Beekeeping-AS-art - 1/2/10
਀ഊ"Beekeeping in Anglo-Saxon/Norman England" by Baroness Morgan of Anglesey.
਀ഊNOTE: See also the files: bees-msg, honey-msg, sugar-msg, mead-msg, Mead-Mkng-Tps-art, meadery-list-msg, beeswax-msg, candles-msg.
਀ഊ************************************************************************
਀一伀吀䤀䌀䔀 ⴀഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀愀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀琀 漀昀 昀椀氀攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀琀攀昀愀渀✀猀 䘀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀猀攀 昀椀氀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀琀㨀 栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ
਀䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀⸀ഊ
਀圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 最椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀䌀䄀 琀礀瀀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 挀栀攀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 最爀愀渀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀氀攀⸀ഊ
਀吀栀愀渀欀 礀漀甀ⰀഊMark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous
਀猀琀攀昀愀渀 愀琀 昀氀漀爀椀氀攀最椀甀洀⸀漀爀最ഊ************************************************************************
਀ഊBeekeeping in Anglo-Saxon/Norman England
਀戀礀 䈀愀爀漀渀攀猀猀 䴀漀爀最愀渀 漀昀 䄀渀最氀攀猀攀礀ഊ
਀䤀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 昀攀眀 瀀愀最攀猀 䤀 栀漀瀀攀 琀漀 愀渀猀眀攀爀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀⼀一漀爀洀愀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 椀渀 漀甀爀 眀漀爀氀搀 琀漀搀愀礀⸀  圀攀 眀椀氀氀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 眀栀漀 欀攀瀀琀 戀攀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 欀攀瀀琀 戀攀攀猀 椀渀Ⰰ 栀漀眀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀爀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀漀眀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 眀愀砀⸀   䘀椀爀猀琀 眀攀✀氀氀 琀愀欀攀 愀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀ⴀ栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 漀甀爀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 䄀瀀椀猀 䴀攀氀氀椀昀攀爀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 栀漀渀攀礀 戀攀攀 渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ഊ
਀匀漀挀椀愀氀 栀漀渀攀礀 戀攀攀猀 瀀爀攀挀攀搀攀 栀甀洀愀渀猀 漀渀 攀愀爀琀栀 戀礀 琀攀渀 琀漀 琀眀攀渀琀礀 洀椀氀氀椀漀渀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀  倀爀椀洀攀瘀愀氀 栀甀洀愀渀猀 最愀琀栀攀爀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀琀攀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 栀漀渀攀礀挀漀洀戀 漀昀 眀椀氀搀 戀攀攀猀 愀猀 昀愀爀 戀愀挀欀 愀猀 㜀　　　 䈀䌀 愀猀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀搀 戀礀 挀愀瘀攀 瀀愀椀渀琀椀渀最猀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 匀瀀愀椀渀⸀  䤀渀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䔀最礀瀀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀椀攀爀漀最氀礀瀀栀 漀昀 愀 戀攀攀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 愀猀 愀 猀礀洀戀漀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 倀栀愀爀愀漀栀⸀  䄀挀琀甀愀氀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀瘀攀猀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀 瀀漀琀琀攀爀礀 攀砀椀猀琀 昀爀漀洀 䄀渀挀椀攀渀琀 䜀爀攀攀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 昀爀漀洀 䄀渀挀椀攀渀琀 刀漀洀攀 漀渀 戀攀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀ഊ
਀䄀猀 昀愀爀 愀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀戀攀攀猀 椀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀礀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 椀猀氀愀渀搀 戀礀 㔀㔀　　 䈀䌀䔀⸀  吀栀椀猀 愀猀猀甀洀瀀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 栀愀稀攀氀 椀渀 愀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 昀椀渀搀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀漀爀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀戀攀攀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀愀氀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀  䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 瀀漀琀琀攀爀礀 猀栀愀爀搀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 一攀漀氀椀琀栀椀挀 氀攀瘀攀氀猀 愀琀 刀甀渀渀礀洀攀搀攀 䈀爀椀搀最攀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 戀攀攀猀眀愀砀Ⰰ 最氀甀挀漀猀攀 愀渀搀 栀漀渀攀礀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 ㌀　　　ⴀ㈀㘀㔀　 䈀䌀⸀ഊ
