached its alcohol tolerance.

Sweet Mead Yeast

A mead specific yeast with an alcohol tolerance of about 5-8%.

Viekra Mead Yeast

A mead specific yeast with an alcohol tolerance of up to 25% or higher.

Vintner

A maker of wine.

Wine Yeast

A yeast with an alcohol tolerance of about 12-18%. Equivalent to a dry mead yeast.

Wort

A solution of water/malted barley/hops. Unfermented beer. Pronounced wert.

Yeast

A single cell microorganism which ingests sugar and excretes alcohol and CO₂.

Yeast Energizer

Diammonium phosphate, folic acid, niacin, thiamin, sodium pantothenate, yeast cells and magnesium sulfate. Added to the must to insure a health fermentation.

Yeast Hulls

Also known as yeast ghosts or yeast skeletons. Used to unstick a stuck fermentation.

Yeast Nutrient

Diammonium phosphate. Added to the must to insure a health fermentation.

Bibliography

Le Menagier de Paris, c. 1393: Translation found in Eileen Power's The Goodman of Paris, 1928, pp. 293-4

The Country Housewife. London. 1762

Ein Buch von Guter Spise (German, c. 1350)

The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt Opened: Whereby is Discovered Several ways for making of Metheglin, Sider, Cherry-Wine, & c. together with Excellent Directions for Cookery: As also for Preserving, Conserving, Candying, &c. (1669)

Gayre, G. Robert and Charlie Papazian. Brewing Mead . Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1986.

The Holy Qur'an (commentaries by Maulana Muhammed Ali). Ahmadiyyah Anjuman Isha'at Islam, Lahore, Pakistan, 1973. A English/Arabic edition of the Holy Qur'an.

Cover art from Desk Gallery clip art library by Zedcor, Inc. All other illustrations, labels and charts by the author.

About the author:

Stephen Pursley lives in Norman, Oklahoma where he is a graphic designer, web master, and art director for the world's largest manufacturer of water source and geothermal heating and cooling systems. His hobbies include mead making, teaching college part-time (advanced digital image manipulation and technical illustration) and soaking in a hot tub.

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Copyright 2004 by Stephen Pursley. <Spursley at cox.com>. Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited. Addresses change, but a reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that the author is notified of the publication and if possible receives a copy.

If this article is reprinted in a publication, please place a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.