਀䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 漀甀爀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀Ⰰ 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 礀攀愀爀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 愀渀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 ㄀　㘀㘀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 愀 戀椀琀 漀昀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀最愀爀搀椀渀最 戀攀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀  䤀渀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䐀爀⸀ 䔀瘀愀 䌀爀愀渀攀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 椀渀 栀攀爀 戀漀漀欀 ∀吀栀攀 圀漀爀氀搀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 愀渀搀 䠀漀渀攀礀 䠀甀渀琀椀渀最∀ 琀栀愀琀 ∀栀椀瘀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 眀愀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 挀漀渀琀椀渀攀渀琀愀氀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 昀爀漀洀 䔀愀猀琀 琀漀 圀攀猀琀⸀∀  吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 搀攀昀椀渀椀琀椀瘀攀 搀愀琀攀 昀漀爀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 刀漀洀愀渀 漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 愀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 漀爀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 刀漀洀愀渀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 漀爀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀⸀ഊ
਀䤀渀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 氀愀眀猀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 搀漀眀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀椀最渀猀 漀昀 䬀椀渀最猀 䤀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀氀昀爀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀昀攀猀猀漀爀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 㜀　　 愀渀搀 ㄀　㔀　⸀ 匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 氀愀眀猀 搀攀愀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀甀渀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 洀攀琀攀搀 漀甀琀 琀漀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 猀琀漀氀攀 昀爀漀洀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀猀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀琀猀攀氀昀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 猀攀砀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀甀戀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 氀攀愀搀猀 甀猀 琀漀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 栀漀渀攀礀⸀  ∀刀攀挀琀椀琀甀搀椀渀攀猀 匀甀渀最甀氀愀爀甀洀 倀攀爀猀漀渀愀爀甀洀∀Ⰰ 搀愀琀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 ㄀　　　 䄀䐀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 搀甀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀爀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 ∀戀攀漀 挀攀漀爀氀∀ ⠀戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀⤀ 眀栀漀  戀攀氀漀渀最攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀猀琀 爀愀渀欀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀 洀攀渀Ⰰ 氀椀猀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀眀椀渀攀栀攀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀眀攀搀 栀椀猀 䰀漀爀搀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 漀琀栀攀爀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀猀 搀椀搀⸀  䄀猀 愀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 戀攀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀 戀攀氀漀渀最攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀漀爀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 栀攀氀搀 琀栀攀洀 戀礀 瘀椀爀琀甀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 樀漀戀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 愀氀漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀猀 䰀漀爀搀 甀瀀漀渀 栀椀猀 搀攀愀琀栀⸀  䤀昀 栀椀猀 氀愀渀搀 眀愀猀 最漀漀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 栀漀爀猀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀氀漀眀 栀椀洀 琀漀 琀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 漀渀 愀氀氀 栀椀猀 䰀漀爀搀✀猀 氀愀渀搀猀⸀  ഊ
਀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䘀爀愀猀攀爀 椀渀 栀椀猀 ∀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀∀Ⰰ ∀琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀 匀愀砀漀渀猀 栀愀搀 椀渀瘀愀搀攀搀 愀 氀愀渀搀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 眀椀挀欀攀爀 栀椀瘀攀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀椀洀攀 椀洀洀攀洀漀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 甀渀挀栀愀渀最攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀 漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀⸀  唀瀀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 渀漀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀猀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 椀琀 椀渀 愀渀礀 眀愀礀Ⰰ 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀愀眀 猀欀攀瀀 椀渀 䔀愀猀琀 䄀渀最氀椀愀⸀∀  䄀猀 眀攀 眀椀氀氀 猀攀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀✀猀 欀渀攀眀 愀 最漀漀搀 琀栀椀渀最 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀礀 猀愀眀 椀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 琀栀攀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀䌀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀栀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一漀爀洀愀渀 䌀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䐀漀洀攀猀搀愀礀 䈀漀漀欀⸀  䘀椀爀猀琀Ⰰ 氀攀琀✀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀椀渀漀氀漀最礀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀瘀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀欀攀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 䐀漀洀攀猀搀愀礀 䈀漀漀欀⸀    ഊ
਀吀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 洀漀猀琀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 眀栀漀 欀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀猀 愀渀搀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 眀愀砀 眀愀猀 挀甀猀琀漀猀 愀瀀椀甀洀⸀  䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 洀攀氀椀琀琀愀爀椀椀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀  吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀猀 琀漀 ∀栀漀渀攀礀攀爀猀∀ 戀甀琀 椀琀 椀猀 甀渀挀氀攀愀爀 愀猀 琀漀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 眀栀愀琀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 搀椀搀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀爀最甀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 眀椀氀搀 戀攀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀攀猀琀猀 愀猀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 戀攀攀猀 椀渀 栀椀瘀攀猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 昀漀爀攀猀琀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最Ⰰ 眀愀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀渀猀攀氀礀 眀漀漀搀攀搀 愀爀攀愀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䌀漀渀琀椀渀攀渀琀⸀  䈀甀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ഊ
਀吀攀爀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀漀洀攀猀搀愀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 䠀攀爀攀昀漀爀搀猀栀椀爀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 瘀愀猀挀甀氀愀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 洀愀搀攀 漀昀 眀椀挀欀攀爀⸀  嘀愀猀愀 愀瀀甀洀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 椀渀 䠀甀渀琀椀渀最搀漀渀猀栀椀爀攀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 挀漀甀渀琀椀攀猀⸀   吀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 琀栀攀 氀愀爀最攀爀 猀琀爀愀眀 猀欀攀瀀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 愀爀攀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀⸀  吀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 爀甀猀挀愀Ⰰ 眀椀挀欀攀爀 栀椀瘀攀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀礀 挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀爀攀攀 戀愀爀欀Ⰰ 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 椀渀 匀甀昀昀漀氀欀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 愀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀瘀攀猀 渀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀漀洀攀猀搀愀礀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 漀昀 愀 挀漀椀氀攀搀 猀琀爀愀眀 猀欀攀瀀 昀爀漀洀 䌀漀瀀瀀攀爀最愀琀攀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀眀攀氀昀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀渀搀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 眀椀挀欀攀爀 栀椀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 䰀漀眀攀爀 匀愀砀漀渀礀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 　ⴀ㈀　　 䄀䐀⸀ ⠀䌀爀愀渀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㌀⤀ഊ
਀圀攀 挀愀渀 氀漀漀欀 琀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀渀 栀甀猀戀愀渀搀爀礀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀  伀渀攀 猀甀挀栀 戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀　　✀猀Ⰰ ∀䌀攀漀 攀猀琀 栀漀猀攀戀漀渀搀攀爀椀攀∀Ⰰ 戀礀 愀渀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 愀甀琀栀漀爀Ⰰ 猀栀攀搀猀 猀漀洀攀 氀椀最栀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 ⠀䘀爀愀猀攀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㠀⤀⸀ഊ
਀∀䔀愀挀栀 漀昀 栀椀瘀攀 漀昀 戀攀攀猀 漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 攀瘀攀爀礀 礀攀愀爀 嬀猀眀愀爀洀猀崀 昀漀爀 琀眀漀 栀椀瘀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 最椀瘀攀 渀漀渀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 最椀瘀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 漀爀 昀漀甀爀 愀 礀攀愀爀  䄀渀搀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 愀琀 愀氀氀 琀漀 攀愀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 昀攀搀㬀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 昀攀搀 椀琀 椀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 攀椀最栀琀 栀椀瘀攀猀 爀椀最栀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 漀渀 愀 最愀氀氀漀渀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀㬀 愀渀搀 椀昀 礀漀甀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 攀瘀攀爀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 礀攀愀爀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 最愀氀氀漀渀猀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 攀愀挀栀 栀椀瘀攀⸀∀ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 栀椀瘀攀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 眀栀愀琀 漀渀攀 洀椀最栀琀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀 戀礀 眀愀礀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀⸀  ഊ
਀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 眀漀爀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 眀愀猀 ∀䐀攀 一愀琀甀爀椀猀 刀攀爀甀洀∀Ⰰ 愀渀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀 漀昀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 戀礀 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀攀爀 一攀挀欀栀愀洀 ⠀㄀㄀㔀㜀ⴀ㄀㈀㄀㜀⤀⸀  唀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 一攀挀欀栀愀洀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀漀洀攀猀 漀昀 愀渀琀椀焀甀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 猀漀 栀椀猀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 猀栀攀搀猀 渀漀 氀椀最栀琀 漀渀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀⸀  䠀攀 搀漀攀猀 眀爀椀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀猀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 栀椀洀 眀椀琀栀 洀漀爀愀氀 氀攀猀猀漀渀猀㨀  琀栀攀礀 戀攀最椀渀 氀椀昀攀 愀猀 氀攀最氀攀猀猀 最爀甀戀猀 愀渀搀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 爀椀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 眀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 挀栀愀猀琀攀Ⰰ 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 䬀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀椀渀最猀 椀渀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 ⴀ 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 椀渀 昀愀挀琀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀 洀漀渀欀猀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀椀猀 氀攀愀搀猀 甀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 漀昀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 ㄀　㘀㘀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀  圀攀 欀渀漀眀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䐀漀洀攀猀搀愀礀 攀渀琀爀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀猀琀 挀甀猀琀漀猀 愀瀀椀甀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 欀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀攀攀猀 椀渀 猀欀攀瀀猀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 眀椀挀欀攀爀 漀爀 挀漀椀氀攀搀 猀琀爀愀眀⸀  吀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 洀漀猀琀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀搀 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 挀愀氀氀攀搀 猀眀愀爀洀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀攀爀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀⸀  吀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀氀漀眀猀 漀挀挀甀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀 琀漀 氀愀琀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 稀漀渀攀⸀  匀眀愀爀洀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀瘀椀渀最 漀昀 戀攀攀 猀眀愀爀洀猀 椀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 猀甀洀洀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 猀琀漀爀攀搀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 昀氀漀眀猀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 欀攀瀀琀 栀椀猀 戀攀攀猀 椀渀 猀洀愀氀氀 栀椀瘀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 栀椀瘀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 攀渀挀漀甀爀愀最攀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀渀礀 漀昀 戀攀攀猀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 椀渀猀椀搀攀 琀漀 猀瀀氀椀琀 漀昀昀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀 挀漀氀漀渀椀攀猀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀椀瘀攀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 漀瘀攀爀 挀爀漀眀搀攀搀 琀栀甀猀 攀渀猀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀渀礀⸀  䄀猀 愀 戀攀攀 栀椀瘀攀 猀眀愀爀洀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 焀甀攀攀渀 戀攀攀 琀愀欀攀猀 栀愀氀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀渀礀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀 挀爀漀眀搀攀搀 栀椀瘀攀 椀渀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 栀漀洀攀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 戀攀 漀渀 栀椀猀 琀漀攀猀 琀漀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 琀栀攀 猀眀愀爀洀 愀渀搀 最攀琀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀琀漀 漀渀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 猀欀攀瀀猀 琀漀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 椀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀 礀愀爀搀 琀栀甀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 栀椀猀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 栀椀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 栀漀渀攀礀 栀攀 挀愀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀⸀  䄀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀氀漀眀 栀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀攀猀琀 栀椀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀瘀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀瘀椀攀猀琀 栀椀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 栀漀渀攀礀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀甀洀 眀攀椀最栀琀 琀愀欀椀渀最 渀漀 栀漀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀洀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀攀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 栀漀渀攀礀 琀漀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀琀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀瘀攀爀 愀最愀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀爀椀渀最⸀  吀栀漀猀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 挀栀漀猀攀渀 琀漀 戀攀 栀愀爀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 洀漀猀琀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 搀漀漀洀攀搀 琀漀 愀 猀洀漀欀礀 搀攀愀琀栀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 栀愀瘀攀 甀猀攀搀 猀甀氀瀀栀甀爀 昀甀洀攀猀 琀漀 欀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀愀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 眀愀砀⸀  䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 眀愀猀 椀渀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 昀漀爀洀 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 猀漀洀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 挀漀洀戀 栀漀渀攀礀 戀攀椀渀最 猀漀氀搀⸀   吀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀 猀眀攀攀琀攀渀攀爀 椀渀 挀漀漀欀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 洀攀愀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀爀椀渀欀猀⸀  䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 猀愀氀攀猀 漀昀 眀愀砀 愀爀攀 瀀氀攀渀琀椀昀甀氀⸀  吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 甀猀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀愀渀搀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀攀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 挀攀爀攀 挀氀漀琀栀Ⰰ 愀 挀氀漀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 眀愀猀 猀漀愀欀攀搀 椀渀 眀愀砀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 戀甀爀椀愀氀猀⸀  ഊ
਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 渀漀琀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀渀礀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 戀攀椀渀最 甀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀⸀  吀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀ⴀ洀愀搀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 猀琀椀渀最猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀搀 愀渀搀 昀愀挀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㐀　　 椀渀 愀渀 椀氀氀甀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀⸀  䴀漀搀攀爀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 漀瀀琀 昀漀爀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 戀愀爀攀 栀愀渀搀猀 愀猀 愀 猀琀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀 椀猀 眀漀爀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀攀搀 搀攀砀琀攀爀椀琀礀 椀渀 栀愀渀搀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 猀漀 䤀 愀猀猀甀洀攀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 挀栀漀猀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀爀愀搀攀 漀昀昀⸀  䈀甀琀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 昀愀挀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 愀 瀀愀椀渀昀甀氀 攀渀搀攀愀瘀漀爀 椀昀 椀渀搀攀攀搀 栀攀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀攀搀 栀椀猀 搀甀琀椀攀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 猀愀椀搀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ഊ
਀䰀攀琀 甀猀 渀漀眀 琀甀爀渀 漀甀爀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀漀搀愀礀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 戀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀  䠀椀瘀攀猀 琀漀搀愀礀 搀漀渀✀琀 氀漀漀欀 洀甀挀栀 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 眀椀挀欀攀爀 猀欀攀瀀猀 漀昀 ㄀　㘀㘀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 最漀氀搀攀渀 眀愀砀⸀  䘀椀爀猀琀 眀攀 眀椀氀氀 氀攀琀✀猀 琀愀欀攀 愀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀爀漀渀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀攀渀⸀ ഊ
਀吀栀攀 搀爀漀渀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 洀愀氀攀 戀攀攀⸀  䠀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 戀甀琀 氀愀礀 愀爀漀甀渀搀Ⰰ 攀愀琀 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 眀愀椀琀 昀漀爀 愀 眀愀爀洀 猀甀渀渀礀 搀愀礀 琀漀 最漀 昀氀礀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 愀渀搀 栀甀渀琀 愀 礀漀甀渀最 焀甀攀攀渀 琀漀 洀愀琀攀 眀椀琀栀⸀  䤀昀 琀栀攀礀 搀漀 洀愀琀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 搀椀攀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 愀昀琀攀爀⸀  䤀昀 愀渀礀 搀爀漀渀攀猀 愀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 愀氀椀瘀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀攀爀 昀愀氀氀 眀攀愀琀栀攀爀 猀攀琀猀 椀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 攀樀攀挀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 戀礀 眀栀愀琀攀瘀攀爀 洀攀愀渀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 戀礀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀攀爀 戀攀攀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 戀甀琀 愀 搀爀愀椀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀漀渀攀礀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 洀漀渀琀栀猀⸀  圀漀爀欀攀爀 戀攀攀猀 愀爀攀 猀琀攀爀椀氀攀 昀攀洀愀氀攀 戀攀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 甀瀀 琀漀 㘀　Ⰰ　　　 椀渀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 栀椀瘀攀⸀  䄀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀洀攀 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 搀漀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 ⴀ 琀攀渀搀椀渀最 氀愀爀瘀愀攀Ⰰ 昀攀攀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 焀甀攀攀渀Ⰰ 挀氀攀愀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 最爀漀漀洀椀渀最 攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀渀最 戀攀攀猀眀愀砀Ⰰ 最甀愀爀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀愀最椀渀最 昀漀爀 渀攀挀琀愀爀 愀渀搀 瀀漀氀氀攀渀Ⰰ 洀愀欀椀渀最 栀漀渀攀礀 愀渀搀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 挀漀漀氀 漀爀 眀愀爀洀 愀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀⸀  吀栀攀礀 氀椀瘀攀 昀漀爀 愀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀爀 琀眀漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 漀爀 猀甀洀洀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀昀 爀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 氀愀琀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 漀爀 昀愀氀氀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀 氀椀瘀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀⸀  吀栀攀 儀甀攀攀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀渀礀⸀  䠀攀爀 猀漀氀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 椀猀 琀漀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 戀礀 氀愀礀椀渀最 攀最最猀⸀  䤀渀 䴀愀礀 漀爀 䨀甀渀攀 猀栀攀 眀椀氀氀 氀愀礀 ㄀　　　 琀漀 ㈀　　　 攀最最猀 搀愀椀氀礀Ⰰ 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀氀礀 搀愀礀 愀渀搀 渀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 猀攀瘀攀渀 搀愀礀猀 愀 眀攀攀欀 ⠀渀漀眀 礀漀甀 欀渀漀眀 眀栀礀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 昀攀攀搀 栀攀爀⤀⸀ഊ
਀䄀 夀攀愀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䰀椀昀攀 漀昀 愀 䈀攀攀 䠀椀瘀攀ഊ
਀䴀愀爀挀栀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀爀洀 搀愀礀猀 猀攀攀 戀攀攀猀 挀漀洀椀渀最 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀猀 琀漀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 昀漀爀 攀愀爀氀礀 昀氀漀眀攀爀猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀攀渀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀琀 氀愀礀椀渀最 攀最最猀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀琀挀栀 愀猀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀欀攀爀猀℀ഊApril/May - the number of workers is really growing and more flowers are coming to bloom.  Brood production continues at a furious pace.
਀䨀甀渀攀 ⴀ 琀栀攀 眀攀愀琀栀攀爀 椀猀 挀氀漀猀攀 琀漀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀爀礀 昀氀漀眀攀爀 愀渀搀 瀀氀愀渀琀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 戀氀漀漀洀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀猀 愀爀攀 氀漀渀最攀爀⸀  圀漀爀欀攀爀猀 挀愀渀 昀漀爀愀最攀 昀漀爀 ㄀㐀 琀漀 ㄀㘀 栀漀甀爀猀 愀 搀愀礀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 最爀漀眀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀欀攀猀 栀漀渀攀礀⸀  吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 洀愀琀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀  䐀爀漀渀攀猀 爀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 最爀攀愀琀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 渀攀眀 焀甀攀攀渀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀爀 挀漀氀漀渀椀攀猀⸀  圀栀攀渀 愀 渀攀眀 焀甀攀攀渀 攀洀攀爀最攀猀 昀爀漀洀 栀攀爀 眀愀砀 挀攀氀氀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀渀礀 椀猀 爀攀愀搀礀 琀漀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀⸀  䄀戀漀甀琀 栀愀氀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀攀猀 氀攀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 焀甀攀攀渀⸀  吀栀攀礀 眀椀氀氀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀椀氀礀 猀攀琀琀氀攀 猀漀洀攀眀栀攀爀攀 渀攀愀爀 愀渀搀 猀攀渀搀 漀甀琀 猀挀漀甀琀 戀攀攀猀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 愀 渀攀眀 栀漀洀攀⸀  䴀攀愀渀眀栀椀氀攀 戀愀挀欀 愀琀 琀栀攀 栀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 礀漀甀渀最 焀甀攀攀渀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀⸀  吀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 搀愀礀 猀栀攀 眀椀氀氀 琀愀欀攀 栀攀爀 洀愀琀椀渀最 昀氀椀最栀琀 琀漀 愀 搀爀漀渀攀 挀漀渀最爀攀最愀琀椀漀渀 愀爀攀愀 愀渀搀 洀愀琀攀 眀椀琀栀 ㄀　 琀漀 ㄀㔀 洀愀氀攀猀⸀  䤀昀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀Ⰰ 猀栀攀 眀椀氀氀 渀攀瘀攀爀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 洀愀琀攀 愀最愀椀渀⸀ഊJuly/August - there are not many blooming honey plants, bees often just break even on honey productions.  Often there is a second honey flow in early fall, but not as much is produced as in the summer.
਀匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀⼀伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ⴀ 眀椀渀琀攀爀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀最椀渀猀 愀渀搀 戀爀漀漀搀 爀攀愀爀椀渀最 猀氀漀眀猀 搀漀眀渀⸀  圀栀攀渀 挀漀氀搀 眀攀愀琀栀攀爀 栀椀琀猀 琀栀攀礀 挀氀甀猀琀攀爀 琀椀最栀琀氀礀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀 眀愀爀洀琀栀⸀ഊNovember through February - the bees are eating stored honey and "shivering" and clustering around the queen to generate heat.  If there are enough bees to make a large warm cluster and have sufficient honey they should survive the winter.
਀ഊHoney is the main reason man has had such a long relationship with bees. Bees make honey by collecting nectar from flowers.  "Field bees" can forage for nectar for up to one square mile from their hive and return to the hive with nectar stored in one of their stomachs. (yes, they actually have two stomachs)  The nectar is mixed with enzymes in the stomach and the bee spits it into wax comb cells.  "House bees" will fan this pre-honey (what I refer to affectionately as bee puke) until enough of the moisture has evaporated. It is then officially but unceremoniously dubbed officially honey by being capped over with more wax for future use.
਀ഊAnother product made by bees that man has found very useful over the years is wax.  Beeswax is formed from glands located on the bee's abdomen.  They use the wax to build "honey comb" and brood comb.  They will build the comb out to fill whatever space is available leaving only 3/8" (9mm) of "bee space" between the sheets of comb.
਀ഊThe modern bee hive is made up of several different parts.  A bottom board with a slight inclined ramp into the entrance is the base, on that would be placed "supers" or boxes which hold frames.  These come in a variety of sizes to accommodate brood rearing and honey collection.  Each frame hanging in the super has a foundation of bees wax inserted in it to assist the bees in creating their comb in uniform fashion so the beekeeper can more easily remove the frame for inspection or honey extraction.  Covering the supers are inner and outer covers.  Some beekeepers choose to use a queen excluder, which is a wire grid, placed between the brood supers and honey supers.  This grid is too small for the queen to pass through but big enough for the workers to get through and keeps the queen from laying eggs in the honey supers.  
਀ഊBut a hive is nothing but a fancy wooden box without bees.  There are several ways a modern beekeeper can get bees.  You can purchase an established hive from a beekeeper, which can run from $75 to $100 for a strong hive.  You can purchase a divide from an existing hive, called a nuc, and install a queen purchased from a mail order source.  This is more economical but it will take the hive at least a year to get up enough strength to produce honey surplus.  Many beekeepers elect to purchase a package of bees from a mail order source.  You can buy 2 or 3 pounds of bees that come in a wood and screen box, a fertilized queen, and a can of simple syrup for them to eat on the trip to your hive.  You can be sure your local post master will call you first thing on the morning you bees arrive as a box full of bees has a tendency to make the average person a little nervous. There is also the possibility that you can catch and install a swarm of bees that have nested someplace where they are not wanted, although this is rare today.
਀ഊSome of the basic equipment used by the modern beekeeper includes a bee veil, which no hive should be opened without, smoker, gloves, and a hive tool.  Many experienced beekeepers opt not to use gloves, trading the occasional sting on the hand for easier manipulation of hive parts.  The smoker is used to blow smoke in the hive.  When bees encounter smoke they will fill themselves up on honey in case they have to evacuate the hive.  It is harder for them to sting with such full bellies.  Bees produce a substance called propolis to glue the parts of the hive together.  Beekeepers use a hive tool, a miniature crow bar, to pry open inner and outer covers and to get frames out of supers.
਀ഊIf you are interested in beekeeping in your area a good way to start is with you state agricultural department through your state's web page.  Here in Kentucky we have a great state apiarist who is available to help new beekeepers and conduct hive inspections.  You can also contact your local Cooperative Extension office and ask if there is a local beekeeper's association in your town.  
਀䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀猀 愀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 栀漀戀戀礀㬀 琀栀攀 昀攀眀 猀琀椀渀最猀 礀漀甀 最攀琀 愀爀攀 眀漀爀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 眀愀琀挀栀椀渀最 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 栀椀瘀攀 戀甀猀礀 眀椀琀栀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀渀 愀 眀愀爀洀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 搀愀礀⸀  䤀琀 最椀瘀攀猀 礀漀甀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀礀 琀漀 猀氀漀眀 搀漀眀渀 愀 戀椀琀Ⰰ 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 猀漀洀攀 瀀愀琀椀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀眀 猀漀洀攀 挀愀爀攀 昀漀爀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 挀爀攀愀琀甀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 甀猀 猀漀 洀甀挀栀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 洀椀氀氀攀渀渀椀甀洀⸀ ഊ
਀䄀 瀀漀攀洀 戀礀 嘀椀爀最椀氀 愀猀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ∀䘀漀甀爀攀 䈀漀漀欀攀猀 漀昀 䠀甀猀戀愀渀搀爀礀∀ 戀礀 䠀攀爀攀猀戀愀挀栀㨀ഊ
਀ऀ吀漀最攀愀琀栀攀爀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀礀 焀甀椀攀琀氀礀 搀漀漀 氀礀攀Ⰰഊ	Togeather all they toyll with equall might:
਀ऀ䄀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 昀漀漀爀琀栀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 昀氀礀攀Ⰰഊ	And home as fast they come agayne at night.
਀ऀ圀栀攀爀攀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 氀愀礀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀攀攀爀礀 氀椀洀猀 琀漀 爀攀猀琀Ⰰഊ	And trimme their wynges, and set their legges in frame:
਀ऀ吀礀氀氀 攀瘀攀爀礀 漀渀攀 栀椀洀 猀攀氀昀 栀愀琀栀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀 搀爀攀猀琀Ⰰഊ	Then synging at their doores a whyle they game.
਀ऀ吀礀氀氀 漀渀攀 最攀瘀攀猀 眀愀爀渀礀椀渀最 昀漀爀 琀漀 最漀攀 琀漀 戀攀搀搀攀Ⰰഊ	Then downe they lay to rest theyr sleepie head.
਀ഊ
਀䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 昀漀爀 ∀䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀愀砀漀渀⼀一漀爀洀愀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀∀ഊ
਀䌀爀愀渀攀Ⰰ 䔀瘀愀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㌀⤀ 吀栀攀 䄀爀挀栀攀漀氀漀最礀 漀昀 䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最㨀 䜀攀爀愀氀搀 䐀甀挀欀眀漀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 䌀漀⸀Ⰰ 䰀琀搀⸀Ⰰഊ London.  ISBN 0-70156-1681-1
਀ഊCrane, Eva (1999) The World History of Beekeeping and Honeyhunting: Routledge, New
਀ 夀漀爀欀Ⰰ 一夀⸀  䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㐀㄀㔀ⴀ㤀㈀㐀㘀㜀ⴀ㜀ഊ
਀䘀爀愀猀攀爀Ⰰ 䴀愀氀挀漀氀洀 䠀⸀ ⠀㄀㤀㔀㠀⤀ 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀⸀  䈀攀攀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀ഊ Ltd. London.
਀ഊHeresbach, Conrad (1577) Foure Books of Husbandry.  DaCapo Press, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., Amsterdam, 1971
਀ഊVivian, John (1986) Keeping Bees.  Williamson Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont.  
਀䤀匀䈀一 　ⴀ㤀㄀㌀㔀㠀㤀ⴀ㄀㤀ⴀ㔀ഊ
਀圀攀戀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 吀栀漀洀愀猀 䌀⸀  䜀攀琀琀椀渀最 匀琀愀爀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䈀攀攀猀 椀渀 䬀攀渀琀甀挀欀礀⸀  䄀 挀氀愀猀猀 栀愀渀搀漀甀琀⸀ഊ
਀圀攀戀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 吀栀漀洀愀猀 䌀⸀  吀栀攀 䬀攀渀琀甀挀欀礀 䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀攀爀猀 䌀愀氀攀渀搀愀爀⸀  䄀 挀氀愀猀猀 栀愀渀搀漀甀琀⸀ഊ
਀ⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀⴀഊCopyright 2005 by Melissa Newton, 1213 N. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40505. <baronessmorgan at yahoo.com>. Permission is granted for republication in SCA-related publications, provided the author is credited and receives a copy.
਀ഊIf this article is reprinted in a publication, I would appreciate a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.
਀ഊ<the end>
਀䔀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀爀欀 匀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀爀椀猀ऀ䈀攀攀欀攀攀瀀椀渀最ⴀ䄀匀ⴀ愀爀琀ऀ倀愀最攀 㜀 漀昀 㜀ഊ
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